A review on application of composite truss bridges composed of hollow structural section members
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摘要
Composite truss with hollow structural section(HSS) members is deemed as the structure applicable to large-span and heavily-loaded bridges. To promote the application of composite truss bridge with HSS members in China, this paper described its structural characteristics and technology in details. Besides, not only were 32 typical design cases of composite truss bridges with HSS members collected, but also the corresponding historical development was summed up. Comparisons on structural components, characteristics and engineering applications were made among composite truss bridges with HSS members in different structural forms. Then, the analysis on the characteristics of composite truss bridges with concrete-filled steel tubular(CFST) chords was conducted, and the challenges on the aspects of complicated joints and interfacial debonding were pointed out. To address these problems, the concrete-filled rectangular hollow section(CFRHS)stiffened with PBLs(Perfobond Ribs) was proposed to improve the reliability of confinement effect in CFST member and force transfer in joints. The advantages on the mechanical properties of CFRHS structure stiffened using PBLs were systematically expounded with respect to the behaviors of steel plate, interface, member and joint. Moreover, the structure design, construction technology, structural calculation and economic efficiency of the practical bridge with CFRHS chords stiffened using PBLs were comprehensively analyzed.The results demonstrated that composite truss bridge with PBL-stiffened CFRHS members was competitive in mechanical performance and construction.
Composite truss with hollow structural section(HSS) members is deemed as the structure applicable to large-span and heavily-loaded bridges. To promote the application of composite truss bridge with HSS members in China, this paper described its structural characteristics and technology in details. Besides, not only were 32 typical design cases of composite truss bridges with HSS members collected, but also the corresponding historical development was summed up. Comparisons on structural components, characteristics and engineering applications were made among composite truss bridges with HSS members in different structural forms. Then, the analysis on the characteristics of composite truss bridges with concrete-filled steel tubular(CFST) chords was conducted, and the challenges on the aspects of complicated joints and interfacial debonding were pointed out. To address these problems, the concrete-filled rectangular hollow section(CFRHS)stiffened with PBLs(Perfobond Ribs) was proposed to improve the reliability of confinement effect in CFST member and force transfer in joints. The advantages on the mechanical properties of CFRHS structure stiffened using PBLs were systematically expounded with respect to the behaviors of steel plate, interface, member and joint. Moreover, the structure design, construction technology, structural calculation and economic efficiency of the practical bridge with CFRHS chords stiffened using PBLs were comprehensively analyzed.The results demonstrated that composite truss bridge with PBL-stiffened CFRHS members was competitive in mechanical performance and construction.
Composite truss with hollow structural section(HSS) members is deemed as the structure applicable to large-span and heavily-loaded bridges. To promote the application of composite truss bridge with HSS members in China, this paper described its structural characteristics and technology in details. Besides, not only were 32 typical design cases of composite truss bridges with HSS members collected, but also the corresponding historical development was summed up. Comparisons on structural components, characteristics and engineering applications were made among composite truss bridges with HSS members in different structural forms. Then, the analysis on the characteristics of composite truss bridges with concrete-filled steel tubular(CFST) chords was conducted, and the challenges on the aspects of complicated joints and interfacial debonding were pointed out. To address these problems, the concrete-filled rectangular hollow section(CFRHS)stiffened with PBLs(Perfobond Ribs) was proposed to improve the reliability of confinement effect in CFST member and force transfer in joints. The advantages on the mechanical properties of CFRHS structure stiffened using PBLs were systematically expounded with respect to the behaviors of steel plate, interface, member and joint. Moreover, the structure design, construction technology, structural calculation and economic efficiency of the practical bridge with CFRHS chords stiffened using PBLs were comprehensively analyzed.The results demonstrated that composite truss bridge with PBL-stiffened CFRHS members was competitive in mechanical performance and construction.
引文
Bart, P., Couvreur, G., Razinkov, O., et al., 2009. Continuous monitoring of the Oresund Bridge:system and data analysis.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 5(5), 395-405.
Brozzetti,J., 2000. Design development of steel-concrete composite bridges in France. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 55(1-3), 229-243.
Chen, B.C., Huang, W.J., 2007. Experimental research on ultimate load carrying capacity of truss girders made with circular tubes. Journal of Building Structures 28(3), 31-36.
Chen, B.C., Mu, T.M., Chen, Y.Y., et al., 2013. State-of-the-art of research and engineering application of steel-concrete composite bridges in China. Journal of Building Structures 34(S1), 1-10.
Cheng, G., Liu, Y.J., Qiu, J.L.,et al., 2014. Analysis of stress concentration factor on concrete-filled rectangular steel tube T-joints stiffened with PBL. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 31(4), 74-49.
Cheng, G., Liu, Y.J., Tian, Z.J., et al., 2015a. Tensile behavior of pbl stiffened concrete-filled rectangular steel tubular unequal Tconnections. Journal of Chang'an University(Natural Science Edition)35(3), 83-90.
Cheng, G.,Liu, YJ.,Yu, W.L.,et al.,2015b. Nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete-filled square steel tube x-connections subjected to tension. Journal of Hefei University of Technology(Natural Science Edition)2015(3), 358-362.
Duan, M.J., Liu, Z., Zhang, J.D., et al., 2016. Experimental study on new PBL-steel tube joint for steel truss-webbed concrete slab composite bridges. Journal of Southeast University(Natural Science Edition)46(3), 572-577.
Fang, T.S., 2003. Design and construction of Xiangjiaba bridge.Nonferrous Metals Engineering and Research 24(1), 21-23.
Galambos, T.V., 2000. Recent research and design developments in steel and composite steel-concrete structures in USA.Journal of Constructional Steel Research 55(1-3), 289-303.
Hanswille, G., 2008. Composite bridges in Germany designed according to Eurocode 4-2. In:The 2008 International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete VI, Tabernash, 2008.
Hanswille, G., Sedlacek, G., 2007. Steel and Composite Bridges in Germany:State of the Art. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal.
Hiroo, M., Masato, Y., Yohei, T., et al., 2002. Design of the Kinokawa viaduct composite truss bridge. In:The 1st FIB Congress, Osaka, 2002.
Hirt, M., Nussbaumer, A., 2006. Tubular Trusses for SteelConcrete Composite Bridges. IABSE Symposium, Weimar.
Huang, W., Fenu, L., Chen, B., et al., 2015. Experimental study on K-joints of concrete-filled steel tubular truss structures.Journal of Constructional Steel Research 107,182-193.
Huang, W., Fenu, L., Chen, B., et al., 2018. Experimental study on joint resistance and failure modes of concrete filled steel tubular(CFST)truss girders. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 141, 241-250.
Jiang, L., Liu, Y.J., Fam, A., 2018. Stress concentration factors in joints of square hollow section(SHS)brace and concretefilled SHS chord and axial tension in brace. Thin-Walled Structures 132, 79-92.
Jiang, L., Liu, Y.J., Fam, A., 2019. Stress concentration factors in concrete-filled square hollow section joints with perfobond ribs. Engineering Structures 181, 165-180.
Jiang, L., Liu, Y.J., Zhang, J.G., 2016. Experimental study on axial compression behavior of concrete-filled square steel tubular long columns stiffened with PBL. Journal of Building Structures 37(5), 122-128.
Jung, K.H., Yi, J.W., Kim,J.H.J., 2010. Structural safety and serviceability evaluations of prestressed concrete hybrid bridge girders with corrugated or steel truss web members.Engineering Structures 32(12), 3866-3878.
Kang, C.J., Schneider, S., Wenner, M., et al., 2018. Development of design and construction of high-speed railway bridges in Germany. Engineering Structures 163, 184-196.
Kravanja, S., Silih, S., 2003. Optimization based comparison between composite I beams and composite trusses. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59(5), 609-625.
Lebet, J.P., Hirt, M.A., 2013. Steel Bridges:Conceptual and Structural Design of Steel and Steel-concrete Composite Bridges. EPFL Press, Lausanne.
Li, Y., Fang, Q.H., Zhang, J.D., et al., 2013. Double-deck steel truss web PC composite bridge design and construction method.Journal of Building Structures 34(S1),33-38.
Li, Y., Zha, X.X., Li, M., et al., 2014. New structure of large-span steel truss web PC composite rigid frame bridge. Journal of China and Foreign Highway 34(5), 123-125.
Lin, C.J., Zheng, J.L., Qin, R., 2004. A review of the research on concrete cavitation of arch rib of concrete-filled steel tube.Journal of China and Foreign Highway 24(6), 54-58.
Liu, L., 2013. Experimentally Design and Study of Composite Trussed Continuous Beam Bridge with Concrete-filled Rectangular Steel Tubular. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Liu, G., 2014. Design and Study of Composite Trussed Continuous Rigid-frame Bridge with Concrete-filled Rectangular Steel Tube. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Liu, J.P., Liu, Y.J., 2009. Research on influence of chord concreteinside on overall stiffness of rectangular hollow section steel tube truss girder. Journal of Building Structures 30(S2), 202-207.
Liu, Y., Li, Y.X., Liu, J.P., et al., 2008a. Static behavior analysis of RHS trusses with concrete-filled compression chord member.Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 25(4), 65-72.
Liu, Y., Zhou, X.H., Liu, J.P., 2008b. Behavior of concrete filled rectangular steel tube T-joints and Y-joints under compression.Journal of Chang'an University(Natural Science Edition)28(5),48-52.
Liu, Y., Liu, J.P., Yang, G.J., et al., 2009. Experimental research on mechanical behavior of RHStrusses with concrete-filled in chord. Journal of Building Structures 30(6), 107-112.
Liu, Y., Liu, J.P., Zhang, J.G., 2010a. Experimental research on RHS and CHS truss with concrete filled chord. Journal of Building Structures 31(4), 86-93.
Liu, Y., Liu, J.P., Chi, J.J., 2010b. Shear bond behaviors at interface of concrete-filled steel tube. Journal of Guangxi University(Natural Science Edition)35(1), 17-23, 29.
Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Zhang, J.G., 2012. Mechanical behavior of concrete-filled square steel tubular stiffened with PBL.Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 29(4), 13-17.
Liu, Y., Xin, H., He, J., et al., 2013. Experimental and analytical study on fatigue behavior of composite truss joints. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 83, 21-36.
Liu, Y., Cheng, G., Zhang, N., 2014. Experimental research on concrete-filled square steel tubular columns stiffened with PBL. Journal of Building Structures 35(10), 39-46.
Liu, Y., Li, H., Zhang, N., 2015a. Local elastic buckling analysis of rectangular concrete-filled steel tube under non-uniform compression. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering32(4), 1-8.
Liu, Y., Jiang, L., Zhang, N., 2015b. Longitudinal allowable stress of steel tube in concrete-filled steel tube. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 32(6), 1-7.
Liu, Y., Li, H., Zhang, N., et al., 2015c. Interface bond-slip performance of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular stiffened by PBL.Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 32(5), 1—7.
Machacek, J., Cudejko, M., 2011. Composite steel and concrete bridge trusses. Engineering Structures 33(12), 3136-3142.
Mato, F.M., Cornejo, M.O., Estevez Sanchez, R.A., 2015. Viaduct over Ulla River in the Atlantic high speed railway line:a composite(steel-concrete)truss world record. Hormigón y Acero 66(277), e1-e25.
Nie, J.G., 2011. Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges. China Communications Press, Beijing.
Nie, J.G., Tao, M.X., Wu, L.L., et al., 2012a. Advances of research on steel-concrete composite bridges. China Civil Engineering Journal 6, 110-122.
Nie, J.G., Li, F.X., Fan, J.S., et al., 2012b. Double composite action of large-span steel-concrete composite continuous box-girder bridges. Journal of Tsinghua University 52(2),133-138.
Packer, J.A., 1995. Concrete-filled HSS connections. Journal of Structural Engineering 121(3), 458-467.
Packer, J.A., Henderson, J.E., 1997. Hollow Structural Section Connections and Trusses, a Design Guide. Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Ontario.
Reis, A., Oliveira Pedro, J.J., 2004. The Europe bridge in Portugal:concept and structural design. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 60(3-5), 363-372.
Reis, A., Oliveira Pedro, J.J., 2011. Composite truss bridges:new trends, design and research. Steel Construction 4(3), 176-182.
Shao, X.D., 2015. Beam-type Composite Structure Bridge. China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing.
Tu, G.Y., Yan, D.H., Shao, X.D., 2007. Influences of debonding on mechanical behavior of trussed concrete-filled steel tubular arch bridge-China Journal of Highway and Transport 20(6),61-66.
Wang, T., Xie, X., Wang, Y., et al., 2014. Analysis of prestressed composite truss girders with steel truss webs. Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science)48(4), 711-720.
Yang,J., 2010. Concepts and Applications of Prefabricated Concrete-filled Rectangular Steel Tubular Truss. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Yang, S.C., Wang, F.M., Qu, P., 2008. Brief introduction to the core concrete's empty influence on the mechanical performance of concrete filled steel tube components.Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science)27(3),360-365, 486.
Yu, W.L.,2015. Behavior Analysis of Rectangular Concrete-filled Steel Tubular T-joint under Tension Load. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Zhang, G.Z., 2004. Study on the Technologies of CFST Truss of Wanzhou Bridge. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu.
Zhang, L.Y., Li, Z.S., Cheng, M.F., 1999. Concrete-filled Steel Tube Spatial Truss Composite Girder. China Communications Press,Beijing.
Zhang, Y., Zhou,L.Y., Zheng, H.,et al.,2015. Experimental study on mechanical performance of steel-concrete composite truss joint with different kinds of fabrication. Journal of Building Structures 36, 138-143,167.
Zhang, N., Liu, Y.J., Li, H., 2017a. Local buckling performance analysis of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular axial compression column with PBL stiffeners. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 34(2), 95-102.
Zhang, N., Liu, Y.J., Li, H., et al., 2017b. Local buckling characteristics of stiffened rectangular plate on elastic foundation subjected to non-uniform loads. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 17(1), 36-44.
Zhou, X.H., Liu, Y.J., Jiang, L., 2017. Review on mechanical behavior research of concrete filled rectangular hollow section tube stiffened with PBL. China Journal of Highway and Transport 30(11), 45-62.
Brozzetti,J., 2000. Design development of steel-concrete composite bridges in France. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 55(1-3), 229-243.
Chen, B.C., Huang, W.J., 2007. Experimental research on ultimate load carrying capacity of truss girders made with circular tubes. Journal of Building Structures 28(3), 31-36.
Chen, B.C., Mu, T.M., Chen, Y.Y., et al., 2013. State-of-the-art of research and engineering application of steel-concrete composite bridges in China. Journal of Building Structures 34(S1), 1-10.
Cheng, G., Liu, Y.J., Qiu, J.L.,et al., 2014. Analysis of stress concentration factor on concrete-filled rectangular steel tube T-joints stiffened with PBL. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 31(4), 74-49.
Cheng, G., Liu, Y.J., Tian, Z.J., et al., 2015a. Tensile behavior of pbl stiffened concrete-filled rectangular steel tubular unequal Tconnections. Journal of Chang'an University(Natural Science Edition)35(3), 83-90.
Cheng, G.,Liu, YJ.,Yu, W.L.,et al.,2015b. Nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete-filled square steel tube x-connections subjected to tension. Journal of Hefei University of Technology(Natural Science Edition)2015(3), 358-362.
Duan, M.J., Liu, Z., Zhang, J.D., et al., 2016. Experimental study on new PBL-steel tube joint for steel truss-webbed concrete slab composite bridges. Journal of Southeast University(Natural Science Edition)46(3), 572-577.
Fang, T.S., 2003. Design and construction of Xiangjiaba bridge.Nonferrous Metals Engineering and Research 24(1), 21-23.
Galambos, T.V., 2000. Recent research and design developments in steel and composite steel-concrete structures in USA.Journal of Constructional Steel Research 55(1-3), 289-303.
Hanswille, G., 2008. Composite bridges in Germany designed according to Eurocode 4-2. In:The 2008 International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete VI, Tabernash, 2008.
Hanswille, G., Sedlacek, G., 2007. Steel and Composite Bridges in Germany:State of the Art. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal.
Hiroo, M., Masato, Y., Yohei, T., et al., 2002. Design of the Kinokawa viaduct composite truss bridge. In:The 1st FIB Congress, Osaka, 2002.
Hirt, M., Nussbaumer, A., 2006. Tubular Trusses for SteelConcrete Composite Bridges. IABSE Symposium, Weimar.
Huang, W., Fenu, L., Chen, B., et al., 2015. Experimental study on K-joints of concrete-filled steel tubular truss structures.Journal of Constructional Steel Research 107,182-193.
Huang, W., Fenu, L., Chen, B., et al., 2018. Experimental study on joint resistance and failure modes of concrete filled steel tubular(CFST)truss girders. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 141, 241-250.
Jiang, L., Liu, Y.J., Fam, A., 2018. Stress concentration factors in joints of square hollow section(SHS)brace and concretefilled SHS chord and axial tension in brace. Thin-Walled Structures 132, 79-92.
Jiang, L., Liu, Y.J., Fam, A., 2019. Stress concentration factors in concrete-filled square hollow section joints with perfobond ribs. Engineering Structures 181, 165-180.
Jiang, L., Liu, Y.J., Zhang, J.G., 2016. Experimental study on axial compression behavior of concrete-filled square steel tubular long columns stiffened with PBL. Journal of Building Structures 37(5), 122-128.
Jung, K.H., Yi, J.W., Kim,J.H.J., 2010. Structural safety and serviceability evaluations of prestressed concrete hybrid bridge girders with corrugated or steel truss web members.Engineering Structures 32(12), 3866-3878.
Kang, C.J., Schneider, S., Wenner, M., et al., 2018. Development of design and construction of high-speed railway bridges in Germany. Engineering Structures 163, 184-196.
Kravanja, S., Silih, S., 2003. Optimization based comparison between composite I beams and composite trusses. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59(5), 609-625.
Lebet, J.P., Hirt, M.A., 2013. Steel Bridges:Conceptual and Structural Design of Steel and Steel-concrete Composite Bridges. EPFL Press, Lausanne.
Li, Y., Fang, Q.H., Zhang, J.D., et al., 2013. Double-deck steel truss web PC composite bridge design and construction method.Journal of Building Structures 34(S1),33-38.
Li, Y., Zha, X.X., Li, M., et al., 2014. New structure of large-span steel truss web PC composite rigid frame bridge. Journal of China and Foreign Highway 34(5), 123-125.
Lin, C.J., Zheng, J.L., Qin, R., 2004. A review of the research on concrete cavitation of arch rib of concrete-filled steel tube.Journal of China and Foreign Highway 24(6), 54-58.
Liu, L., 2013. Experimentally Design and Study of Composite Trussed Continuous Beam Bridge with Concrete-filled Rectangular Steel Tubular. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Liu, G., 2014. Design and Study of Composite Trussed Continuous Rigid-frame Bridge with Concrete-filled Rectangular Steel Tube. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Liu, J.P., Liu, Y.J., 2009. Research on influence of chord concreteinside on overall stiffness of rectangular hollow section steel tube truss girder. Journal of Building Structures 30(S2), 202-207.
Liu, Y., Li, Y.X., Liu, J.P., et al., 2008a. Static behavior analysis of RHS trusses with concrete-filled compression chord member.Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 25(4), 65-72.
Liu, Y., Zhou, X.H., Liu, J.P., 2008b. Behavior of concrete filled rectangular steel tube T-joints and Y-joints under compression.Journal of Chang'an University(Natural Science Edition)28(5),48-52.
Liu, Y., Liu, J.P., Yang, G.J., et al., 2009. Experimental research on mechanical behavior of RHStrusses with concrete-filled in chord. Journal of Building Structures 30(6), 107-112.
Liu, Y., Liu, J.P., Zhang, J.G., 2010a. Experimental research on RHS and CHS truss with concrete filled chord. Journal of Building Structures 31(4), 86-93.
Liu, Y., Liu, J.P., Chi, J.J., 2010b. Shear bond behaviors at interface of concrete-filled steel tube. Journal of Guangxi University(Natural Science Edition)35(1), 17-23, 29.
Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Zhang, J.G., 2012. Mechanical behavior of concrete-filled square steel tubular stiffened with PBL.Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 29(4), 13-17.
Liu, Y., Xin, H., He, J., et al., 2013. Experimental and analytical study on fatigue behavior of composite truss joints. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 83, 21-36.
Liu, Y., Cheng, G., Zhang, N., 2014. Experimental research on concrete-filled square steel tubular columns stiffened with PBL. Journal of Building Structures 35(10), 39-46.
Liu, Y., Li, H., Zhang, N., 2015a. Local elastic buckling analysis of rectangular concrete-filled steel tube under non-uniform compression. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering32(4), 1-8.
Liu, Y., Jiang, L., Zhang, N., 2015b. Longitudinal allowable stress of steel tube in concrete-filled steel tube. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 32(6), 1-7.
Liu, Y., Li, H., Zhang, N., et al., 2015c. Interface bond-slip performance of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular stiffened by PBL.Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 32(5), 1—7.
Machacek, J., Cudejko, M., 2011. Composite steel and concrete bridge trusses. Engineering Structures 33(12), 3136-3142.
Mato, F.M., Cornejo, M.O., Estevez Sanchez, R.A., 2015. Viaduct over Ulla River in the Atlantic high speed railway line:a composite(steel-concrete)truss world record. Hormigón y Acero 66(277), e1-e25.
Nie, J.G., 2011. Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges. China Communications Press, Beijing.
Nie, J.G., Tao, M.X., Wu, L.L., et al., 2012a. Advances of research on steel-concrete composite bridges. China Civil Engineering Journal 6, 110-122.
Nie, J.G., Li, F.X., Fan, J.S., et al., 2012b. Double composite action of large-span steel-concrete composite continuous box-girder bridges. Journal of Tsinghua University 52(2),133-138.
Packer, J.A., 1995. Concrete-filled HSS connections. Journal of Structural Engineering 121(3), 458-467.
Packer, J.A., Henderson, J.E., 1997. Hollow Structural Section Connections and Trusses, a Design Guide. Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Ontario.
Reis, A., Oliveira Pedro, J.J., 2004. The Europe bridge in Portugal:concept and structural design. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 60(3-5), 363-372.
Reis, A., Oliveira Pedro, J.J., 2011. Composite truss bridges:new trends, design and research. Steel Construction 4(3), 176-182.
Shao, X.D., 2015. Beam-type Composite Structure Bridge. China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing.
Tu, G.Y., Yan, D.H., Shao, X.D., 2007. Influences of debonding on mechanical behavior of trussed concrete-filled steel tubular arch bridge-China Journal of Highway and Transport 20(6),61-66.
Wang, T., Xie, X., Wang, Y., et al., 2014. Analysis of prestressed composite truss girders with steel truss webs. Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science)48(4), 711-720.
Yang,J., 2010. Concepts and Applications of Prefabricated Concrete-filled Rectangular Steel Tubular Truss. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Yang, S.C., Wang, F.M., Qu, P., 2008. Brief introduction to the core concrete's empty influence on the mechanical performance of concrete filled steel tube components.Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science)27(3),360-365, 486.
Yu, W.L.,2015. Behavior Analysis of Rectangular Concrete-filled Steel Tubular T-joint under Tension Load. Chang'an University, Xi'an.
Zhang, G.Z., 2004. Study on the Technologies of CFST Truss of Wanzhou Bridge. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu.
Zhang, L.Y., Li, Z.S., Cheng, M.F., 1999. Concrete-filled Steel Tube Spatial Truss Composite Girder. China Communications Press,Beijing.
Zhang, Y., Zhou,L.Y., Zheng, H.,et al.,2015. Experimental study on mechanical performance of steel-concrete composite truss joint with different kinds of fabrication. Journal of Building Structures 36, 138-143,167.
Zhang, N., Liu, Y.J., Li, H., 2017a. Local buckling performance analysis of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular axial compression column with PBL stiffeners. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 34(2), 95-102.
Zhang, N., Liu, Y.J., Li, H., et al., 2017b. Local buckling characteristics of stiffened rectangular plate on elastic foundation subjected to non-uniform loads. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 17(1), 36-44.
Zhou, X.H., Liu, Y.J., Jiang, L., 2017. Review on mechanical behavior research of concrete filled rectangular hollow section tube stiffened with PBL. China Journal of Highway and Transport 30(11), 45-62.