非恒定流细沟断面形态影响因素研究
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摘要
为探明细沟形态变化规律,采用室内人工模拟放水冲刷试验,研究了4种不同流量组合类型(凹陷型、峰值型、均匀型、增加型)与5个坡度(4°、6°、8°、10°、12°)组合的黄土地区细沟横纵断面的几何形态及各因子对其影响。结果表明:各流量组合类型下细沟宽深比为1.97～5.32,且同一流量组合类型情况下,随坡度的增加呈减小的趋势;同一坡度下,流量变化对其影响无明显规律;细沟断面形态指数η为0.29～0.54。增加型和峰值型的细沟横断面形态主要以"U形三角形"为主;均匀型的细沟横断面形态主要以"V形"内壁外凸为主;凹陷型的细沟横断面形态主要以"深V形"为主。表征纵断面形态特征的跌坑发育系数SP为1.014～1.10,跌坑发育系数随坡度的增加而增加,且各个坡度下,峰值型的SP值最大。
In order to find out the regularity of rill morphological changes under unsteady flow, this research investigates the geometry of the transverse section of the rill and the influence of various factors on it under four types of flow combinations(increased, uniform, concave and peak) and five slopes(4°, 6°, 8°, 10° and 12°) in the loess area based on the indoor artificial simulation water discharge scouring experiment. The results show that: cross-sectional width-depth ratio of the rill is between 1.97 and 5.32, and both of them decrease with the increase in slope. The influence of flow change has no obvious effect under the same slope. The cross-sectional morphology coefficient is between 0.29 and 0.54. The cross-sectional shape of the increases and peak type rills is mainly "inverted trapezoid". The uniform cross-section of the rill is mainly "V-shaped" inner wall convex; the concave type cross-section of the rill is mainly "deep V-shaped". The pit development coefficient SP of the longitudinal section morphological characteristics is between 1.014 and 1.100, and the pit development coefficient increases with the increase of the slope, and the SP of the peak type is the largest under each slope.
In order to find out the regularity of rill morphological changes under unsteady flow, this research investigates the geometry of the transverse section of the rill and the influence of various factors on it under four types of flow combinations(increased, uniform, concave and peak) and five slopes(4°, 6°, 8°, 10° and 12°) in the loess area based on the indoor artificial simulation water discharge scouring experiment. The results show that: cross-sectional width-depth ratio of the rill is between 1.97 and 5.32, and both of them decrease with the increase in slope. The influence of flow change has no obvious effect under the same slope. The cross-sectional morphology coefficient is between 0.29 and 0.54. The cross-sectional shape of the increases and peak type rills is mainly "inverted trapezoid". The uniform cross-section of the rill is mainly "V-shaped" inner wall convex; the concave type cross-section of the rill is mainly "deep V-shaped". The pit development coefficient SP of the longitudinal section morphological characteristics is between 1.014 and 1.100, and the pit development coefficient increases with the increase of the slope, and the SP of the peak type is the largest under each slope.
引文
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[12] 晏清洪,原翠萍,雷廷武,等. 降雨类型和水土保持对黄土区小流域水土流失的影响[J].农业机械学报, 2014,45(2):169-175.
[13] 董旭,张宽地,王光谦,等. 黄土细沟流跌坑的形成与作用机理[J]. 四川大学学报(工程科学版), 2016,48(5):28-35.
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[18] 郝好鑫,郭忠录,李朝霞,等. 红壤坡面细沟横断面形态及水动力学特性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2018,27(2):363-370.
[19] 王贵平,白迎平,贾志军,等. 细沟发育及侵蚀特征初步研究[J].中国水土保持, 1988,(5):15-18.
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[21] Fox D M, Bryan R B. The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient.[J]. Catena, 2000,38(3):211-222.
[22] 蒋芳市,黄炎和,林金石,等. 坡度和雨强对花岗岩崩岗崩积体细沟侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究, 2014,21(1):1-5.
[23] Nord G, Esteves M. The effect of soil type, meteorological forcing and slope gradient on the simulation of internal erosion processes at the local scale[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2010,24(13):1 766-1 780.
[24] Abrahams A D, Li G, Atkinson J F. Step-pool streams: adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J]. Water Resources Research, 1995,31(11):2 593-2 602.
[25] 徐江,王兆印. 阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报, 2004,(10):48-55.
[26] 余国安,王兆印,张康,等. 人工阶梯-深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用[J].水利学报, 2008,(2):162-167.
[2] Brunton D A, Bryan R B. Rill network development and sediment budgets[J]. Earth Surface Processes & Landforms, 2015,25(7):783-800.
[3] Mancilla G A, Chen S, Mccool D K. Rill density prediction and flow velocity distributions on agricultural areas in the Pacific Northwest[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2005,84(1):54-66.
[4] Lei T, Nearing M A, Haghighi K, et al. Rill erosion and morphological evolution: A simulation mode[J]. Water Resources Research, 1998,34(11):3 157-3 168.
[5] Bewket W, Sterk G. Assessment of soil erosion in cultivated fields using a survey methodology for rills in the Chemoga watershed, Ethiopia[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2003,97(1):81-93.
[6] 严冬春,王一峰,文安邦,等. 紫色土坡耕地细沟发育的形态演变[J].山地学报, 2011,29(4):469-473.
[7] 王龙生,蔡强国, 蔡崇法, 等. 黄土坡面细沟形态变化及其与流速之间的关系[J]. 农业工程学报, 2014,30(11):110-117.
[8] 和继军,吕烨,宫辉力,等. 细沟侵蚀特征及其产流产沙过程试验研究[J].水利学报, 2013,44(4):398-405.
[9] 李占斌,秦百顺,亢伟,等. 陡坡面发育的细沟水动力学特性室内试验研究[J].农业工程学报, 2008,(6):64-68.
[10] 张永东,吴淑芳,冯浩,等. 黄土陡坡细沟侵蚀动态发育过程及其发生临界动力条件试验研究[J].泥沙研究, 2013,(2):25-32.
[11] 王龙生,蔡强国,蔡崇法,等. 黄土坡面细沟与细沟间水流水动力学特性研究[J].泥沙研究, 2013,(6):45-52.
[12] 晏清洪,原翠萍,雷廷武,等. 降雨类型和水土保持对黄土区小流域水土流失的影响[J].农业机械学报, 2014,45(2):169-175.
[13] 董旭,张宽地,王光谦,等. 黄土细沟流跌坑的形成与作用机理[J]. 四川大学学报(工程科学版), 2016,48(5):28-35.
[14] 周佩华, 王占礼. 黄土高原土壤侵蚀暴雨标准[J]. 水土保持通报, 1987,(1):38-44.
[15] 王健,李鹤,孟秦倩,等. 黄土坡面细沟横断面形态及其水流动力学与挟沙特性[J]. 水土保持学报, 2015,29(3):32-37.
[16] 沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报, 2015,46(7):162-170.
[17] 张科利,唐克丽. 黄土坡面细沟侵蚀能力的水动力学试验研究[J].土壤学报, 2000,(1):9-15.
[18] 郝好鑫,郭忠录,李朝霞,等. 红壤坡面细沟横断面形态及水动力学特性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2018,27(2):363-370.
[19] 王贵平,白迎平,贾志军,等. 细沟发育及侵蚀特征初步研究[J].中国水土保持, 1988,(5):15-18.
[20] 张进伟,王颖,程文,等. 黄土坡面侵蚀试验研究综述[J].土壤通报, 2007,(4):795-798.
[21] Fox D M, Bryan R B. The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient.[J]. Catena, 2000,38(3):211-222.
[22] 蒋芳市,黄炎和,林金石,等. 坡度和雨强对花岗岩崩岗崩积体细沟侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究, 2014,21(1):1-5.
[23] Nord G, Esteves M. The effect of soil type, meteorological forcing and slope gradient on the simulation of internal erosion processes at the local scale[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2010,24(13):1 766-1 780.
[24] Abrahams A D, Li G, Atkinson J F. Step-pool streams: adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J]. Water Resources Research, 1995,31(11):2 593-2 602.
[25] 徐江,王兆印. 阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报, 2004,(10):48-55.
[26] 余国安,王兆印,张康,等. 人工阶梯-深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用[J].水利学报, 2008,(2):162-167.