奶牛农场氮素平衡研究进展
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摘要
规模化、集约化奶牛农场载畜率很高,通常没有配备足够的土地消纳粪污和规范的粪污处理系统,以致氮素排放量超过单位面积土地的环境承载力.奶牛农场是农业源氮素主要排放源之一,国外学者很早就关注了奶牛农场氮素平衡问题.奶牛农场氮素流动和平衡是研究奶牛农场氮素循环和氮素管理的基础,也是环境法律法规政策制定的依据;而氮素盈余和氮素利用率是评价奶牛农场氮素流动和平衡时使用最广泛的指标.本文基于农场尺度简述了氮素平衡的概念和农场内氮素流动,比较了氮素盈余和氮素利用率的使用范围,分析了影响氮素平衡的因素,综述了减少奶牛农场氮素排放的有效策略,以期为中国奶牛农场氮素管理提供参考和借鉴.
Large dairy farm with intensive management has high stocking density,but generally does not have enough space and normative feces disposal system,resulting in the discharged nitrogen surpassed the environmental carrying capacity of unit area land.Dairy farm is one of the major emission sources of nitrogen discharges in agriculture,where the nitrogen balance has being aroused attention by the experts abroad.The research on the nitrogen flow and nitrogen balance in dairy farm is the basis of the dairy farm nitrogen cycling and management study,as well as the basis for the construction of environmental laws,regulations and policies.The most reliable indicators to evaluate the nitrogen flow and nitrogen balance in dairy farm are nitrogen surplus and nitrogen use efficiency.This paper introduced the concept of nitrogen balance on farm-scale and the nitrogen flow within farm,compared the application scope of nitrogen surplus and nitrogen use efficiency,analyzed the factors affecting the nitrogen balance in dairy farm,and summarized the effective strategies to reduce the nitrogen discharges from dairy farm,aimed to provide references for the nitrogen management of dairy farm in China.
Large dairy farm with intensive management has high stocking density,but generally does not have enough space and normative feces disposal system,resulting in the discharged nitrogen surpassed the environmental carrying capacity of unit area land.Dairy farm is one of the major emission sources of nitrogen discharges in agriculture,where the nitrogen balance has being aroused attention by the experts abroad.The research on the nitrogen flow and nitrogen balance in dairy farm is the basis of the dairy farm nitrogen cycling and management study,as well as the basis for the construction of environmental laws,regulations and policies.The most reliable indicators to evaluate the nitrogen flow and nitrogen balance in dairy farm are nitrogen surplus and nitrogen use efficiency.This paper introduced the concept of nitrogen balance on farm-scale and the nitrogen flow within farm,compared the application scope of nitrogen surplus and nitrogen use efficiency,analyzed the factors affecting the nitrogen balance in dairy farm,and summarized the effective strategies to reduce the nitrogen discharges from dairy farm,aimed to provide references for the nitrogen management of dairy farm in China.
引文
[1]Ma L,Ma WQ,Velthof GL,et al.Modeling nutrient flows in the food chain of China.Journal of Environmen-tal Quality,2010,39:1279-1289
[2]Erisman JW,Bleeker A,Galloway J,et al.Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment.Environmental Pollution,2007,150:140-149
[3]Powell JM,Gourley CJ,Rotz CA,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency:A measurable performance indicator for dairy farms.Environmental Science and Policy,2010,13:217-228
[4]Adrian L,Wolfgang B,Franz W,et al.Farm,land,and soil nitrogen budgets for agriculture in Europe calcu-lated with CAPRI.Environmental Pollution,2011,159:3243-3253
[5]Spears RA,Kohn RA,Young AJ.Whole-farm nitrogen balance on western dairy farms.Journal of Dairy Sci-ence,2003,12:4178-4186
[6]Fangueiro D,Pereira J,Coutinho J,et al.NPK farm-gate nutrient balances in dairy farm from Northwest Por-tugal.European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28:625-634
[7]Ramirez E,Reheul D.Variables influencing nitrogen surplus of dairy farms in Flanders.Agronomy for Sus-tainable Development,2010,30:789-795
[8]Langeveld JWA,Verhagen A,Neeteson JJ,et al.Eval-uating farm performance using agri-environmental indica-tors:Recent experiences for nitrogen management in the Netherlands.Journal of Environmental Management,2007,82:363-376
[9]Oenema O,Kros H,de Vries W.Approaches and un-certainties in nutrient budgets:Implications for nutrient management and environmental policies.European Jour-nal of Agronomy,2003,20:3-16
[10]Schroder JJ,Aarts HFM,ten Berge HFM,et al.An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use.European Journal of Agronomy,2003,20:33-44
[11]Leach KA,Bax JA.Efficiency of nitrogen use in dairy systems//Corrall AJ,ed.Accounting for Nutrients:A Challenge for Grassland Farmers in the21st Century.Proceeding of the British Grassland Society Conference,Great Malvern,UK:1999:69-74
[12]Aarts HF,Habekotte B,van Keulen H.Nitrogen(N)management in the‘De Marke’dairy farming system.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2000,56:231-240
[13]Bos J,Pflimlin A,Aarts F,et al.Nutrient Management at Farm Scale:How to Attain Policy Objectives in Re-gions with Intensive Dairy Farming Wageningen:Wa-geningen Academic Publishers,2005:37-184
[14]Nevens F,Verbruggen I,Reheul D,et al.Farm gate nitrogen surpluses and nitrogen use efficiency of special-ized dairy farms in Flanders:Evolution and future goals.Agricultural Systems,2006,88:142-155
[15]Bassanino M,Grignani C,Sacco D,et al.Nitrogen bal-ances at the crop and farm-gate scale in livestock farms in Italy.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122:282-294
[16]Treacy M,Humphreys J,Namara KM,et al.Farm-gate nitrogen balances on intensive dairy farms in the south-west of Ireland.Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research,2008,47:105-117
[17]Shi G-H(史光华),Sun Z-J(孙振钧),Gao J-X(高吉喜).Comprehensive assessment on sustainable devel-opment of livestock production.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2004,15(5):909-912(in Chinese)
[18]Segato S,Marchesini G,Andrighetto I.A comparison of nitrogen use efficiency and surplus in two dairy farms ty-pologies.Italian Journal of Animal Science,2009,8:178-180
[19]Ryan W,Hennessy D,Murphy JJ,et al.A model of ni-trogen efficiency in contrasting grass-based dairy sys-tems.Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94:1032-1044
[20]Broderick GA.Effects of varying dietary protein and en-ergy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86:1370-1381
[21]Wattiaux MA,Karg KL.Protein level for alfalfa and corn silage-based diets.II.Nitrogen balance and ma-nure characteristics.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87:3492-3502
[22]Hristov AN,Etter RP,Ropp JK,et al.Effect of dietary crude protein level and degradability on ruminal fermen-tation and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Animal Science,2004,82:3219-3229
[23]Powell JM,Jackson-Smith DB,Mariola M,et al.Vali-dation of feed and manure management data collected on Wisconsin dairy farms.Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89:2268-2278
[24]van Bruchem J,Tamminga S.Sustainability and the fu-ture of animal production:Options for environmental tuning of the systems in the Netherlands for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Proceedings of the47th An-nual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Animal Science.Montreal,Quebec,Canada,1997:48-67
[25]Zhao L(赵路).The Utilization and Environmental Effects of Livestock Waste Nitrogen in Huang Huaihai.Master Thesis.Baoding,Hebei:Hebei Agricultural University,2009:30-38(in Chinese)
[26]Powell JM,Jackson-Smith DB,Satter LD.Phosphorus feeding and manure nutrient recycling on Wisconsin dairy farms.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,62:277-286
[27]Saam H,Powell JM,Jackson-Smith DB,et al.Use of animal density to estimate manure nutrient recycling ability of Wisconsin dairy farms.Agricultural Systems,2005,84:343-357
[28]Ramirez E,Reheul D.Statistical modeling of nitrogen use efficiency of dairy farms in Flanders.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2009,29:339-352
[29]Wang J-Q(王加启).Five key indicators leading the direction of China dairy industry.China Animal Hus-bandry&Veterinary Medicine(中国畜牧兽医),2011,38(2):5-9(in Chinese)
[30]Brouwer F.Nitrogen balances at farm level as a tool to monitor effects of agri-environmental policy.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,1998,52:303-308
[31]Oenema J,van Keulen H,Schils RLM,et al.Partici-patory farm management adaptations to reduce environ-mental impact on commercial pilot dairy farms in the Netherlands.NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2011,58:39-48
[32]Cherry K,Mooney SJ,Ramsden S,et al.Using field and farm nitrogen budgets to assess the effectiveness of actions mitigating N loss to water.Agriculture,Ecosys-tems and Environment,2012,147:82-88
[33]Petersena SO,Sommer SG.Ammonia and nitrous oxide interactions:Roles of manure organic matter manage-ment.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166/167:503-513
[34]Groot JC,Rossing WA,Lantinga EA.Evolution of farm management,nitrogen efficiency and economic perform-ance on Dutch dairy farms reducing external inputs.Livestock Production Science,2006,100:99-110
[35]Li D-P(李东坡),Wu Z-J(武志杰).Impact of chemical fertilizers application on soil ecological envi-ronment.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2008,19(5):1158-1165(in Chinese)
[36]Arriaga H,Pinto M,Calsamiglia S,et al.Nutritional and management strategies on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of lactating dairy cattle on commercial farms:An environmental perspective.Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92:204-215
[37]Oenema O,Witzke HP,Klimont Z,et al.Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27.Agriculture,Ecosys-tems and Environment,2009,133:280-288
[38]Gourley CJ,Aarons SR,Powell JM,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency and manure management practices in contras-ting dairy production systems.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2012,147:73-81
[39]Oenema O,Oudendag D,Velthof GL.Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union.Live-stock Science,2007,112:261-272
[40]Rotz CA,Oenema J,van Keulen H.Whole-farm Man-agement to Reduce Nitrogen Losses from Dairy Farms:A Simulation Study.American Society of Agricultural En-gineers Meetings,2003
[41]Rotz CA.Management to reduce nitrogen losses in ani-mal production.Journal of Animal Science,2004,82:119-137
[42]McCrory DF,Hobbs PJ.Additives to reduce ammonia and odor emissions from livestock wastes:A review.Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30:345-355
[43]Huang X-D(黄向东),Han Z-Y(韩志英),Shi D-Z(石德智),et al.Nitrogen loss and its control during livestock manure composting.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(1):247254(in Chinese)
[44]VanderZaag AC,Jayasundara S,Wagner-Riddle C.Strategies to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions from land applied manure.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166/167:464-479
[45]Zeng Y-T(曾韵婷),Xiang M-J(向明皎),Ma L(马林),et al.Revelation of the European Union nutri-ent management policies and regulations to China.World Agriculture(世界农业),2011(4):39-43(in Chinese)
[46]van Keulen H,Aarts HF,HabekottéB,et al.Soil-plant-animal relations in nutrient cycling:The case of dairy farming system‘De Marke’.European Journal of Agronomy.2000,13:245-261
[47]Powell JM.Snap-shot assessment of nutrient use effi-ciency on confinement dairy farms[EB/OL].(2009-06-25)[2012-03-03].http://www.ars.usda.gov/re-search/publications/publications.htm seq_no_115=241678
[48]Oenema O.Nitrogen budgets and losses in livestock sys-tems.International Congress Series,2006,1293:262-271
[49]Bleken MA,Steinshamn H,Hansen S.High nitrogen costs of dairy production in Europe:Worsened by inten-sification.Ambio,2005,34:598-606
[50]Funes-Monzote FR,Monzote M,Lantinga EA,et al.Conversion of specialised dairy farming systems into sus-tainable mixed farming systems in Cuba.Environment,Development and Sustainability,2009,11:765-783
[51]Cui Z-L(崔振岭),Chen X-P(陈新平),Zhang F-S(张福锁).Research and application on nitrogen cyc-ling in farm-gate dairy farm in Netherlands.World Agri-culture(世界农业),2003(11):47-48(in Chinese)
[2]Erisman JW,Bleeker A,Galloway J,et al.Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment.Environmental Pollution,2007,150:140-149
[3]Powell JM,Gourley CJ,Rotz CA,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency:A measurable performance indicator for dairy farms.Environmental Science and Policy,2010,13:217-228
[4]Adrian L,Wolfgang B,Franz W,et al.Farm,land,and soil nitrogen budgets for agriculture in Europe calcu-lated with CAPRI.Environmental Pollution,2011,159:3243-3253
[5]Spears RA,Kohn RA,Young AJ.Whole-farm nitrogen balance on western dairy farms.Journal of Dairy Sci-ence,2003,12:4178-4186
[6]Fangueiro D,Pereira J,Coutinho J,et al.NPK farm-gate nutrient balances in dairy farm from Northwest Por-tugal.European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28:625-634
[7]Ramirez E,Reheul D.Variables influencing nitrogen surplus of dairy farms in Flanders.Agronomy for Sus-tainable Development,2010,30:789-795
[8]Langeveld JWA,Verhagen A,Neeteson JJ,et al.Eval-uating farm performance using agri-environmental indica-tors:Recent experiences for nitrogen management in the Netherlands.Journal of Environmental Management,2007,82:363-376
[9]Oenema O,Kros H,de Vries W.Approaches and un-certainties in nutrient budgets:Implications for nutrient management and environmental policies.European Jour-nal of Agronomy,2003,20:3-16
[10]Schroder JJ,Aarts HFM,ten Berge HFM,et al.An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use.European Journal of Agronomy,2003,20:33-44
[11]Leach KA,Bax JA.Efficiency of nitrogen use in dairy systems//Corrall AJ,ed.Accounting for Nutrients:A Challenge for Grassland Farmers in the21st Century.Proceeding of the British Grassland Society Conference,Great Malvern,UK:1999:69-74
[12]Aarts HF,Habekotte B,van Keulen H.Nitrogen(N)management in the‘De Marke’dairy farming system.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2000,56:231-240
[13]Bos J,Pflimlin A,Aarts F,et al.Nutrient Management at Farm Scale:How to Attain Policy Objectives in Re-gions with Intensive Dairy Farming Wageningen:Wa-geningen Academic Publishers,2005:37-184
[14]Nevens F,Verbruggen I,Reheul D,et al.Farm gate nitrogen surpluses and nitrogen use efficiency of special-ized dairy farms in Flanders:Evolution and future goals.Agricultural Systems,2006,88:142-155
[15]Bassanino M,Grignani C,Sacco D,et al.Nitrogen bal-ances at the crop and farm-gate scale in livestock farms in Italy.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122:282-294
[16]Treacy M,Humphreys J,Namara KM,et al.Farm-gate nitrogen balances on intensive dairy farms in the south-west of Ireland.Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research,2008,47:105-117
[17]Shi G-H(史光华),Sun Z-J(孙振钧),Gao J-X(高吉喜).Comprehensive assessment on sustainable devel-opment of livestock production.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2004,15(5):909-912(in Chinese)
[18]Segato S,Marchesini G,Andrighetto I.A comparison of nitrogen use efficiency and surplus in two dairy farms ty-pologies.Italian Journal of Animal Science,2009,8:178-180
[19]Ryan W,Hennessy D,Murphy JJ,et al.A model of ni-trogen efficiency in contrasting grass-based dairy sys-tems.Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94:1032-1044
[20]Broderick GA.Effects of varying dietary protein and en-ergy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86:1370-1381
[21]Wattiaux MA,Karg KL.Protein level for alfalfa and corn silage-based diets.II.Nitrogen balance and ma-nure characteristics.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87:3492-3502
[22]Hristov AN,Etter RP,Ropp JK,et al.Effect of dietary crude protein level and degradability on ruminal fermen-tation and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Animal Science,2004,82:3219-3229
[23]Powell JM,Jackson-Smith DB,Mariola M,et al.Vali-dation of feed and manure management data collected on Wisconsin dairy farms.Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89:2268-2278
[24]van Bruchem J,Tamminga S.Sustainability and the fu-ture of animal production:Options for environmental tuning of the systems in the Netherlands for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Proceedings of the47th An-nual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Animal Science.Montreal,Quebec,Canada,1997:48-67
[25]Zhao L(赵路).The Utilization and Environmental Effects of Livestock Waste Nitrogen in Huang Huaihai.Master Thesis.Baoding,Hebei:Hebei Agricultural University,2009:30-38(in Chinese)
[26]Powell JM,Jackson-Smith DB,Satter LD.Phosphorus feeding and manure nutrient recycling on Wisconsin dairy farms.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,62:277-286
[27]Saam H,Powell JM,Jackson-Smith DB,et al.Use of animal density to estimate manure nutrient recycling ability of Wisconsin dairy farms.Agricultural Systems,2005,84:343-357
[28]Ramirez E,Reheul D.Statistical modeling of nitrogen use efficiency of dairy farms in Flanders.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2009,29:339-352
[29]Wang J-Q(王加启).Five key indicators leading the direction of China dairy industry.China Animal Hus-bandry&Veterinary Medicine(中国畜牧兽医),2011,38(2):5-9(in Chinese)
[30]Brouwer F.Nitrogen balances at farm level as a tool to monitor effects of agri-environmental policy.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,1998,52:303-308
[31]Oenema J,van Keulen H,Schils RLM,et al.Partici-patory farm management adaptations to reduce environ-mental impact on commercial pilot dairy farms in the Netherlands.NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2011,58:39-48
[32]Cherry K,Mooney SJ,Ramsden S,et al.Using field and farm nitrogen budgets to assess the effectiveness of actions mitigating N loss to water.Agriculture,Ecosys-tems and Environment,2012,147:82-88
[33]Petersena SO,Sommer SG.Ammonia and nitrous oxide interactions:Roles of manure organic matter manage-ment.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166/167:503-513
[34]Groot JC,Rossing WA,Lantinga EA.Evolution of farm management,nitrogen efficiency and economic perform-ance on Dutch dairy farms reducing external inputs.Livestock Production Science,2006,100:99-110
[35]Li D-P(李东坡),Wu Z-J(武志杰).Impact of chemical fertilizers application on soil ecological envi-ronment.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2008,19(5):1158-1165(in Chinese)
[36]Arriaga H,Pinto M,Calsamiglia S,et al.Nutritional and management strategies on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of lactating dairy cattle on commercial farms:An environmental perspective.Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92:204-215
[37]Oenema O,Witzke HP,Klimont Z,et al.Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27.Agriculture,Ecosys-tems and Environment,2009,133:280-288
[38]Gourley CJ,Aarons SR,Powell JM,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency and manure management practices in contras-ting dairy production systems.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2012,147:73-81
[39]Oenema O,Oudendag D,Velthof GL.Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union.Live-stock Science,2007,112:261-272
[40]Rotz CA,Oenema J,van Keulen H.Whole-farm Man-agement to Reduce Nitrogen Losses from Dairy Farms:A Simulation Study.American Society of Agricultural En-gineers Meetings,2003
[41]Rotz CA.Management to reduce nitrogen losses in ani-mal production.Journal of Animal Science,2004,82:119-137
[42]McCrory DF,Hobbs PJ.Additives to reduce ammonia and odor emissions from livestock wastes:A review.Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30:345-355
[43]Huang X-D(黄向东),Han Z-Y(韩志英),Shi D-Z(石德智),et al.Nitrogen loss and its control during livestock manure composting.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(1):247254(in Chinese)
[44]VanderZaag AC,Jayasundara S,Wagner-Riddle C.Strategies to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions from land applied manure.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166/167:464-479
[45]Zeng Y-T(曾韵婷),Xiang M-J(向明皎),Ma L(马林),et al.Revelation of the European Union nutri-ent management policies and regulations to China.World Agriculture(世界农业),2011(4):39-43(in Chinese)
[46]van Keulen H,Aarts HF,HabekottéB,et al.Soil-plant-animal relations in nutrient cycling:The case of dairy farming system‘De Marke’.European Journal of Agronomy.2000,13:245-261
[47]Powell JM.Snap-shot assessment of nutrient use effi-ciency on confinement dairy farms[EB/OL].(2009-06-25)[2012-03-03].http://www.ars.usda.gov/re-search/publications/publications.htm seq_no_115=241678
[48]Oenema O.Nitrogen budgets and losses in livestock sys-tems.International Congress Series,2006,1293:262-271
[49]Bleken MA,Steinshamn H,Hansen S.High nitrogen costs of dairy production in Europe:Worsened by inten-sification.Ambio,2005,34:598-606
[50]Funes-Monzote FR,Monzote M,Lantinga EA,et al.Conversion of specialised dairy farming systems into sus-tainable mixed farming systems in Cuba.Environment,Development and Sustainability,2009,11:765-783
[51]Cui Z-L(崔振岭),Chen X-P(陈新平),Zhang F-S(张福锁).Research and application on nitrogen cyc-ling in farm-gate dairy farm in Netherlands.World Agri-culture(世界农业),2003(11):47-48(in Chinese)