The usability of GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys considering RTK and NRTK techniques
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摘要
Nowadays many positioning techniques and methods are applied to the cadastral surveys. Starting from last decade, GPS/GNSS positioning had become one of the most used methodology thanks to the rapid development of satellite-based positioning and to the appearance of GNSS mass-market receivers and antennas. Methods based on these instruments are more affordable than the conventional ones even if their use for precise positioning is not so intuitive. This study is aimed to evaluate the use of singlefrequency GPS/GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys, considering both single-base RealTime Kinematic(RTK) and Network Real-Time Kinematic(NRTK) methodologies. Furthermore, a particular tool for predicting and estimating the occurrence of false fix of the phase ambiguities has been considered, in order to improve the accuracy and precision of the solutions. Considering the single-base positioning, the research results showed the difference of a few centimetres between the reference coordinates and the estimated ones if the distance between master and rover is less than 3 km, while considering the network positioning and the Virtual Reference Station correction, the difference are about a couple of centimetres for East and North component, and about 5 cm for the Up.
Nowadays many positioning techniques and methods are applied to the cadastral surveys. Starting from last decade, GPS/GNSS positioning had become one of the most used methodology thanks to the rapid development of satellite-based positioning and to the appearance of GNSS mass-market receivers and antennas. Methods based on these instruments are more affordable than the conventional ones even if their use for precise positioning is not so intuitive. This study is aimed to evaluate the use of singlefrequency GPS/GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys, considering both single-base RealTime Kinematic(RTK) and Network Real-Time Kinematic(NRTK) methodologies. Furthermore, a particular tool for predicting and estimating the occurrence of false fix of the phase ambiguities has been considered, in order to improve the accuracy and precision of the solutions. Considering the single-base positioning, the research results showed the difference of a few centimetres between the reference coordinates and the estimated ones if the distance between master and rover is less than 3 km, while considering the network positioning and the Virtual Reference Station correction, the difference are about a couple of centimetres for East and North component, and about 5 cm for the Up.
Nowadays many positioning techniques and methods are applied to the cadastral surveys. Starting from last decade, GPS/GNSS positioning had become one of the most used methodology thanks to the rapid development of satellite-based positioning and to the appearance of GNSS mass-market receivers and antennas. Methods based on these instruments are more affordable than the conventional ones even if their use for precise positioning is not so intuitive. This study is aimed to evaluate the use of singlefrequency GPS/GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys, considering both single-base RealTime Kinematic(RTK) and Network Real-Time Kinematic(NRTK) methodologies. Furthermore, a particular tool for predicting and estimating the occurrence of false fix of the phase ambiguities has been considered, in order to improve the accuracy and precision of the solutions. Considering the single-base positioning, the research results showed the difference of a few centimetres between the reference coordinates and the estimated ones if the distance between master and rover is less than 3 km, while considering the network positioning and the Virtual Reference Station correction, the difference are about a couple of centimetres for East and North component, and about 5 cm for the Up.
引文
[1]J.Anderson,E.Mikhail,Surveying:Theory and Practice,Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,NewYork,1998.
[2]P.R.Wolf,C.D.Ghilani,Elementary Surveying:An Introduction to Geomatics,tenth ed.,Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ,2002.
[3]H.Kahmen,W.Faig,Surveying,Walter de Gruyter,Berlin,NY,1988.
[4]B.Pflipsen,Volume Computation:A Comparison of Total Station versus Laser Scanner,Master Thesis,Department of Technology and Built Environment,University of G€avle,Sweden,2006.
[5]C.Rizos,Principles and Practice of GPS Surveying,School of Geomatic Engineering,The University of New South Wales,Sydney,1997.
[6]M.Bakula,An approach to reliable rapid static GNSS surveying,Surv.Rev.44(327)(2012)265e271.
[7]L.Dai,S.Han,J.Wang,C.Rizos,A study on GPS/GLONASS multiple reference station techniques for precise real-time carrier phase-based positioning,in:Proceedings of ION GPS 2001,2001,pp.392e403.
[8]B.Hofmann-Wellenhof,H.Lichtenegger,J.Collins,GNSSe Global Navigation Satellite Systems:GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,and More,Springer-Verlag,Wien,2008,978-3-211-73012-6.
[9]X.Su,S.Li,C.Yuan,H.Cai,V.Kamat,Enhanced boundary condition-based approach for construction location sensing using RFID and RTK GPS,J.Constr.Eng.Manag.140(10)(2014)1e11.
[10]P.J.G.Teunissen,R.Odolinski,D.Odijk,Instantaneous BeiDou+GPS RTK positioning with high cut-off elevation angles,J.Geod.88(4)(2014)335e350.
[11]M.Tsakiri,Evaluation of GPS/Galileo RTK network configuration:case study in Greece,J.Surv.Eng.137(4)(2011)156e166.
[12]J.Wang,Y.Feng,Reliability of partial ambiguity fixing with multiple GNSSconstellations,J.Geod.87(1)(2013)1e14.
[13]G.Wübbena,A.Bagge,GNSS multi-station adjustment for permanent deformation analysis networks,in:Proc.Symposium on Geodesy for Geotechnical&Structural Engineering of the IAG Special Commission 4,Eisenstadt,Austria,1998,pp.139e144.
[14]X.Zou,W.Tang,M.Ge,J.Liu,H.Cai,New network RTK based on transparent reference selection in absolute positioning mode,J.Surv.Eng.139(1)(2013).
[15]G.R.Hu,H.S.Khoo,P.C.Goh,C.L.Law,Development and assessment of GPSvirtual reference stations for RTK positioning,J.Geod.77(5e6)(2003)292e302.
[16]R.Odolinski,Temporal correlation for network RTK positioning,GPS Solut.16(2)(2012)147e155.
[17]A.Parkins,Increasing GNSS RTK availability with a new single-epoch batch partial ambiguity resolution algorithm,GPS Solut.15(4)(2011)391e402.
[18]I.Lee,L.Ge,The performance of RTK-GPS for surveying under challenging environmental conditions,Earth Planets Space 58(2006)515e522.
[19]E.M.Ahmed,Performance analysis of the RTK technique in an urban environment,Aust.Surv.45(1)(2012)47e54.
[20]R.CuneytErenoglu,A comprehensive evaluation of GNSS-and CORS-based positioning and terrestrial surveying for cadastral surveys,Surv.Rev.49(352)(2017)28e38,https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2015.1104093.
[21]V.Janssen,T.Grinter,C.Roberts,Can RTK GPS be used to improve cadastral infrastructure?Eng.J.15(1)(2011)43e54.
[22]Y.U.Hua,Application of GPS RTK technique in Cadastre surveying,Bull.Surv.Mapp.4(2007)019.
[23]A.Cina,A.M.Manzino,G.Manzino,Recovery of cadastral boundaries with GNSS equipment,Surv.Rev.48(350)(2016)338e346.
[24]P.J.Rousseeuw,M.Hubert,Robust statistics for outlier detection,Wiley Interdiscip.Rev.Data Min.Knowl.Discov.1(1)(2011)73e79.
[26]G.Lachapelle,P.Alves,L.P.Fortes,M.E.Cannon,B.Townsend,DGPS RTKpositioning using a reference network,in:Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation(ION GPS 2000),Salt Lake City,UT,USA,19e22 September 2000,2000.
[27]P.Dabove,A.M.Manzino,GPS&GLONASS mass-market receivers:positioning performances and peculiarities,Sensors 14(12)(2014)22159e22179.
[28]G.Wübbena,A.Bagge,G.Seeber,V.B€oder,P.Hankemeier,Reducing distance dependent errors for real-time precise DGPS applications by establishing reference station networks,in:Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation,ION GPS 1996,Kansas City(KS-USA),September 1996,1996.
[29]M.Tsakiri,A.Sioulis,G.Piniotis,Compliance of low-cost,single-frequency GNSS receivers to standards consistent with ISO for control surveying,Int.J.Metrol.Qual.Eng.8(2017)11.
[30]N.Gogoi,A.M.Manzino,A.Cina,P.Dabove,Fast Deformation Detection with mass market GNSS time differential observations and use of baseline constraints,GEAM Geoing.Ambient.Mineraria-GEAM-Geoengin.Environ.Min153(2018)32e39.
[31]U.Vollath,A.Buecherl,H.Landau,C.Pagels,B.Wagner,Multi-base RTK Using Virtual Reference Stations.Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite,Division of The Institute of Navigation,Salt Lake City,2000,pp.123e131.
[32]R.B.Langley,Rtkgps,GPS World 9(9)(1998)70e76.
[33]O.A.Aykut,E.Gülal,B.Akpinar,Performance of single base RTK GNSS method versus network RTK,Earth Sci.Res.J.19(2)(2015)135e139.https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.51218.
[34]C.Wang,Y.Feng,M.Higgins,B.Cowie,Assessment of commercial network RTK user positioning performance over long inter-station distance,J.Global Position.Syst.9(1)(2010)78e89.
[35]RTCM Commission(Various Authors),RTCM 10403.1,differential GNSS(global navigation satellite systems)Services-version 3+amendments 1,2,3,4,and 5 to RTCM 10403.1,2011.
[36]A.M.Manzino,P.Dabove,Quality Control of the NRTK Positioning with MassMarket Receivers.Global Positioning Systems:Signal Structure,Applications and Sources of Error and Biases,2013,pp.17e40.ISBN:978-1-62808-022-3.
[37]G.Wübbena,M.Schmitz,A.Bagge,PPP-RTK:precise point positioning using state-space representation in RTK networks,in:Proceedings of ION GNSS,vol.5,2005,September,pp.13e16.
[38]P.J.Teunissen,D.Odijk,B.Zhang,PPP-RTK:results of CORS network-based PPPwith integer ambiguity resolution,J.Aeronaut.Astronaut.Aviat.Ser.A 42(4)(2010)223e230.
[39]N.Nadarajah,A.Khodabandeh,K.Wang,M.Choudhury,P.Teunissen,MultiGNSS PPP-RTK:from large-to small-scale networks,Sensors 18(4)(2018)1078.
[40]T.Takasu,A.Yasuda,Development of the low-cost RTK-GPS receiver with an open source program package RTKLIB,in:International Symposium on GPS/GNSS,International Convention CenterJeju,Korea,November 4e6,2009,2009.
[41]X.W.Chang,X.Yang,T.Zhou,MLAMBDA:a modified LAMBDA method for integer least-squares estimation,J.Geod.79(2005)552e565.
[42]P.J.G.Teunissen,The least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment:a method for fast GPS ambiguity estimation,J.Geod.70(1995)65e82.
[43]H.Landau,U.Vollath,X.Chen,Virtual reference station systems,J.Glob.Position.Syst.1(2002)137e143.
[44]P.Dabove,A.M.Manzino,Artificial neural network for detecting incorrectly fixed phase ambiguities for L1 mass-market receivers,GPS Solut.21(3)(2017)1213e1219.
[2]P.R.Wolf,C.D.Ghilani,Elementary Surveying:An Introduction to Geomatics,tenth ed.,Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ,2002.
[3]H.Kahmen,W.Faig,Surveying,Walter de Gruyter,Berlin,NY,1988.
[4]B.Pflipsen,Volume Computation:A Comparison of Total Station versus Laser Scanner,Master Thesis,Department of Technology and Built Environment,University of G€avle,Sweden,2006.
[5]C.Rizos,Principles and Practice of GPS Surveying,School of Geomatic Engineering,The University of New South Wales,Sydney,1997.
[6]M.Bakula,An approach to reliable rapid static GNSS surveying,Surv.Rev.44(327)(2012)265e271.
[7]L.Dai,S.Han,J.Wang,C.Rizos,A study on GPS/GLONASS multiple reference station techniques for precise real-time carrier phase-based positioning,in:Proceedings of ION GPS 2001,2001,pp.392e403.
[8]B.Hofmann-Wellenhof,H.Lichtenegger,J.Collins,GNSSe Global Navigation Satellite Systems:GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,and More,Springer-Verlag,Wien,2008,978-3-211-73012-6.
[9]X.Su,S.Li,C.Yuan,H.Cai,V.Kamat,Enhanced boundary condition-based approach for construction location sensing using RFID and RTK GPS,J.Constr.Eng.Manag.140(10)(2014)1e11.
[10]P.J.G.Teunissen,R.Odolinski,D.Odijk,Instantaneous BeiDou+GPS RTK positioning with high cut-off elevation angles,J.Geod.88(4)(2014)335e350.
[11]M.Tsakiri,Evaluation of GPS/Galileo RTK network configuration:case study in Greece,J.Surv.Eng.137(4)(2011)156e166.
[12]J.Wang,Y.Feng,Reliability of partial ambiguity fixing with multiple GNSSconstellations,J.Geod.87(1)(2013)1e14.
[13]G.Wübbena,A.Bagge,GNSS multi-station adjustment for permanent deformation analysis networks,in:Proc.Symposium on Geodesy for Geotechnical&Structural Engineering of the IAG Special Commission 4,Eisenstadt,Austria,1998,pp.139e144.
[14]X.Zou,W.Tang,M.Ge,J.Liu,H.Cai,New network RTK based on transparent reference selection in absolute positioning mode,J.Surv.Eng.139(1)(2013).
[15]G.R.Hu,H.S.Khoo,P.C.Goh,C.L.Law,Development and assessment of GPSvirtual reference stations for RTK positioning,J.Geod.77(5e6)(2003)292e302.
[16]R.Odolinski,Temporal correlation for network RTK positioning,GPS Solut.16(2)(2012)147e155.
[17]A.Parkins,Increasing GNSS RTK availability with a new single-epoch batch partial ambiguity resolution algorithm,GPS Solut.15(4)(2011)391e402.
[18]I.Lee,L.Ge,The performance of RTK-GPS for surveying under challenging environmental conditions,Earth Planets Space 58(2006)515e522.
[19]E.M.Ahmed,Performance analysis of the RTK technique in an urban environment,Aust.Surv.45(1)(2012)47e54.
[20]R.CuneytErenoglu,A comprehensive evaluation of GNSS-and CORS-based positioning and terrestrial surveying for cadastral surveys,Surv.Rev.49(352)(2017)28e38,https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2015.1104093.
[21]V.Janssen,T.Grinter,C.Roberts,Can RTK GPS be used to improve cadastral infrastructure?Eng.J.15(1)(2011)43e54.
[22]Y.U.Hua,Application of GPS RTK technique in Cadastre surveying,Bull.Surv.Mapp.4(2007)019.
[23]A.Cina,A.M.Manzino,G.Manzino,Recovery of cadastral boundaries with GNSS equipment,Surv.Rev.48(350)(2016)338e346.
[24]P.J.Rousseeuw,M.Hubert,Robust statistics for outlier detection,Wiley Interdiscip.Rev.Data Min.Knowl.Discov.1(1)(2011)73e79.
[26]G.Lachapelle,P.Alves,L.P.Fortes,M.E.Cannon,B.Townsend,DGPS RTKpositioning using a reference network,in:Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation(ION GPS 2000),Salt Lake City,UT,USA,19e22 September 2000,2000.
[27]P.Dabove,A.M.Manzino,GPS&GLONASS mass-market receivers:positioning performances and peculiarities,Sensors 14(12)(2014)22159e22179.
[28]G.Wübbena,A.Bagge,G.Seeber,V.B€oder,P.Hankemeier,Reducing distance dependent errors for real-time precise DGPS applications by establishing reference station networks,in:Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation,ION GPS 1996,Kansas City(KS-USA),September 1996,1996.
[29]M.Tsakiri,A.Sioulis,G.Piniotis,Compliance of low-cost,single-frequency GNSS receivers to standards consistent with ISO for control surveying,Int.J.Metrol.Qual.Eng.8(2017)11.
[30]N.Gogoi,A.M.Manzino,A.Cina,P.Dabove,Fast Deformation Detection with mass market GNSS time differential observations and use of baseline constraints,GEAM Geoing.Ambient.Mineraria-GEAM-Geoengin.Environ.Min153(2018)32e39.
[31]U.Vollath,A.Buecherl,H.Landau,C.Pagels,B.Wagner,Multi-base RTK Using Virtual Reference Stations.Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite,Division of The Institute of Navigation,Salt Lake City,2000,pp.123e131.
[32]R.B.Langley,Rtkgps,GPS World 9(9)(1998)70e76.
[33]O.A.Aykut,E.Gülal,B.Akpinar,Performance of single base RTK GNSS method versus network RTK,Earth Sci.Res.J.19(2)(2015)135e139.https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.51218.
[34]C.Wang,Y.Feng,M.Higgins,B.Cowie,Assessment of commercial network RTK user positioning performance over long inter-station distance,J.Global Position.Syst.9(1)(2010)78e89.
[35]RTCM Commission(Various Authors),RTCM 10403.1,differential GNSS(global navigation satellite systems)Services-version 3+amendments 1,2,3,4,and 5 to RTCM 10403.1,2011.
[36]A.M.Manzino,P.Dabove,Quality Control of the NRTK Positioning with MassMarket Receivers.Global Positioning Systems:Signal Structure,Applications and Sources of Error and Biases,2013,pp.17e40.ISBN:978-1-62808-022-3.
[37]G.Wübbena,M.Schmitz,A.Bagge,PPP-RTK:precise point positioning using state-space representation in RTK networks,in:Proceedings of ION GNSS,vol.5,2005,September,pp.13e16.
[38]P.J.Teunissen,D.Odijk,B.Zhang,PPP-RTK:results of CORS network-based PPPwith integer ambiguity resolution,J.Aeronaut.Astronaut.Aviat.Ser.A 42(4)(2010)223e230.
[39]N.Nadarajah,A.Khodabandeh,K.Wang,M.Choudhury,P.Teunissen,MultiGNSS PPP-RTK:from large-to small-scale networks,Sensors 18(4)(2018)1078.
[40]T.Takasu,A.Yasuda,Development of the low-cost RTK-GPS receiver with an open source program package RTKLIB,in:International Symposium on GPS/GNSS,International Convention CenterJeju,Korea,November 4e6,2009,2009.
[41]X.W.Chang,X.Yang,T.Zhou,MLAMBDA:a modified LAMBDA method for integer least-squares estimation,J.Geod.79(2005)552e565.
[42]P.J.G.Teunissen,The least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment:a method for fast GPS ambiguity estimation,J.Geod.70(1995)65e82.
[43]H.Landau,U.Vollath,X.Chen,Virtual reference station systems,J.Glob.Position.Syst.1(2002)137e143.
[44]P.Dabove,A.M.Manzino,Artificial neural network for detecting incorrectly fixed phase ambiguities for L1 mass-market receivers,GPS Solut.21(3)(2017)1213e1219.