负面舆论对游客忠诚度的曲线影响——安全感知和旅游形象感知的中介作用
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摘要
学界对负面舆论与游客忠诚度的影响关系持有完全相反的理论观点,厘清两者的影响关系既有利于拓展游客忠诚度的前导影响因素,也有利于旅游地科学地进行负面舆论下的形象管理和市场调控。该研究基于风险沟通理论和信息整合理论,构建了负面舆论、游客安全感知、旅游形象感知和游客忠诚度之间的融合影响框架,并以新疆作为案例地进行问卷调研和实证分析。分层回归和曲线回归的检验结果显示:(1)负面舆论与游客安全感知、旅游形象感知和游客忠诚度之间均呈U型影响关系;(2)游客安全感知和旅游形象感知均正向作用于游客忠诚度;(3)游客安全感知、旅游形象感知完全中介了负面舆论与游客忠诚度之间的关系。研究表明,负面舆论对游客安全感知、旅游形象感知和忠诚度均具有曲线影响机制,不同强度下的负面舆论对三者具有正反不同方向的影响,低强度的负面舆论对三者有负向影响,但是过高的负面舆论对游客安全感知、旅游形象感知和后续忠诚度的影响会发生正向反转。同时,该研究分离出了负面舆论影响游客忠诚度的3种决策情景,揭示了负面舆论影响下游客忠诚度结果导向的多层次影响路径。研究建议,相关管理部门应精准管控旅游地的负面舆论,并建立以安全体验为导向的全过程服务体系。
The influence of negative public opinion on tourism loyalty has been explored from differing theoretical perspectives. By clarifying the relationship between negative public opinion and tourist loyalty, the leading influential factors for tourist loyalty can be identified, in addition to management of destination image and regulating the tourist destination's market under negative public opinion. Based on the theories of risk communication and information integration, a framework was constructed for the integration of negative public opinion, tourist safety perceptions, destination image, and tourist loyalty.A questionnaire survey and empirical analysis was conducted using Xinjiang as a case study. The Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang is a mysterious and charming tourist destination. However,violent incidents have occurred frequently in recent years, which has led to reports of tourism safety risks in Xinjiang. Thus, some tourists have concerns about the safety of Xinjiang tourism activities. In this study, 639 tourist questionnaires were collected from six top-level scenic spots in Xinjiang and two transportation hubs, including Urumqi railway station and Urumqi Diwopu International Airport.The results of stratified regression and curve regression analyses show that:(1) there is an U-shaped influential relationship between negative public opinions and tourists' safety perceptions,destination image, and tourist loyalty;(2) both tourist safety and destination image perceptions have a positive effect on tourist loyalty; and(3) tourist safety perceptions and destination image completely mediate the relationship between negative public opinion and tourist loyalty. The results show that negative public opinion has a curvilinear influential mechanism on tourists' safety perception,destination image, and tourist loyalty. Different intensities of negative public opinions have positive and negative influences on these three factors. The low-intensity effect of negative public opinions had a negative effect on the three factors, but the influence of excessively negative public opinions on tourists' safety perception, destination image, and subsequent loyalty was positively reversed.This study has the following theoretical contributions to the literature. First, negative public opinions were introduced into the study of tourist safety perceptions, and risk communication and information integration theories were extended. The empirical results show that negative public opinion is an information environment factor with a multilevel information-stimulation effect on tourists' comprehensive perceptions and subsequent behavioral intentions in the tourism process. Second, the curvilinear influence of negative public opinions on tourist safety perceptions, destination image, and tourist loyalty was revealed. Negative public opinions have a negative impact on tourist perceptions of security, destination image, and tourist loyalty. However, the high level of negative public opinions gives tourists a higher tendency to compare their psychological perceptions of tourism risk. Tourists will correct their perception of negative public opinions according to the perceived level of risk;therefore, their perceptions of tourism safety, destination image, and loyalty curves will fluctuate.Third, the theoretical literature is in consensus that negative public opinions have a negative impact on destination image, but the curvilinear impact of negative public opinions on destination image is less verified. This study provides a new theoretical perspective on the influential relationship between negative public opinions and destination image. Fourth, three decision-making scenarios were explored in which negative public opinions influence tourist loyalty and the results revealed a multilevel influential pathway of result-oriented tourist loyalty under the influence of negative public opinions.Finally, relevant management departments should precisely control the level of negative public opinions about tourist destinations and establish a safety experience-oriented tourism service. The limitations of this study and future research direction were clarified simultaneously.
The influence of negative public opinion on tourism loyalty has been explored from differing theoretical perspectives. By clarifying the relationship between negative public opinion and tourist loyalty, the leading influential factors for tourist loyalty can be identified, in addition to management of destination image and regulating the tourist destination's market under negative public opinion. Based on the theories of risk communication and information integration, a framework was constructed for the integration of negative public opinion, tourist safety perceptions, destination image, and tourist loyalty.A questionnaire survey and empirical analysis was conducted using Xinjiang as a case study. The Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang is a mysterious and charming tourist destination. However,violent incidents have occurred frequently in recent years, which has led to reports of tourism safety risks in Xinjiang. Thus, some tourists have concerns about the safety of Xinjiang tourism activities. In this study, 639 tourist questionnaires were collected from six top-level scenic spots in Xinjiang and two transportation hubs, including Urumqi railway station and Urumqi Diwopu International Airport.The results of stratified regression and curve regression analyses show that:(1) there is an U-shaped influential relationship between negative public opinions and tourists' safety perceptions,destination image, and tourist loyalty;(2) both tourist safety and destination image perceptions have a positive effect on tourist loyalty; and(3) tourist safety perceptions and destination image completely mediate the relationship between negative public opinion and tourist loyalty. The results show that negative public opinion has a curvilinear influential mechanism on tourists' safety perception,destination image, and tourist loyalty. Different intensities of negative public opinions have positive and negative influences on these three factors. The low-intensity effect of negative public opinions had a negative effect on the three factors, but the influence of excessively negative public opinions on tourists' safety perception, destination image, and subsequent loyalty was positively reversed.This study has the following theoretical contributions to the literature. First, negative public opinions were introduced into the study of tourist safety perceptions, and risk communication and information integration theories were extended. The empirical results show that negative public opinion is an information environment factor with a multilevel information-stimulation effect on tourists' comprehensive perceptions and subsequent behavioral intentions in the tourism process. Second, the curvilinear influence of negative public opinions on tourist safety perceptions, destination image, and tourist loyalty was revealed. Negative public opinions have a negative impact on tourist perceptions of security, destination image, and tourist loyalty. However, the high level of negative public opinions gives tourists a higher tendency to compare their psychological perceptions of tourism risk. Tourists will correct their perception of negative public opinions according to the perceived level of risk;therefore, their perceptions of tourism safety, destination image, and loyalty curves will fluctuate.Third, the theoretical literature is in consensus that negative public opinions have a negative impact on destination image, but the curvilinear impact of negative public opinions on destination image is less verified. This study provides a new theoretical perspective on the influential relationship between negative public opinions and destination image. Fourth, three decision-making scenarios were explored in which negative public opinions influence tourist loyalty and the results revealed a multilevel influential pathway of result-oriented tourist loyalty under the influence of negative public opinions.Finally, relevant management departments should precisely control the level of negative public opinions about tourist destinations and establish a safety experience-oriented tourism service. The limitations of this study and future research direction were clarified simultaneously.
引文
[1] GEORGE R. Tourist.s perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town[J]. Tourism Management, 2003, 24(5):575-585.
[2] LEPP A, GIBSON H. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2003,30(3):606-624.
[3] SAHA S, YAP G. The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development:A cross-country panel analysis[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2014, 53(4):509-521.
[4] FU Yeqin, ZHENG Xiangmin, ZHENG Wenbiao, et al. Research on the monitoring and early-warning index systems of tourism crisis events.network public opinions[J]. Journal of Intelligence,2014, 33(8):184-189.[付业勤,郑向敏,郑文标,等.旅游危机事件网络舆情的监测预警指标体系研究[J].情报杂志,2014, 33(8):184-189.]
[5] ZOU Yongguang,ZHENG Xiangmin. The formation of tourists.sense of security at a sestination:An empirical study[J].Tourism Tribune,2014,29(3):84-90.[邹永广,郑向敏.旅游目的地游客安全感形成机理实证研究[J].旅游学刊, 2014, 29(3):84-90.]
[6] NCCO R. Improving risk communication[J]. Work in the Department of Health’Risk Decision&Policy, 1989, 6(2):159-165.
[7] KAPUSCINSKI G, RICHARDS B. News framing effects on destination risk perception[J]. Tourism Management, 2016, 57:234-244.
[8] MANSFELD Y, PIZAM A. Tourism, Security and Safety:From Theory to Practice[M]. Burlington MA:Routledge, 2006:187.
[9] TARLOW P E. Tourism Security:Strategies for Effectively Managing Travel Risk and Safety[M]. Oxford:ButterworthHeinemann, 2014:1-22.
[10] CHEW E Y T, JAHARI S A. Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention:A case of postdisaster Japan[J]. Tourism Management, 2014, 40:382-393.
[11] BAI Kai, GUO Shengwei. Study on the impact of inbound tourists.emotional experience on their loyalty:A case study of Islamic Traditional Community in Huifang, Xi’an[J].Tourism Tribune, 2010, 25(12):71-78.[白凯,郭生伟.入境游客情绪体验对忠诚度的影响研究——以西安回坊伊斯兰传统社区为例[J].旅游学刊, 2010, 25(12):71-78.]
[12] FAIRLEY S, LOVEGROVE H, NEWLAND B L, et al. Image recovery from negative media coverage of a sport event:Destination, venue, and event considerations[J]. Sport Management Review, 2016, 19(3):352-360.
[13] LAM T, HSU C H C. Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination[J]. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(4):589-599.
[14] WANG P. Understanding the influence of electronic word-of-mouth on outbound tourists’visit intention[C]. Conference on E-Business,E-Service and E-Society. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014.
[15] OTWAY H, GOW H B F. Communicating with the Public about Major Accident Hazards[M]. London:Elsevier Science Publishers,1990:121-145.
[16] LIU B, HUANG S, FU H. An application of network analysis on tourist attractions:The case of Xinjiang, China[J]. Tourism Management, 2017, 58:132-141.
[17] DU Songping, DAN Yang. The we-media communication effect of the violent terrorist incident in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Young Journalists,2015,488(12):76-77.[杜松平,但扬.新疆暴恐事件自媒体传播的效果[J].青年记者, 2015, 488(12):76-77.]
[18] LIU Jianming, JI Zhonghui, WANG Lili. Introducation of Public Opinion[M]. Beijing:Communication University of China Press, 2009:55-63.[刘建明,纪忠慧,王莉丽.舆论学概论[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社, 2009:55-63]
[19] BARBAGALLO D, BRUNI L, FRANCALANCI C, et al. An empirical study on the relationship between Twitter sentiment and influence in the tourism domain[J]. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 2012,(1):506-516.
[20] LIU B, PENNINGRON-GRAY L, KRIEGER J. Tourism crisis management:Can the extended parallel process model be used to understand crisis responses in the cruise industry?[J].Tourism Management, 2016, 55:310-321.
[21] S?NMEZ S, SIRAKAYA E. A Distorted destination image? The case of Turkey[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2002, 41(2):185-196.
[22] GURSOY D, MCCLEARY K W. An integrative model of tourists’information search behavior[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(2):353-373.
[23] BALOGLU S, MCCLEARY K W. A model of destination image formation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 26(4):868-897.
[24] S?NMEZ S F, GRAEFE A R. Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 37(2):171-177.
[25] GAROFALO J. Victimization and the fear of crime[J]. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1979, 16(1):80-97.
[26] CHEN Yanying. On The cognitive structure of expectation image of after-tour tourist on tourism destination[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(8):203-208.[陈岩英.游后旅游者对旅游地期望形象的认知结构研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2015, 29(8):203-208.]
[27] CHEN C F, TSAI D. How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?[J]. Tourism Management,2007, 28(4):1115-1122.
[28] REISINGER Y, CROTTS J C. The influence of gender on travel risk perceptions, safety, and travel intentions[J]. Tourism Analysis, 2009, 14(6):793-807.
[29] MILMAN A, JONES F, BACH S. The impact of security devices on tourists’ perceived safety:The central Florida example[J]. Journal of Hospitality&Tourism Research, 1999,23(4):371-386.
[30] AMIR A F, ISMAIL M N I, HANAFISH M H M, et al. Foreign tourists’perception on the safety and security measures in Kuala Lumpur[C]//International Hospitality and Tourism Conference.Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2012, 591-594.
[31] GEORGE R. Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk:The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town[J]. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(6):806-815.
[32] GARTNER W C. Image formation process[J]. Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing, 1994, 2(2-3):191-216.
[33] ANDERSON N H. Methods of Information Integration Theory[M]. New York:Academic Press, 1982:287-315.
[34] PIZAM A, TARLOW P E, Bloom J. Making tourists feel safe:Whose responsibility is it?[J]. Journal of Travel Research,1997, 36(1):23-28.
[35] BARKER M, PAGE S J, MEYER D. Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event[J]. Journal of Travel Research,2003, 41(4):355-361.
[36] GAROFALO J. Victimization and the fear of crime[J]. Journal of Research in Crime&Delinquency, 1979, 16(1):80-97.
[37] S?NMEZ S F. Tourism, terrorism, and political instability[J].Annals of Tourism Research, 1998, 25(2):416-456.
[38] DONALDSON R, FERREIRA S.(Re-)creating urban destination image:Opinions of foreign visitors to South Africa on safety and security?[J]. Urban Forum, 2009, 20(1):1-18.
[39] GEORGE R, Booyens I. Township tourism demand:Tourists’perceptions of safety and security[J]. Urban Forum, 2014, 25(4):449-467.
[40] BIGNE J E, SANCHEZ M I, SANCHEZ J. Tourism image,evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour:Inter-relationship[J]. Tourism Management, 2001, 22(6):607-616.
[41] BIAN Xianhong. Research on the inter-relationship of tourists destination image, quality, satisfaction and behavior intention[J]. East China Economic Management, 2005,19(1):84-88.[卞显红.旅游目的地形象、质量、满意度及其购后行为相互关系研究[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(1):84-88.]
[42] PRICE V. Social identification and public opinion:Effects of communicating group conflict[J]. Public Opinion Quarterly,1989, 53(2):197-224.
[43] FALL L T. An Exploratory Study of the relationship between human values and information sources within a tourism framework[J]. Journal of Hospitality&Leisure Marketing,2000, 7(1):3-28.
[44] KEEY H, VAN DEN BERG P, THOMPSON J K. An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls[J]. Body Image, 2004, 1(3):237-251.
[45] LEE R, LOCKSHIN L. Halo effects of tourists’destination image on domestic product perceptions[J]. Australasian Marketing Journal, 2011, 19(1):7-13.
[46] GALLARZA M G, SAURA I G, GARCIA H C. Destination image:Towards a conceptual framework[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2002, 29(1):56-78.
[47] EDWARDS J R, LAMBERT L S. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation:A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis[J]. Psychological Methods,2007, 12(1):1-22.
[48] S?NMEZ S F, GRAEFE A R. Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1998,25(1):112-144.
[49] CHALIP L, GREEN B C, HILL B. Effects of sport event media on destination image and intention to visit[J]. Journal of Sport Management, 2003, 17(3):214-234.
[50] KOZAK M, CROTTS J C, LAW R. The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2007, 9(4):233-242.
(1)资料来源:360百科:乌鲁木齐7.5打砸抢烧暴力犯罪事件[EB/OL]. https://baike.so.com/doc/24594239-25470266.html, 2018-01-01.
[2] LEPP A, GIBSON H. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2003,30(3):606-624.
[3] SAHA S, YAP G. The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development:A cross-country panel analysis[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2014, 53(4):509-521.
[4] FU Yeqin, ZHENG Xiangmin, ZHENG Wenbiao, et al. Research on the monitoring and early-warning index systems of tourism crisis events.network public opinions[J]. Journal of Intelligence,2014, 33(8):184-189.[付业勤,郑向敏,郑文标,等.旅游危机事件网络舆情的监测预警指标体系研究[J].情报杂志,2014, 33(8):184-189.]
[5] ZOU Yongguang,ZHENG Xiangmin. The formation of tourists.sense of security at a sestination:An empirical study[J].Tourism Tribune,2014,29(3):84-90.[邹永广,郑向敏.旅游目的地游客安全感形成机理实证研究[J].旅游学刊, 2014, 29(3):84-90.]
[6] NCCO R. Improving risk communication[J]. Work in the Department of Health’Risk Decision&Policy, 1989, 6(2):159-165.
[7] KAPUSCINSKI G, RICHARDS B. News framing effects on destination risk perception[J]. Tourism Management, 2016, 57:234-244.
[8] MANSFELD Y, PIZAM A. Tourism, Security and Safety:From Theory to Practice[M]. Burlington MA:Routledge, 2006:187.
[9] TARLOW P E. Tourism Security:Strategies for Effectively Managing Travel Risk and Safety[M]. Oxford:ButterworthHeinemann, 2014:1-22.
[10] CHEW E Y T, JAHARI S A. Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention:A case of postdisaster Japan[J]. Tourism Management, 2014, 40:382-393.
[11] BAI Kai, GUO Shengwei. Study on the impact of inbound tourists.emotional experience on their loyalty:A case study of Islamic Traditional Community in Huifang, Xi’an[J].Tourism Tribune, 2010, 25(12):71-78.[白凯,郭生伟.入境游客情绪体验对忠诚度的影响研究——以西安回坊伊斯兰传统社区为例[J].旅游学刊, 2010, 25(12):71-78.]
[12] FAIRLEY S, LOVEGROVE H, NEWLAND B L, et al. Image recovery from negative media coverage of a sport event:Destination, venue, and event considerations[J]. Sport Management Review, 2016, 19(3):352-360.
[13] LAM T, HSU C H C. Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination[J]. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(4):589-599.
[14] WANG P. Understanding the influence of electronic word-of-mouth on outbound tourists’visit intention[C]. Conference on E-Business,E-Service and E-Society. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014.
[15] OTWAY H, GOW H B F. Communicating with the Public about Major Accident Hazards[M]. London:Elsevier Science Publishers,1990:121-145.
[16] LIU B, HUANG S, FU H. An application of network analysis on tourist attractions:The case of Xinjiang, China[J]. Tourism Management, 2017, 58:132-141.
[17] DU Songping, DAN Yang. The we-media communication effect of the violent terrorist incident in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Young Journalists,2015,488(12):76-77.[杜松平,但扬.新疆暴恐事件自媒体传播的效果[J].青年记者, 2015, 488(12):76-77.]
[18] LIU Jianming, JI Zhonghui, WANG Lili. Introducation of Public Opinion[M]. Beijing:Communication University of China Press, 2009:55-63.[刘建明,纪忠慧,王莉丽.舆论学概论[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社, 2009:55-63]
[19] BARBAGALLO D, BRUNI L, FRANCALANCI C, et al. An empirical study on the relationship between Twitter sentiment and influence in the tourism domain[J]. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 2012,(1):506-516.
[20] LIU B, PENNINGRON-GRAY L, KRIEGER J. Tourism crisis management:Can the extended parallel process model be used to understand crisis responses in the cruise industry?[J].Tourism Management, 2016, 55:310-321.
[21] S?NMEZ S, SIRAKAYA E. A Distorted destination image? The case of Turkey[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2002, 41(2):185-196.
[22] GURSOY D, MCCLEARY K W. An integrative model of tourists’information search behavior[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(2):353-373.
[23] BALOGLU S, MCCLEARY K W. A model of destination image formation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 26(4):868-897.
[24] S?NMEZ S F, GRAEFE A R. Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 37(2):171-177.
[25] GAROFALO J. Victimization and the fear of crime[J]. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1979, 16(1):80-97.
[26] CHEN Yanying. On The cognitive structure of expectation image of after-tour tourist on tourism destination[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(8):203-208.[陈岩英.游后旅游者对旅游地期望形象的认知结构研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2015, 29(8):203-208.]
[27] CHEN C F, TSAI D. How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?[J]. Tourism Management,2007, 28(4):1115-1122.
[28] REISINGER Y, CROTTS J C. The influence of gender on travel risk perceptions, safety, and travel intentions[J]. Tourism Analysis, 2009, 14(6):793-807.
[29] MILMAN A, JONES F, BACH S. The impact of security devices on tourists’ perceived safety:The central Florida example[J]. Journal of Hospitality&Tourism Research, 1999,23(4):371-386.
[30] AMIR A F, ISMAIL M N I, HANAFISH M H M, et al. Foreign tourists’perception on the safety and security measures in Kuala Lumpur[C]//International Hospitality and Tourism Conference.Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2012, 591-594.
[31] GEORGE R. Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk:The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town[J]. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(6):806-815.
[32] GARTNER W C. Image formation process[J]. Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing, 1994, 2(2-3):191-216.
[33] ANDERSON N H. Methods of Information Integration Theory[M]. New York:Academic Press, 1982:287-315.
[34] PIZAM A, TARLOW P E, Bloom J. Making tourists feel safe:Whose responsibility is it?[J]. Journal of Travel Research,1997, 36(1):23-28.
[35] BARKER M, PAGE S J, MEYER D. Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event[J]. Journal of Travel Research,2003, 41(4):355-361.
[36] GAROFALO J. Victimization and the fear of crime[J]. Journal of Research in Crime&Delinquency, 1979, 16(1):80-97.
[37] S?NMEZ S F. Tourism, terrorism, and political instability[J].Annals of Tourism Research, 1998, 25(2):416-456.
[38] DONALDSON R, FERREIRA S.(Re-)creating urban destination image:Opinions of foreign visitors to South Africa on safety and security?[J]. Urban Forum, 2009, 20(1):1-18.
[39] GEORGE R, Booyens I. Township tourism demand:Tourists’perceptions of safety and security[J]. Urban Forum, 2014, 25(4):449-467.
[40] BIGNE J E, SANCHEZ M I, SANCHEZ J. Tourism image,evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour:Inter-relationship[J]. Tourism Management, 2001, 22(6):607-616.
[41] BIAN Xianhong. Research on the inter-relationship of tourists destination image, quality, satisfaction and behavior intention[J]. East China Economic Management, 2005,19(1):84-88.[卞显红.旅游目的地形象、质量、满意度及其购后行为相互关系研究[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(1):84-88.]
[42] PRICE V. Social identification and public opinion:Effects of communicating group conflict[J]. Public Opinion Quarterly,1989, 53(2):197-224.
[43] FALL L T. An Exploratory Study of the relationship between human values and information sources within a tourism framework[J]. Journal of Hospitality&Leisure Marketing,2000, 7(1):3-28.
[44] KEEY H, VAN DEN BERG P, THOMPSON J K. An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls[J]. Body Image, 2004, 1(3):237-251.
[45] LEE R, LOCKSHIN L. Halo effects of tourists’destination image on domestic product perceptions[J]. Australasian Marketing Journal, 2011, 19(1):7-13.
[46] GALLARZA M G, SAURA I G, GARCIA H C. Destination image:Towards a conceptual framework[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2002, 29(1):56-78.
[47] EDWARDS J R, LAMBERT L S. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation:A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis[J]. Psychological Methods,2007, 12(1):1-22.
[48] S?NMEZ S F, GRAEFE A R. Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1998,25(1):112-144.
[49] CHALIP L, GREEN B C, HILL B. Effects of sport event media on destination image and intention to visit[J]. Journal of Sport Management, 2003, 17(3):214-234.
[50] KOZAK M, CROTTS J C, LAW R. The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2007, 9(4):233-242.
(1)资料来源:360百科:乌鲁木齐7.5打砸抢烧暴力犯罪事件[EB/OL]. https://baike.so.com/doc/24594239-25470266.html, 2018-01-01.