多环境参数控制的猪养殖箱设计及箱内气流场分析
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摘要
在规模化养殖中猪舍环境日益重要的背景下,为了便于研究猪舍内不同环境对猪健康的影响,该文设计了基于多环境参数控制的猪养殖箱。养殖箱采用气流自循环的通风模式,通过ANSYS对该养殖试验箱的气流场走向、模式以及风速适宜性进行模拟仿真。该养殖箱利用环境因子检测模块中的传感器集成节点和激光NH_3传感器实时获取养殖箱内的温度、相对湿度、NH_3浓度、CO_2浓度、风速等环境数据,并通过通信中转节点STM32发送至主控制器可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logical controller,PLC),PLC对环境数据进行处理,并根据已处理的环境数据进行环境调控,实现箱内环境的自动控制。与此同时,PLC将环境数据上发至上位机PC,通过WinCC监控软件实现了环境数据动态显示,通过VB脚本实现了历史数据自动定时导出至Excel文件功能。养殖箱气流烟雾试验、空箱试验以及保育猪养殖试验结果表明:养殖箱内气流走向形成大循环,且通风无死角,养殖箱环境控制系统的温度控制精度为±1℃,相对湿度可以控制在50%～80%的适宜范围内,NH_3浓度控制精度小于±3í10-6,CO_2浓度可以控制在1540í10-6以下,养殖箱能够在较长时间稳定运行的同时,实现了箱内温度、相对湿度、NH_3浓度、CO_2浓度等环境因子精确控制,为不同环境的养殖试验提供试验平台。
In the context of the increasing importance on environmental control in large-scale pig farming operations, more attention is being given to the research on different environmental impacts on pig health. In order to conduct variable environments for pig health experiments, a pig breeding chamber under multiple environment variable control was designed in this paper for more precise environmental control experiments. The pig breeding chamber was composed of 4 parts, the main chamber, the air mixing box, the environmental regulation executing devices, and the environmental control system. The main chamber was the living space for experimental animals. The air mixing box was used to regulate the air variables, such as temperature, relative humidity, NH_3 and CO_2 concentration, before the air entering the main chamber. The environmental regulation executing devices involved the fans, the air valves, the air conditioning compressor, the air heating pipe, the electromagnetic valve for NH_3. Then the environmental control system read environment variables through sensors and controlled the working of all the environmental regulation executing devices to limit the environment variables in the main chamber in a setting range. Main ventilation mode of the pig breeding chamber was self-circulated. A fan working at the outlet built a negative pressure to exhaust the airflow entering the main chamber through the air mixing box and the ventilation pipe. The air flow entered the main chamber through three air inlets, dissipated in the chamber and then was exhausted from the outlet, thereby forming the air circulation. The air conditioning compressor and air heating pipe in the air mixing box could cool down or heat up the airflow respectively, and the electromagnetic valve for NH_3 gas could increase NH_3 concentration of the airflow. The exhaust air valve was working with the fresh air valve to reduce NH_3 concentration or CO_2 concentration in the chamber. The airflow in the main chamber was optimized previously by ANSYS flow field simulation. The environmental control system of the chamber was composed of environmental variable detection module, S7-200 PLC(Programmable Logical Controller), and host computer. The environment variable detection module sampled all the environmental data, such as temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, NH_3 concentration, and CO_2 concentration, and sent to a STM32 microcontroller every 2 seconds. The program embedded in STM32 integrated these data into one data packet and sent them to the S7-200 PLC through a serial port. The S7-200 PLC transferred the data to the host computer and simultaneously calculated out control instructions to control environmental regulation executing devices, limited the chamber's internal environments to a setting range. Besides, the manure pump and LED lights were also controlled by the PLC to realize automatic manure cleaning and lighting timing. The host computer realized dynamic and real-time display and storage of environmental data. The running states of the executing devices were showed on the screen through WinCC monitoring software. Three tests for the pig breeding chamber were conducted, including the smoke test for air flow field, an empty chamber test and a full-loaded chamber test. The smoke test of air flow field verified the airflow pattern, which was simulated by ANSYS previously. Result showed the smoke formed a circle in the main chamber and dissipated all through the chamber without leaving any dead space. The test in the empty chamber verified the function and performance of the control system. The results of the environmental test with animals loaded showed that the control precision of temperature was limited within ±1℃, the relative humidity could be controlled within the pig comfortable range of 50%-80%, the oscillations of NH_3 concentration were limited less than ±3×10-6 when the setting value of NH_3 concentration was 10×10-6, and the concentration of CO_2 could be controlled below 1 540×10-6 basically, which was a standard for animal health. During the full-loaded experiment, which lasted for almost 3 weeks, temperature, relative humidity, NH_3 and CO_2 concentrations variables inside the chamber were accurately controlled. This shows the pig breeding chamber can provide an effective platform for more precise pig, especially nurseries, breeding experiments under variable environments and potentially helps improve the research method to reveal the relationship between pigs and their environments.
In the context of the increasing importance on environmental control in large-scale pig farming operations, more attention is being given to the research on different environmental impacts on pig health. In order to conduct variable environments for pig health experiments, a pig breeding chamber under multiple environment variable control was designed in this paper for more precise environmental control experiments. The pig breeding chamber was composed of 4 parts, the main chamber, the air mixing box, the environmental regulation executing devices, and the environmental control system. The main chamber was the living space for experimental animals. The air mixing box was used to regulate the air variables, such as temperature, relative humidity, NH_3 and CO_2 concentration, before the air entering the main chamber. The environmental regulation executing devices involved the fans, the air valves, the air conditioning compressor, the air heating pipe, the electromagnetic valve for NH_3. Then the environmental control system read environment variables through sensors and controlled the working of all the environmental regulation executing devices to limit the environment variables in the main chamber in a setting range. Main ventilation mode of the pig breeding chamber was self-circulated. A fan working at the outlet built a negative pressure to exhaust the airflow entering the main chamber through the air mixing box and the ventilation pipe. The air flow entered the main chamber through three air inlets, dissipated in the chamber and then was exhausted from the outlet, thereby forming the air circulation. The air conditioning compressor and air heating pipe in the air mixing box could cool down or heat up the airflow respectively, and the electromagnetic valve for NH_3 gas could increase NH_3 concentration of the airflow. The exhaust air valve was working with the fresh air valve to reduce NH_3 concentration or CO_2 concentration in the chamber. The airflow in the main chamber was optimized previously by ANSYS flow field simulation. The environmental control system of the chamber was composed of environmental variable detection module, S7-200 PLC(Programmable Logical Controller), and host computer. The environment variable detection module sampled all the environmental data, such as temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, NH_3 concentration, and CO_2 concentration, and sent to a STM32 microcontroller every 2 seconds. The program embedded in STM32 integrated these data into one data packet and sent them to the S7-200 PLC through a serial port. The S7-200 PLC transferred the data to the host computer and simultaneously calculated out control instructions to control environmental regulation executing devices, limited the chamber's internal environments to a setting range. Besides, the manure pump and LED lights were also controlled by the PLC to realize automatic manure cleaning and lighting timing. The host computer realized dynamic and real-time display and storage of environmental data. The running states of the executing devices were showed on the screen through WinCC monitoring software. Three tests for the pig breeding chamber were conducted, including the smoke test for air flow field, an empty chamber test and a full-loaded chamber test. The smoke test of air flow field verified the airflow pattern, which was simulated by ANSYS previously. Result showed the smoke formed a circle in the main chamber and dissipated all through the chamber without leaving any dead space. The test in the empty chamber verified the function and performance of the control system. The results of the environmental test with animals loaded showed that the control precision of temperature was limited within ±1℃, the relative humidity could be controlled within the pig comfortable range of 50%-80%, the oscillations of NH_3 concentration were limited less than ±3×10-6 when the setting value of NH_3 concentration was 10×10-6, and the concentration of CO_2 could be controlled below 1 540×10-6 basically, which was a standard for animal health. During the full-loaded experiment, which lasted for almost 3 weeks, temperature, relative humidity, NH_3 and CO_2 concentrations variables inside the chamber were accurately controlled. This shows the pig breeding chamber can provide an effective platform for more precise pig, especially nurseries, breeding experiments under variable environments and potentially helps improve the research method to reveal the relationship between pigs and their environments.
引文
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[2]Wathes C M.Environmental control in pig housing[C]//The15th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress,Birmingham,UK,1998:257-265.
[3]Lay D C J,Haussmann M F,Daniels M J,et al.Swine housing impacts on environment and behavior:A comparison between hoop structures and total environmental control[C]//First International Conference on Swine Houseing,American Society of Agricultural Engineers,St.Joseph,MI,2000:49-55.
[4]刘胜军,卢庆萍,张宏福,等.高温高湿环境对生长猪生长性能、血浆皮质醇浓度和免疫功能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(5):1214-1219.Liu Shengjun,Lu Qingping,Zhang Hongfu,et al.Effects of high ambient temperature and humidity on growth performance,plasma cortisol concentration and immune function in growing pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(5):1214-1219.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]高云,刁亚萍,林长光,等.机械通风楼房猪舍热环境及有害气体监测与分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(4):239-247.Gao Yun,Diao Yaping,Lin Changguang,et al.Monitoring and analysis of thermal environment and harmful gases in mechanically ventilated multistory pig buildings[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(4):239-247.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]汪开英,苗香雯,崔绍荣,等.猪舍环境温湿度对育成猪的生理及生产指标的影响[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(1):99-102.Wang Kaiying,Miao Xiangwen,Cui Shaorong,et al.Effects of ambient temperature and relative humidity on physiological parameters and performance of growing pigs[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2002,18(1):99-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]陈绍孟,魏郑谊,周婉珠.高温对杜洛克母猪繁殖性能影响的调查[J].养猪,2013(3):25-27.
[8]周水岳,杨润泉,郭球松,等.温湿度和有害气体对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2017(12):101-106.Zhou Shuiyue,Yang Runquan,Guo Qiusong,et al.Effect of temperature humidity and harmful gas on performance of pregnant sow[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2017(12):101-106.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]王清义,王占彬.环境温度对仔猪、繁殖母猪及生长肥育猪的影晌[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2002(11):15-16.Wang Qingyi,Wang Zhanbin.The effect of Environmental temperature on piglet,sow and growing-finishing pigs[J].Heilongjiang Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2002(11):15-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]汪开英.育成猪的体温与猪舍温湿度指标(THI)的相关性研究[J].浙江大学学报,2003,29(6):675-678.Wang Kaiying.Study on the relationship between body temperature of growing pigs and temperature-humidity index of pig housing[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2003,29(6):675-678.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]夏九龙,刁华杰,冯京海,等.温热环境对育肥猪体温调节的影响规律[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(11):3386-3390.Xia Jiulong,Diao Huajie,Feng Jinghai,et al.Regularities of thermoregulation in finishing swine affected by thermal-humidity environment[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(11):3386-3390.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]谢秋菊,苏中滨,Ni Jiqin,等.密闭式猪舍多环境因子调控系统设计及调控策略[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(6):163-170.Xie Qiuju,Su Zhongbin,Ni Jiqin,et al.Control system design and control strategy of multiple environmental factors in confined swine building[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(6):163-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]邵燕华,陈志银,崔绍荣,等.畜舍小气候对猪的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2002,23(1):67-69.Shao Yanhua,Chen Zhiyin,Cui Shaorong,et al.The effects of microclimate on pigs in the livestock house[J].Ecology of Domestic Animal,2002,23(1):67-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Zong C,Li H,Zhang G.Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from fattening pig house with two types of partial pit ventilation systems[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,208:94-105.
[15]Philippe F X,Laitat M,Nicks B,et al.Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs kept on two types of straw floor[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2012,150(6):45-53.
[16]Saha C K,Zhang G Q,Kai P,et al.Effects of a partial pit ventilation system on indoor air quality and ammonia emission from a fattening pig room[J].Biosystems Engineering,2010,105(3):279-287.
[17]易中华.畜禽排泄物污染及其饲料对策[J].国外畜牧学,1999(5):45-46.
[18]Huffel K V,Hansen M J,Feilberg A,et al.Level and distribution of odorous compounds in pig exhaust air from combined room and pit ventilation[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2016,218(9):209-219.
[19]Kliebenstein J.Iowa concentrated animal feeding operation air quality study[J].Staff General Research Papers Archive,2002.
[20]Banhazi T M,Stott P,Rutley D,et al.Air exchanges and indoor carbon dioxide concentration in Australian pig buildings:Effect of housing and management factors[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,110(3):272-279.
[21]Stinn J P.Environmental Assessment and Control Towards Improved Swine Breeding-gestation-farrowing Operation in the Midwestern United States[D].Ames:Lowa State University,2014.
[22]Seo I H,Lee I B,Moon O K,et al.Modelling of internal environmental conditions in a full-scale commercial pig house containing animals[J].Biosystems Engineering,2012,111(1):91-106.
[23]贺城,牛智有,廖娜.基于CFX的猪舍纵向与横向通风流场模拟[J].华中农业大学学报,2009,28(5):641-644.He Cheng,Niu Zhiyou,Liao Na.Numerical simulation of vertical and horizontal ventilation in the piggery based on CFX[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2009,28(5):641-644.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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