基于GCr15轴承钢淬回火组织的时效尺寸变化预测模型
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摘要
轴承钢在服役过程中的尺寸变化及尺寸稳定性对轴承的精度保持性和服役性能有着重要影响。针对轴承钢尺寸变化行为的预测问题,提出基于高碳铬轴承钢亚稳组织转变的时效尺寸变化预测模型。对比时效尺寸变化的预测值与测量值,预测值的相对误差不超过5%,两者吻合良好。然后,基于时效尺寸变化预测模型分析淬火和回火工艺对时效阶段尺寸变化的影响规律。分析结果显示,淬火工艺决定了时效尺寸变化程度的上下限,且上限随淬火加热温度提高而增加。回火工艺决定其起点,且提高回火温度可以显著降低时效尺寸变化程度。分析结果还显示,淬火态GCr15轴承钢在180℃等温回火2 h即可获得较高的尺寸稳定性。该时效尺寸变化预测模型可为预测GCr15轴承时效尺寸变化程度及优化和控制淬回火工艺提供依据。
The dimensional change and its stability of bearing steel during service are of great importance to the precision retaining ability and service performance of bearings. To forecast the dimensional changes of bearing steel during aging, a prediction model based on microstructure state of quenched and tempered high carbon chromium bearing steel is proposed. According to the microstructure transformation kinetics and unit cell volume during tempering, a tempering dimension change model is established and the predicted dimensional changes are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the prediction model, the effects of quenching and tempering process on the dimensional changes of aging stage are analyzed. The analysis results show that the quenching process determines the upper and lower limits of dimensional change during aging, and the upper limits increase with the increase of heating temperature. Tempering process determines its starting point, and increasing tempering temperature can significantly reduce the dimensional change during aging. The results also show that quenched GCr15 bearing steel can obtain high dimensional stability after isothermal tempering at 180 ℃ for 2 h. This prediction model can provide the theoretical basis for the prediction of dimensional changes during aging and the optimization of quenching and tempering process for high carbon chrome bearing steel.
The dimensional change and its stability of bearing steel during service are of great importance to the precision retaining ability and service performance of bearings. To forecast the dimensional changes of bearing steel during aging, a prediction model based on microstructure state of quenched and tempered high carbon chromium bearing steel is proposed. According to the microstructure transformation kinetics and unit cell volume during tempering, a tempering dimension change model is established and the predicted dimensional changes are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the prediction model, the effects of quenching and tempering process on the dimensional changes of aging stage are analyzed. The analysis results show that the quenching process determines the upper and lower limits of dimensional change during aging, and the upper limits increase with the increase of heating temperature. Tempering process determines its starting point, and increasing tempering temperature can significantly reduce the dimensional change during aging. The results also show that quenched GCr15 bearing steel can obtain high dimensional stability after isothermal tempering at 180 ℃ for 2 h. This prediction model can provide the theoretical basis for the prediction of dimensional changes during aging and the optimization of quenching and tempering process for high carbon chrome bearing steel.
引文
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[23]LIU Qinglong,QIAN Dongsheng,HUA Lin.Transformation from non-isothermal to isothermal tempering of steel based on isoconversional method[J].Journal of Materials Science,2017,53(4):1-11.
[24]王燕霜,袁倩倩.负游隙对特大型双排四点接触球轴承载荷分布的影响[J].机械工程学报,2012,48(21):110-115.WANG Yanshuang,YUAN Qianqian.Influence of negative clearance on load distributions of large-size double row four-point-contact ball bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2012,48(21):110-115.
[24]赵克达,朱世根,丁浩.GCr15细薄件的回火工艺研究[J].热加工工艺,2013,42(14):153-156.ZHAO Keda,ZHU Shigen,DING Hao.Study on tempering process of GCr15 thin small parts[J].Hot Working Technology,2013,42(14):153-156.
[25]ROSADO L.Rolling contact fatigue life and spall propagation characteristics of AISI M50,M50 NiL,and AISI 52100,Part III:Metallurgical examination[J].Tribology Transactions,2009,53(1):52-59.
[2]BHADESHIA H K D H.Recent developments in bearing steels[J].Materials Science and Technology,2016,32(11):1059-1061.
[3]华林,钱东升.轴承环轧制成形理论和技术[J].机械工程学报,2014,50(16):70-76.HUA Lin,QIAN Dongsheng.Ring rolling forming theory and technology for bearing[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2014,50(16):70-76.
[4]MALECKI P,LANGER E W.Dissolution of cementite with alloying elements in austenite[J].Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy,1990,19(4):182-186.
[5]黄宗响,陈建梅.轴承尺寸稳定性试验分析[J].轴承,2003(10):29-30.HUANG Zongxiang,CHEN Jianmei.Test analysis on dimension stability of bearing[J].Bearing,2003(10):29-30.
[6]王煜,闫柯,张进华.我国高性能滚动轴承基础研究进展[J].中国基础科学,2015,17(6):10-19.WANG Yu,YAN Ke,ZHANG Jinhua.Progress of the 973project-basic research on high performance rolling bearing[J].China Basic Science,2015,17(6):10-19.
[7]BHADESHIA H K D H.Steels for bearings[J].Progress in Materials Science,2012,57(2):268-435.
[8]AKESSON J,LUND T.SKF rolling bearing steels-properties and processes[J].Ball Beating Journal,1983,217(10):32-44.
[9]PEREZ M,SIDOROFF C,VINCENT A,et al.Microstructural evolution of martensitic 100Cr6 bearing steel during tempering:From thermoelectric power measurements to the prediction of dimensional changes.Acta Materialia,2009,57(11):3170-3181.
[10]GHEORGHIAN M,CALIMAN R.Dimensional stability analysis of unconventional treated steel bearings[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,371:566-570.
[11]蔡安源,李周,关振中,等.滚动轴承钢尺寸稳定性的研究[J].轴承,1965(3):46-57.CAI Anyuan,LI Zhou,GUAN Zhenzhong,et al.Study on the dimensional stability of rolling bearing steel[J].Bearing,1965(3):46-57.
[12]蒋崇寅.量规尺寸稳定性研究[J].金属热处理,1980(1):23-32.JIANG Chongyin.Study on the dimensional stability of gauge[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,1980(1):23-32.
[13]贺红勋,黄宗响.热处理工艺对轴承尺寸稳定性的影响[J].中原工学院学报,2005,16(3):69-71.HE Hongxun,HUANG Zongxiang.Effect of heat treatment on the dimensional stability of bearing[J].Journal of Zhongyuan Institute of Technology,2005,16(3):69-71.
[14]韩庆礼,刘国权,向嵩,等.轴承钢的室温尺寸稳定性研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2007,30(6):38-41.HAN Qingli,LIU Guoquan,XIANG Song,et al.Dimension stability research of bearing steel at room temperature[J].Ordnance Material Science and Engineering,2007,30(6):38-41.
[15]LIU Cheng,BRAKMAN C M,KOREVAAR B M,et al.The tempering of iron-carbon martensite;dilatometric and calorimetric analysis[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1988,19(10):2415-2426.
[16]苗恩铭.材料热膨胀系数影响因素概述[J].工具技术,2005,39(5):26-29.MIAO Enming,FEI Yetai.Applicability analysis and extension choice of using thermal expansion character parameter[J].Tool Engineering,2005,39(5):26-29.
[17]SPEICH G R,LESLIE W C.Tempering of steel[J].Metallurgical Transactions,1972,3(5):1043-1054.
[18]JUNG M,LEE S J,LEE Y K.Microstructural and dilatational changes during tempering and tempering kinetics in martensitic medium-carbon steel[J].Metallurgical&Materials Transactions A,2009,40(3):551-559.
[19]LIU Cheng,PERZ N M V D,B?TTGER A,et al.Lattice changes of iron-carbon martensite on aging at room temperature[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1991,22(9):1957-1967.
[20]RIOS P R.Relationship between non-isothermal transformation curves and isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics[J].Acta Materialia,2005,53(18):4893-4901.
[21]MITTEMEIJER E J.Analysis of the kinetics of phase transformations[J].Journal of Materials Science,1992,27(15):3977-3987.
[22]GENDEREN M J V,ISAC M,B?TTGER A,et al.Aging and tempering behavior of iron-nickel-carbon and iron-carbon martensite[J].Metallurgical&Materials Transactions A,1997,28(3):545-561.
[23]LIU Qinglong,QIAN Dongsheng,HUA Lin.Transformation from non-isothermal to isothermal tempering of steel based on isoconversional method[J].Journal of Materials Science,2017,53(4):1-11.
[24]王燕霜,袁倩倩.负游隙对特大型双排四点接触球轴承载荷分布的影响[J].机械工程学报,2012,48(21):110-115.WANG Yanshuang,YUAN Qianqian.Influence of negative clearance on load distributions of large-size double row four-point-contact ball bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2012,48(21):110-115.
[24]赵克达,朱世根,丁浩.GCr15细薄件的回火工艺研究[J].热加工工艺,2013,42(14):153-156.ZHAO Keda,ZHU Shigen,DING Hao.Study on tempering process of GCr15 thin small parts[J].Hot Working Technology,2013,42(14):153-156.
[25]ROSADO L.Rolling contact fatigue life and spall propagation characteristics of AISI M50,M50 NiL,and AISI 52100,Part III:Metallurgical examination[J].Tribology Transactions,2009,53(1):52-59.