什么是马基雅维里的第一论题:法治还是共和?——“公民生活”概念的再审视
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摘要
马基雅维里将古罗马政治体制(无论是王政时代还是共和国时期)描述为"公民生活"(vivere civile)。对何为马氏的"公民生活",剑桥学派学者斯金纳的共和主义诠释在学界占有主导地位。斯金纳把它理解为一种独立于外在强权的政治生活,在其内部公民能够自我治理,强调公民对政治生活的积极参与。事实上,"公民生活"这一概念的核心并不在于公民的积极参与,而在于法治。马氏的"公民生活"继承了古罗马法学术语"civilitas"的内涵,它和专制相对立,是一种由法律和制度支配的政治共同体形式;它既可以王国形式也可以共和国形式呈现,但马氏对共和国形式的"公民生活"具有一种偏爱。
Machiavelli defines the model of government in ancient Rome,both in its regal and republic periods,as "vivere civile".For what is"vivere civile",the republican interpretation of Skinner,a scholar of Cambridge School,occupies a dominant position in the academic circle.He holds that it is a political life independent of the external power,in which citizens conduct self-governance and actively participate in political life.In fact,the fundamental feature of the concept of "vivere civile" is the rule of law instead of the active participation of its citizens.Machiavelli's concept of "vivere civile",derived from "civilitas",the language of Roman law tradition and against the tyranny,is a form of political community governed by laws and institutions.It can be presented in either a kingdom form or a republican form in spite of the fact that Machiavelli himself has a greater attachment to the latter.
Machiavelli defines the model of government in ancient Rome,both in its regal and republic periods,as "vivere civile".For what is"vivere civile",the republican interpretation of Skinner,a scholar of Cambridge School,occupies a dominant position in the academic circle.He holds that it is a political life independent of the external power,in which citizens conduct self-governance and actively participate in political life.In fact,the fundamental feature of the concept of "vivere civile" is the rule of law instead of the active participation of its citizens.Machiavelli's concept of "vivere civile",derived from "civilitas",the language of Roman law tradition and against the tyranny,is a form of political community governed by laws and institutions.It can be presented in either a kingdom form or a republican form in spite of the fact that Machiavelli himself has a greater attachment to the latter.
引文
(1)本文所引的马基雅维里著作中文译文来自:《马基雅维利全集》,潘汉典、薛军、王永忠、时殷弘、徐卫翔、刘儒庭、胡维、段保良和曹钦等译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2013年。笔者的研究主要参考意大利国家版的马基雅维里全集(Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di NiccolòMachiavelli,Roma,Salerno Editrice):Machiavelli,Niccolò,Il Principe,2006;Machiavelli,Niccolò,Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio,2001;Machiavelli,Niccolò,L'arte della guerra.Scritti politici minori,2001;Machiavelli,Niccolò,Opere storiche,2011。
(1)参见Victoria Kahn,《Machiavelli's afterlife and reputation to the eighteenth century》,The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli,Cambridge,2010,pp.239-254。
(2)[法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第95页(笔者对译文稍有修改)。
(3)参见Jérémie Barthas,《Machiavelli in political thought from the age of revolutions to the present》,The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli,Cambridge,2010,p.256-273。
(4)参见Carlo Ginzburg,《Machiavelli,l'eccezione e la regola》,Quaderni storici,2003。
(5)参见Diego Quaglioni,《From medieval jurists to Machiavelli》,European Political Thought 1450-1700:religion,law and philosophy,2007,New Haven(Conn.);London:Yale University Press,p.60,p.71。
(6)参见Angela De Benedictis,《Les tumultes chez Machiavel et la langue de la jurisprudence》,Astérion,2016,n°15。
(7)参见Romain Descendre,《La ligne brisée,ou d'uneécriture“extravagante”:Le Prince,chap.IX》,Bruniana e Campanelliana,Ricerche filosofiche e materiali storico-testuali,2014,XX,n°1;《Qu'est-ce que la“vie civile”?Machiavel et le vivere civile》,Transalpina,2014,n°17。
(8)“Vivere civile”是意大利语,研究马基雅维里的法国学者通常译为“vie civile”,英语世界学者通常译为“civil life”,笔者认为它既可以直译为“公民生活”,也可以意译为“公民体制”;同样,“vivere libero”既可直译为“自由生活”,也可意译为“自由体制”。为了更大限度地保留原意,笔者在本文中均采用直译的方式。关于这两个概念的起源和含义,在下文会有具体的解释。
(9)J.G.A.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment,Princeton,1975,pp.183-218.
(10)Quentin Skinner,The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,I,Cambridge,1978,pp.157-158.
(1)(5)Romain Descendre,《La ligne brisée,ou d'uneécriture“extravagante”:Le Prince,chap.IX》,Bruniana e Campanelliana,Ricerche filosofiche e materiali storico-testuali,2014,XX,n°1,p.36;p.43.
(2)(3)Romain Descendre,《Qu'est-ce que la“vie civile”?Machiavel et le vivere civile》,Transalpina,2014,n°17,p.24;p.30.
(4)Giorgio Inglese,Per Machiavelli:L'arte dello stato,la cognizione delle storie,Roma,2006,p.137.
(6)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 5.
(7)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 16.
(8)根据马氏作品的意大利国家版,在《李维史论》中,“educazione”,或者复数“educazioni”,只出现了10次,分别为I 4[7](2次),I 11[2],II 2[26][37],III 27[13],III 30[14],III 31[20],III 43[4]和III 46[4];在《君主论》中,没有出现;在《战争的技艺》中,只出现了1次。
(1)(2)(6)Gabriele Pedull1,Machiavelli in tumulto:conquista,cittadinanza e conflitto nei《Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio》,Roma,2011,p.249;p.256;p.246.
(3)参见Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 3,I 9,I 58;Il Principe,XV,XVII,XVIII,XXII,XXIII;Istorie fiorentine,VII,30。
(4)参见Gabriele Pedull1,Machiavelli in tumulto:conquista,cittadinanza e conflitto nei《Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio》,Roma,2011,pp.245-246。
(5)参见1526年8月5日弗朗切斯科·韦托里写给马基雅维里的书信。
(7)Machiavelli,Discorsi,II,proemio.
(8)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 3.
(9)参见Erica Benner,《Foundations of politics freedom:Procedural constraints and the rule of law》,Machiavelli's Ethics,Princeton,2009,pp.280-281。
(10)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 18.
(1)参见Corrado Vivanti,NoccolòMachaivelli:I tempi della politica,Roma,2008,p.219。
(2)Jean-Jacques Marchand,《Les institutions(ordini),les lois et les murs(costumi)chez Machiavel》,Langues etécritures de la République et de la guerre.Etudes sur Machiavel,Genova,2004,p.259.
(3)“Ordini”一词在马基雅维里四部主要作品中大量出现,在《李维史论》中出现118次,《君主论》中28次,《战争的技艺》中131次,《佛罗伦萨史》中36次。
(4)J.H.Whitfield,《On Machiavelli's Use of Ordini》,Italian Studies,vol.X,1955,p.22.
(5)参见Jean-Jacques Marchand,《Les institutions(ordini),les lois et les murs(costumi)chez Machiavel》,Langues etécritures de la République et de la guerre.Etudes sur Machiavel,Genova,2004。
(6)Machiavelli,Discursus florentinarum rerum et autres textes politiques,traduction,introduction et notes de Jean-Claude Zancarini,Neuville-sur-Sa8ne,2015,p.94.
(7)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 18.
(8)Machiavelli,《La cagione dell'Ordinanza》,Scritti politici minori,Roma,2001,p.470.
(9)迪亚哥·夸李奥尼的研究给予了充分的证明,参见Diego Quaglioni,《Machiavelli e la lingua della giurisprudenza》,Machiavelli e la Lingua della Giurisprudenza,Bologna,2011。
(1)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 2[15],I 10[22],II 28[7],III 1[11][15],III 49[5].
(2)Machiavelli,Il Principe,XIX[34],XXI[18],XXVI[10].
(3)Machiavelli,Arte della guerra,I[62],VI[124][152][229].
(4)Erica Benner,Machiavelli's Ethics,Princeton,2009,p.290.
(5)Machiavelli,《Allocuzione ad un magistrato》,Scritti politici minori,Roma,2001,p.610.
(6)(7)(8)(9)参见A.J.Parel,《Machiavelli's Notions of Justice:Text and Analysis》,Political Theory,vol.18,1990.p.542;p.531;p.532;p.533,p.542。
(10)(11)参见Alison Brown,《Lucretian Naturalism and the Evolution of Machiavelli's Ethics》,The Radical Machiavelli,Leiden,2015,p.111。
(1)Machiavelli,Discorsi,II 2.
(2)参见Romain Descendre,《Qu'est-ce que la“vie civile”?Machiavel et le vivere civile》,Transalpina,2014,n°17,p.40。
(3)Machiavelli,Discorsi,III 9.
(4)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 6.
(5)Machiavelli,Il Principe,XII.
(1)Machiavelli,Discorsi,献词(Dedica)。在《君主论》的献词中,马基雅维里谈到他关于伟大人物事迹的知识时,就说过“这是我依靠对现代大事的长期经验和对古代大事不断钻研而获得的”。
(2)(3)Quentin Skinner,The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,I,Cambridge,1978,p.175;p.159.
(1)参见Victoria Kahn,《Machiavelli's afterlife and reputation to the eighteenth century》,The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli,Cambridge,2010,pp.239-254。
(2)[法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第95页(笔者对译文稍有修改)。
(3)参见Jérémie Barthas,《Machiavelli in political thought from the age of revolutions to the present》,The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli,Cambridge,2010,p.256-273。
(4)参见Carlo Ginzburg,《Machiavelli,l'eccezione e la regola》,Quaderni storici,2003。
(5)参见Diego Quaglioni,《From medieval jurists to Machiavelli》,European Political Thought 1450-1700:religion,law and philosophy,2007,New Haven(Conn.);London:Yale University Press,p.60,p.71。
(6)参见Angela De Benedictis,《Les tumultes chez Machiavel et la langue de la jurisprudence》,Astérion,2016,n°15。
(7)参见Romain Descendre,《La ligne brisée,ou d'uneécriture“extravagante”:Le Prince,chap.IX》,Bruniana e Campanelliana,Ricerche filosofiche e materiali storico-testuali,2014,XX,n°1;《Qu'est-ce que la“vie civile”?Machiavel et le vivere civile》,Transalpina,2014,n°17。
(8)“Vivere civile”是意大利语,研究马基雅维里的法国学者通常译为“vie civile”,英语世界学者通常译为“civil life”,笔者认为它既可以直译为“公民生活”,也可以意译为“公民体制”;同样,“vivere libero”既可直译为“自由生活”,也可意译为“自由体制”。为了更大限度地保留原意,笔者在本文中均采用直译的方式。关于这两个概念的起源和含义,在下文会有具体的解释。
(9)J.G.A.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment,Princeton,1975,pp.183-218.
(10)Quentin Skinner,The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,I,Cambridge,1978,pp.157-158.
(1)(5)Romain Descendre,《La ligne brisée,ou d'uneécriture“extravagante”:Le Prince,chap.IX》,Bruniana e Campanelliana,Ricerche filosofiche e materiali storico-testuali,2014,XX,n°1,p.36;p.43.
(2)(3)Romain Descendre,《Qu'est-ce que la“vie civile”?Machiavel et le vivere civile》,Transalpina,2014,n°17,p.24;p.30.
(4)Giorgio Inglese,Per Machiavelli:L'arte dello stato,la cognizione delle storie,Roma,2006,p.137.
(6)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 5.
(7)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 16.
(8)根据马氏作品的意大利国家版,在《李维史论》中,“educazione”,或者复数“educazioni”,只出现了10次,分别为I 4[7](2次),I 11[2],II 2[26][37],III 27[13],III 30[14],III 31[20],III 43[4]和III 46[4];在《君主论》中,没有出现;在《战争的技艺》中,只出现了1次。
(1)(2)(6)Gabriele Pedull1,Machiavelli in tumulto:conquista,cittadinanza e conflitto nei《Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio》,Roma,2011,p.249;p.256;p.246.
(3)参见Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 3,I 9,I 58;Il Principe,XV,XVII,XVIII,XXII,XXIII;Istorie fiorentine,VII,30。
(4)参见Gabriele Pedull1,Machiavelli in tumulto:conquista,cittadinanza e conflitto nei《Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio》,Roma,2011,pp.245-246。
(5)参见1526年8月5日弗朗切斯科·韦托里写给马基雅维里的书信。
(7)Machiavelli,Discorsi,II,proemio.
(8)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 3.
(9)参见Erica Benner,《Foundations of politics freedom:Procedural constraints and the rule of law》,Machiavelli's Ethics,Princeton,2009,pp.280-281。
(10)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 18.
(1)参见Corrado Vivanti,NoccolòMachaivelli:I tempi della politica,Roma,2008,p.219。
(2)Jean-Jacques Marchand,《Les institutions(ordini),les lois et les murs(costumi)chez Machiavel》,Langues etécritures de la République et de la guerre.Etudes sur Machiavel,Genova,2004,p.259.
(3)“Ordini”一词在马基雅维里四部主要作品中大量出现,在《李维史论》中出现118次,《君主论》中28次,《战争的技艺》中131次,《佛罗伦萨史》中36次。
(4)J.H.Whitfield,《On Machiavelli's Use of Ordini》,Italian Studies,vol.X,1955,p.22.
(5)参见Jean-Jacques Marchand,《Les institutions(ordini),les lois et les murs(costumi)chez Machiavel》,Langues etécritures de la République et de la guerre.Etudes sur Machiavel,Genova,2004。
(6)Machiavelli,Discursus florentinarum rerum et autres textes politiques,traduction,introduction et notes de Jean-Claude Zancarini,Neuville-sur-Sa8ne,2015,p.94.
(7)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 18.
(8)Machiavelli,《La cagione dell'Ordinanza》,Scritti politici minori,Roma,2001,p.470.
(9)迪亚哥·夸李奥尼的研究给予了充分的证明,参见Diego Quaglioni,《Machiavelli e la lingua della giurisprudenza》,Machiavelli e la Lingua della Giurisprudenza,Bologna,2011。
(1)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 2[15],I 10[22],II 28[7],III 1[11][15],III 49[5].
(2)Machiavelli,Il Principe,XIX[34],XXI[18],XXVI[10].
(3)Machiavelli,Arte della guerra,I[62],VI[124][152][229].
(4)Erica Benner,Machiavelli's Ethics,Princeton,2009,p.290.
(5)Machiavelli,《Allocuzione ad un magistrato》,Scritti politici minori,Roma,2001,p.610.
(6)(7)(8)(9)参见A.J.Parel,《Machiavelli's Notions of Justice:Text and Analysis》,Political Theory,vol.18,1990.p.542;p.531;p.532;p.533,p.542。
(10)(11)参见Alison Brown,《Lucretian Naturalism and the Evolution of Machiavelli's Ethics》,The Radical Machiavelli,Leiden,2015,p.111。
(1)Machiavelli,Discorsi,II 2.
(2)参见Romain Descendre,《Qu'est-ce que la“vie civile”?Machiavel et le vivere civile》,Transalpina,2014,n°17,p.40。
(3)Machiavelli,Discorsi,III 9.
(4)Machiavelli,Discorsi,I 6.
(5)Machiavelli,Il Principe,XII.
(1)Machiavelli,Discorsi,献词(Dedica)。在《君主论》的献词中,马基雅维里谈到他关于伟大人物事迹的知识时,就说过“这是我依靠对现代大事的长期经验和对古代大事不断钻研而获得的”。
(2)(3)Quentin Skinner,The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,I,Cambridge,1978,p.175;p.159.