美国社区学院改革特点、成效及启示
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摘要
长期以来,美国社区学院处于高等教育系统的边缘化地位。奥巴马政府执政伊始,对内面临国内经济危机,对外面临美国高等教育国际排名严重下降,奥巴马政府把改革社区学院作为解决问题的有效手段,对社区学院进行了一系列前所未有的改革。整个执政期间社区学院改革呈现的特点,产生的效用以及得出的启示具有一定的研究价值。以奥巴马政府社区学院改革为研究对象,发现美国社区学院改革关注重点"从入到出",资助模式"从减到免",责任承担"从少到多",党派之争"从始到终"的主要特点。美国社区学院的这一系列改革,对于维护国家、社会稳定,促进高等教育公平等方面发挥了重要作用。结合我国的国情和教育发展现状,借鉴美国社区学院改革取得的成效,建议改革我国高职院校助学金管理机制,创新"校企一体"新模式、实现"零接轨",以及创建平台,各界与高职院校共规划、同发展。
For a long time, American community colleges have been marginalized in the higher educationsystem. Faced with a severe financial crisis internal and a serious decline in the world's ranking in highereducational attainment external, the Obama administration regard community colleges as a means of tackling thoseproblems. The characteristics of the community college reform throughout the ruling period, the effectiveness of thereform and its enlightenment have certain research value. Taking the reform of community college under the Obamaadministration as the research object, it is found that the focus of the reform is "from entry to exit", the fundingmodel is "from reduction to exemption", the responsibility is "from small to large", and the dispute among politicalparties is "from beginning to end". The Obama administration's reforms on community colleges have played animportant role in maintaining stability of the nation and society, expanding the equity of higher education and so on.Combined with our national conditions and educational development status quo, drawing on the achievements of thereform of the community colleges, it is recommended to reform the financial aid management mechanism, innovatethe new model of "integration of school and enterprise", realize "zero integration", and create platforms for highervocational colleges with other stakeholders.
For a long time, American community colleges have been marginalized in the higher educationsystem. Faced with a severe financial crisis internal and a serious decline in the world's ranking in highereducational attainment external, the Obama administration regard community colleges as a means of tackling thoseproblems. The characteristics of the community college reform throughout the ruling period, the effectiveness of thereform and its enlightenment have certain research value. Taking the reform of community college under the Obamaadministration as the research object, it is found that the focus of the reform is "from entry to exit", the fundingmodel is "from reduction to exemption", the responsibility is "from small to large", and the dispute among politicalparties is "from beginning to end". The Obama administration's reforms on community colleges have played animportant role in maintaining stability of the nation and society, expanding the equity of higher education and so on.Combined with our national conditions and educational development status quo, drawing on the achievements of thereform of the community colleges, it is recommended to reform the financial aid management mechanism, innovatethe new model of "integration of school and enterprise", realize "zero integration", and create platforms for highervocational colleges with other stakeholders.
引文
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[4]Stedman J B.Federal Pell Grant Program of the Higher Education Act:Background and Reauthorization[C].Congressional Research Service Reports.Library of Congress,Congressional Research Service,2003:1.
[5]Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,by level and control of institution:1963-64 through 2014-15[EB/OL].[2018-06-22].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d15/tables/dt15_330.10.asp.
[6]About Congressional Member Profiles[EB/OL].[2018-06-22].https://www.congress.gov/.
[7]Andrea Seabrook.CQ:2009 was the Most Partisan Year Ever[EB/OL].[2018-06-22].https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122441095.
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[16]国家学生资助政策体系简介(2016)[EB/OL].[2018-06-22].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-08/17/content_5100122.htm.