Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Retrieved from Guangzhou S-band Polarimetric Radar Observations
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摘要
According to the statistical shape–slope(μ–Λ) relationship observed for the first time by several 2 D-Video-Distrometers(2 DVD) in southern China, a constrained gamma(C-G) model was proposed for the retrieval of rain drop size distributions(DSDs) from Guangzhou S-band polarimetric radar observations. Two typical precipitation processes were selected to verify the accuracy of the retrieval scheme. The μ–Λ relationship: Λ = 0.0241μ2 + 0.867μ + 2.453 was obtained based on the 2 DVD observation results from at Huizhou Longmen station, which is a very representative location in the area. Relying on the Guangzhou polarimetric radar measurements of radar reflectivity(ZHH) and differential reflectivity(ZDR), the gamma(Γ) size distribution parameters(N0, μ, and Λ) can be retrieved by the C-G model retrieval scheme. The results show that the Guangzhou polarimetric radar retrievals of DSDs were close to the2 DVD observations at Guangzhou Maofengshan station. The rain rate, mass mean diameter, and normalized intercept parameter of radar retrievals were in good agreement with the 2 DVD observations, and the relative errors were less than 10%. The overall accuracy of the retrieval scheme was high. The retrieval scheme has established the relationship between the polarimetric radar measurements and gamma size distribution parameters. It will be helpful to in-depth research and application of the dual-polarization radar data in microphysical precipitation processes analysis,as well as convection-resolved numerical model data assimilation and prediction effect evaluation.
According to the statistical shape–slope(μ–Λ) relationship observed for the first time by several 2 D-Video-Distrometers(2 DVD) in southern China, a constrained gamma(C-G) model was proposed for the retrieval of rain drop size distributions(DSDs) from Guangzhou S-band polarimetric radar observations. Two typical precipitation processes were selected to verify the accuracy of the retrieval scheme. The μ–Λ relationship: Λ = 0.0241μ2 + 0.867μ + 2.453 was obtained based on the 2 DVD observation results from at Huizhou Longmen station, which is a very representative location in the area. Relying on the Guangzhou polarimetric radar measurements of radar reflectivity(ZHH) and differential reflectivity(ZDR), the gamma(Γ) size distribution parameters(N0, μ, and Λ) can be retrieved by the C-G model retrieval scheme. The results show that the Guangzhou polarimetric radar retrievals of DSDs were close to the2 DVD observations at Guangzhou Maofengshan station. The rain rate, mass mean diameter, and normalized intercept parameter of radar retrievals were in good agreement with the 2 DVD observations, and the relative errors were less than 10%. The overall accuracy of the retrieval scheme was high. The retrieval scheme has established the relationship between the polarimetric radar measurements and gamma size distribution parameters. It will be helpful to in-depth research and application of the dual-polarization radar data in microphysical precipitation processes analysis,as well as convection-resolved numerical model data assimilation and prediction effect evaluation.
According to the statistical shape–slope(μ–Λ) relationship observed for the first time by several 2 D-Video-Distrometers(2 DVD) in southern China, a constrained gamma(C-G) model was proposed for the retrieval of rain drop size distributions(DSDs) from Guangzhou S-band polarimetric radar observations. Two typical precipitation processes were selected to verify the accuracy of the retrieval scheme. The μ–Λ relationship: Λ = 0.0241μ2 + 0.867μ + 2.453 was obtained based on the 2 DVD observation results from at Huizhou Longmen station, which is a very representative location in the area. Relying on the Guangzhou polarimetric radar measurements of radar reflectivity(ZHH) and differential reflectivity(ZDR), the gamma(Γ) size distribution parameters(N0, μ, and Λ) can be retrieved by the C-G model retrieval scheme. The results show that the Guangzhou polarimetric radar retrievals of DSDs were close to the2 DVD observations at Guangzhou Maofengshan station. The rain rate, mass mean diameter, and normalized intercept parameter of radar retrievals were in good agreement with the 2 DVD observations, and the relative errors were less than 10%. The overall accuracy of the retrieval scheme was high. The retrieval scheme has established the relationship between the polarimetric radar measurements and gamma size distribution parameters. It will be helpful to in-depth research and application of the dual-polarization radar data in microphysical precipitation processes analysis,as well as convection-resolved numerical model data assimilation and prediction effect evaluation.
引文
Bao,X.W.,D.Wu,X.T.Lei,et al.,2017:Improving the extreme rainfall forecast of Typhoon Morakot(2009)by assimilating radar data from Taiwan Island and mainland China.J.Meteor.Res.,31,747-766,doi:10.1007/s13351-017-6007-8.
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Berne,A.,and W.F.Krajewski,2013:Radar for hydrology:Unfulfilled promise or unrecognized potential?Adv.Water Res.,51,357-366,doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.05.005.
Brandes,E.A.,G.F.Zhang,and J.Vivekanandan,2003:An evaluation of a drop distribution-based polarimetric radar rainfall estimator.J.Appl.Meteor.,42,652-660,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0652:AEOADD>2.0.CO;2.
Brandes,E.A.,G.F.Zhang,and J.Vivekanandan,2004a:Drop size distribution retrieval with polarimetric radar:Model and application.J.Appl.Meteor.,43,461-475,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0461:DSDRWP>2.0.CO;2.
Brandes,E.A.,G.F.Zhang,and J.Vivekanandan,2004b:Comparison of polarimetric radar drop size distribution retrieval algorithms.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,21,584-598,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0584:COPRDS>2.0.CO;2.
Bringi,V.N.,G.J.Huang,V.Chandrasekar,et al.,2002:A methodology for estimating the parameters of a gamma raindrop size distribution model from polarimetric radar data:Application to a squall-line event from the TRMM/Brazil campaign.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,19,633-645,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0633:AMFETP>2.0.CO;2.
Bringi,V.N.,V.Chandrasekar,J.Hubbert,et al.,2003:Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis.J Atmos.Sci.,60,354-365,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0354:RSDIDC>2.0.CO;2.
Brown,B.R.,M.M.Bell,and A.J.Frambach,2016:Validation of simulated hurricane drop size distributions using polarimetric radar.Geophys.Res.Lett.,43,910-917,doi:10.1002/2015GL067278.
Bruintjes,R.T.,1999:A review of cloud seeding experiments to enhance precipitation and some new prospects.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,80,805-820,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0805:AROCSE>2.0.CO;2.
Cao,Q.,and G.F,Zhang,2009:Errors in estimating raindrop size distribution parameters employing disdrometer and simulated raindrop spectra.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,48,406-425,doi:10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
Cao,Q.,G.F.Zhang,E.Brandes,et al.,2008:Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,47,2238-2255,doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1732.1.
Cao,Q.,G.F.Zhang,E.A.Brandes,et al.,2010:Polarimetric radar rain estimation through retrieval of drop size distribution using a Bayesian approach.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,49,973-990,doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2227.1.
Chang,W.Y.,T.C.Chen Wang,and P.L.Lin,2009:Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution and drop shape relation in typhoon systems in the western Pacific from the 2D Video Disdrometer and NCU C-band polarimetric radar.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,26,1973-1993,doi:10.1175/2009JTE-CHA1236.1.
Chen,B.J.,J.Yang,and J.P.Pu,2013:Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the Meiyu season observed in eastern China.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,91,215-227,doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-208.
Gao,W.H.,C.H.Sui,T.C.Chen Wang,et al.,2011:An evaluation and improvement of microphysical parameterization from a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme and the Southwest Monsoon Experiment(So WMEX)/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment(Ti MREX)observations.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,116,D19101,doi:10.1029/2011JD015718.
Gorgucci,E.,V.Chandrasekar,V.N.Bringi,et al.,2002:Estimation of raindrop size distribution parameters from polarimetric radar measurements.J.Atmos.Sci.,59,2373-2384,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2373:EORSDP>2.0.CO;2.
Hu,Z.Q.,L.P.Liu,and L.L.Wu,2014:Comparison among several system biases calibration methods on C-band polarimetric radar.Plateau Meteor.,33,221-231,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00134.(in Chinese)
Jin,Q.,Y.Yuan,H.J.Liu,et al.,2015:Analysis of microphysical characteristics of the raindrop spectrum over the area between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River during summer.Acta Meteor.Sinica,73,778-288,doi:10.11676/qxxb2015.036.(in Chinese)
Jung,Y.,G.F.Zhang,and M.Xue,2008:Assimilation of simulated polarimetric radar data for a convective storm using the ensemble Kalman filter.Part I:Observation operators for reflectivity and polarimetric variables.Mon.Wea.Rev.,136,2228-2245,doi:10.1175/2007MWR2083.1.
Jung,Y.,M.Xue,and G.F.Zhang,2010:Simulations of polarimetric radar signatures of a supercell storm using a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,49,146-163,doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2178.1.
Kruger,A.,and W.F.Krajewski,2002:Two-dimensional video disdrometer:A description.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,19,602-617,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0602:TDVDAD>2.0.CO;2.
Kumjian,M.R.,and A.V.Ryzhkov,2010:The impact of evaporation on polarimetric characteristics of rain:Theoretical model and practical implications.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,49,1247-1267,doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2243.1.
Liu,L.P.,R.S.Ge,and P.Y.Zhang,2002:A study of method and accuracy of rainfall rate and liquid water content measurements by dual linear polarization Doppler radar.Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.,26,709-720,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2002.05.12.(in Chinese)
Liu,X.C.,T.C.Gao,L.Liu,et al.,2013:Advances in microphysical features and measurement techniques of raindrops.Adv.Earth Sci.,28,1217-1226.(in Chinese)
Luo,Y.L.,R.H.Zhang,Q.L.Wan,et al.,2017:The Southern China monsoon rainfall experiment(SCMREX).Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,98,999-1013,doi:10.1175/bams-d-15-00235.1.
Ma,H.,Q.L.Wan,Z.T.Chen,et al.,2008:Improving rainfall estimation by radar based on Z-I relation and variation-calibration method.J.Trop.Meteor.,24,546-549,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2008.05.016.(in Chinese)
Marshall,J.S.,and W.M.Palmer,1948:The distribution of raindrops with size.J.Atmos.Sci.,5,165-166,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2.
Marzuki,W.L.Randeu,T.Kozu,et al.,2013:Raindrop axis ratios,fall velocities and size distribution over Sumatra from2D-Video Disdrometer measurement.Atmos.Res.,119,23-37,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.08.006.
Michaelides,S.,2008:Precipitation:Advances in Measurement,Estimation and Prediction.Springer Press,Berlin Heidelberg,540 pp
Sch?nhuber,M.,G.Lammer,and W.L.Randeu,2007:One decade of imaging precipitation measurement by 2D-video-distrometer.Adv.Geosci.,10,85-90,doi:10.5194/adgeo-10-85-2007.
Seliga,T.A.,and V.N.Bringi,1976:Potential use of radar differential reflectivity measurements at orthogonal polarizations for measuring precipitation.J.Appl.Meteor.,15,69-76,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0069:PUORDR>2.0.CO;2.
Tang,Q.,H.Xiao,C.W.Guo,et al.,2014:Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China.Atmos.Res.,135-136,59-75,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.003.
Tokay,A.,W.A.Petersen,P.Gatlin,et al.,2013:Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,30,1672-1690,doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00163.1.
Ulbrich,C.W.,1983:Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution.J.Appl.Meteor.,22,1764-1775,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2.
Vivekanandan,J.,G.F.Zhang,and E.Brandes,2004:Polarimetric radar estimators based on a constrained Gamma drop size distribution model.J.Appl.Meteor.,43,217-230,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0217:PREBOA>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,H.,Q.L.Wan,J.F.Yin,et al.,2016:Application of the dual-polarization radar data in numerical modeling studies:Construction of the simulator.Acta Meteor.Sinica,74,229-243,doi:10.11676/qxxb2016.017.(in Chinese)
Wang,M.J.,K.Zhao,M.Xue,et al.,2016:Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a Typhoon Matmo(2014)rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,121,12415-12433,doi:10.1002/2016JD025307.
Wen,L.,K.Zhao,G.F.Zhang,et al.,2016:Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distributions observed in East China during the Asian summer monsoon season using 2-D video disdrometer and Micro Rain Radar data.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,121,2265-2282,doi:10.1002/2015JD024160.
Williams,C.R.,V.N.Bringi,L.D.Carey,et al.,2014:Describing the shape of raindrop size distributions using uncorrelated raindrop mass spectrum parameters.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,53,1282-1296,doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-076.1.
Zhang,G.F.,2016:Weather Radar Polarimetry.CPC Press,Boca Raton,18 pp
Zhang,G.F.,J.Vivekanandan,and E.A.Brandes,2001:A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,39,830-841,doi:10.1109/36.917906.
Zhang,G.F.,J.Vivekanandan,E.A.Brandes,et al.,2003:The shape-slope relation in observed Gamma raindrop size distributions:Statistical error or useful information?J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,20,1106-1119,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1106:TSRIOG>2.0.CO;2.
Zhang,G.F.,J.Z.Sun,and E.A.Brandes,2006:Improving parameterization of rain microphysics with disdrometer and radar observations.J.Atmos.Sci.,63,1273-1290,doi:10.1175/JAS3680.1.
Zhang,X.Z.,J.M.Chen,and P.Zhao,2015:Impacts of Doppler radar data assimilation on the simulation of severe heavy rainfall events.J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.,26,555-566,doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20150505.(in Chinese)
Zhu,Y.Q.,and Y.B.Liu,2013:Advances in measurement techniques and statistics features of surface raindrop size distribution.Adv.Earth Sci.,28,685-694,doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.06.0685.(in Chinese)
Beard,K.V.,V.N.Bringi,and M.Thurai,2010:A new understanding of raindrop shape.Atmos.Res.,97,396-415,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.02.001.
Berne,A.,and W.F.Krajewski,2013:Radar for hydrology:Unfulfilled promise or unrecognized potential?Adv.Water Res.,51,357-366,doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.05.005.
Brandes,E.A.,G.F.Zhang,and J.Vivekanandan,2003:An evaluation of a drop distribution-based polarimetric radar rainfall estimator.J.Appl.Meteor.,42,652-660,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0652:AEOADD>2.0.CO;2.
Brandes,E.A.,G.F.Zhang,and J.Vivekanandan,2004a:Drop size distribution retrieval with polarimetric radar:Model and application.J.Appl.Meteor.,43,461-475,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0461:DSDRWP>2.0.CO;2.
Brandes,E.A.,G.F.Zhang,and J.Vivekanandan,2004b:Comparison of polarimetric radar drop size distribution retrieval algorithms.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,21,584-598,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0584:COPRDS>2.0.CO;2.
Bringi,V.N.,G.J.Huang,V.Chandrasekar,et al.,2002:A methodology for estimating the parameters of a gamma raindrop size distribution model from polarimetric radar data:Application to a squall-line event from the TRMM/Brazil campaign.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,19,633-645,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0633:AMFETP>2.0.CO;2.
Bringi,V.N.,V.Chandrasekar,J.Hubbert,et al.,2003:Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis.J Atmos.Sci.,60,354-365,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0354:RSDIDC>2.0.CO;2.
Brown,B.R.,M.M.Bell,and A.J.Frambach,2016:Validation of simulated hurricane drop size distributions using polarimetric radar.Geophys.Res.Lett.,43,910-917,doi:10.1002/2015GL067278.
Bruintjes,R.T.,1999:A review of cloud seeding experiments to enhance precipitation and some new prospects.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,80,805-820,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0805:AROCSE>2.0.CO;2.
Cao,Q.,and G.F,Zhang,2009:Errors in estimating raindrop size distribution parameters employing disdrometer and simulated raindrop spectra.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,48,406-425,doi:10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
Cao,Q.,G.F.Zhang,E.Brandes,et al.,2008:Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,47,2238-2255,doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1732.1.
Cao,Q.,G.F.Zhang,E.A.Brandes,et al.,2010:Polarimetric radar rain estimation through retrieval of drop size distribution using a Bayesian approach.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,49,973-990,doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2227.1.
Chang,W.Y.,T.C.Chen Wang,and P.L.Lin,2009:Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution and drop shape relation in typhoon systems in the western Pacific from the 2D Video Disdrometer and NCU C-band polarimetric radar.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,26,1973-1993,doi:10.1175/2009JTE-CHA1236.1.
Chen,B.J.,J.Yang,and J.P.Pu,2013:Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the Meiyu season observed in eastern China.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,91,215-227,doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-208.
Gao,W.H.,C.H.Sui,T.C.Chen Wang,et al.,2011:An evaluation and improvement of microphysical parameterization from a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme and the Southwest Monsoon Experiment(So WMEX)/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment(Ti MREX)observations.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,116,D19101,doi:10.1029/2011JD015718.
Gorgucci,E.,V.Chandrasekar,V.N.Bringi,et al.,2002:Estimation of raindrop size distribution parameters from polarimetric radar measurements.J.Atmos.Sci.,59,2373-2384,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2373:EORSDP>2.0.CO;2.
Hu,Z.Q.,L.P.Liu,and L.L.Wu,2014:Comparison among several system biases calibration methods on C-band polarimetric radar.Plateau Meteor.,33,221-231,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00134.(in Chinese)
Jin,Q.,Y.Yuan,H.J.Liu,et al.,2015:Analysis of microphysical characteristics of the raindrop spectrum over the area between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River during summer.Acta Meteor.Sinica,73,778-288,doi:10.11676/qxxb2015.036.(in Chinese)
Jung,Y.,G.F.Zhang,and M.Xue,2008:Assimilation of simulated polarimetric radar data for a convective storm using the ensemble Kalman filter.Part I:Observation operators for reflectivity and polarimetric variables.Mon.Wea.Rev.,136,2228-2245,doi:10.1175/2007MWR2083.1.
Jung,Y.,M.Xue,and G.F.Zhang,2010:Simulations of polarimetric radar signatures of a supercell storm using a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,49,146-163,doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2178.1.
Kruger,A.,and W.F.Krajewski,2002:Two-dimensional video disdrometer:A description.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,19,602-617,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0602:TDVDAD>2.0.CO;2.
Kumjian,M.R.,and A.V.Ryzhkov,2010:The impact of evaporation on polarimetric characteristics of rain:Theoretical model and practical implications.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,49,1247-1267,doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2243.1.
Liu,L.P.,R.S.Ge,and P.Y.Zhang,2002:A study of method and accuracy of rainfall rate and liquid water content measurements by dual linear polarization Doppler radar.Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.,26,709-720,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2002.05.12.(in Chinese)
Liu,X.C.,T.C.Gao,L.Liu,et al.,2013:Advances in microphysical features and measurement techniques of raindrops.Adv.Earth Sci.,28,1217-1226.(in Chinese)
Luo,Y.L.,R.H.Zhang,Q.L.Wan,et al.,2017:The Southern China monsoon rainfall experiment(SCMREX).Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,98,999-1013,doi:10.1175/bams-d-15-00235.1.
Ma,H.,Q.L.Wan,Z.T.Chen,et al.,2008:Improving rainfall estimation by radar based on Z-I relation and variation-calibration method.J.Trop.Meteor.,24,546-549,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2008.05.016.(in Chinese)
Marshall,J.S.,and W.M.Palmer,1948:The distribution of raindrops with size.J.Atmos.Sci.,5,165-166,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2.
Marzuki,W.L.Randeu,T.Kozu,et al.,2013:Raindrop axis ratios,fall velocities and size distribution over Sumatra from2D-Video Disdrometer measurement.Atmos.Res.,119,23-37,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.08.006.
Michaelides,S.,2008:Precipitation:Advances in Measurement,Estimation and Prediction.Springer Press,Berlin Heidelberg,540 pp
Sch?nhuber,M.,G.Lammer,and W.L.Randeu,2007:One decade of imaging precipitation measurement by 2D-video-distrometer.Adv.Geosci.,10,85-90,doi:10.5194/adgeo-10-85-2007.
Seliga,T.A.,and V.N.Bringi,1976:Potential use of radar differential reflectivity measurements at orthogonal polarizations for measuring precipitation.J.Appl.Meteor.,15,69-76,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0069:PUORDR>2.0.CO;2.
Tang,Q.,H.Xiao,C.W.Guo,et al.,2014:Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China.Atmos.Res.,135-136,59-75,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.003.
Tokay,A.,W.A.Petersen,P.Gatlin,et al.,2013:Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,30,1672-1690,doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00163.1.
Ulbrich,C.W.,1983:Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution.J.Appl.Meteor.,22,1764-1775,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2.
Vivekanandan,J.,G.F.Zhang,and E.Brandes,2004:Polarimetric radar estimators based on a constrained Gamma drop size distribution model.J.Appl.Meteor.,43,217-230,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0217:PREBOA>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,H.,Q.L.Wan,J.F.Yin,et al.,2016:Application of the dual-polarization radar data in numerical modeling studies:Construction of the simulator.Acta Meteor.Sinica,74,229-243,doi:10.11676/qxxb2016.017.(in Chinese)
Wang,M.J.,K.Zhao,M.Xue,et al.,2016:Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a Typhoon Matmo(2014)rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,121,12415-12433,doi:10.1002/2016JD025307.
Wen,L.,K.Zhao,G.F.Zhang,et al.,2016:Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distributions observed in East China during the Asian summer monsoon season using 2-D video disdrometer and Micro Rain Radar data.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,121,2265-2282,doi:10.1002/2015JD024160.
Williams,C.R.,V.N.Bringi,L.D.Carey,et al.,2014:Describing the shape of raindrop size distributions using uncorrelated raindrop mass spectrum parameters.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,53,1282-1296,doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-076.1.
Zhang,G.F.,2016:Weather Radar Polarimetry.CPC Press,Boca Raton,18 pp
Zhang,G.F.,J.Vivekanandan,and E.A.Brandes,2001:A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,39,830-841,doi:10.1109/36.917906.
Zhang,G.F.,J.Vivekanandan,E.A.Brandes,et al.,2003:The shape-slope relation in observed Gamma raindrop size distributions:Statistical error or useful information?J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,20,1106-1119,doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1106:TSRIOG>2.0.CO;2.
Zhang,G.F.,J.Z.Sun,and E.A.Brandes,2006:Improving parameterization of rain microphysics with disdrometer and radar observations.J.Atmos.Sci.,63,1273-1290,doi:10.1175/JAS3680.1.
Zhang,X.Z.,J.M.Chen,and P.Zhao,2015:Impacts of Doppler radar data assimilation on the simulation of severe heavy rainfall events.J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.,26,555-566,doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20150505.(in Chinese)
Zhu,Y.Q.,and Y.B.Liu,2013:Advances in measurement techniques and statistics features of surface raindrop size distribution.Adv.Earth Sci.,28,685-694,doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.06.0685.(in Chinese)