WATEM/SEDEM框架下的土壤保持效益传输研究
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摘要
土壤侵蚀是陆地生态系统中广泛存在的地表过程,具有当地和异地两方面的生态环境和社会经济影响。土壤保持为人类社会提供防止土壤肥力下降和减少库塘淤积等效益。当前对异地土壤保持效益的计算大多基于当地土壤保持量、采用单一的泥沙输移比,忽视了泥沙输移比的尺度效应及其与流域特征和降雨等因素的时空变异相关的事实,缺乏对土壤保持效益空间传输的定量和显式表达。本文基于WATEM/SEDEM模型框架,通过流域侵蚀产沙和泥沙传输模拟,建立了评估当地和异地土壤保持效益的方法,量化了碾庄沟流域不同土地利用类型区土壤保持效益的输入和输出及其空间格局。该方法能识别土壤保持效益净供给区和净受益区,可建立起供给区和受益区之间定量化、空间直观的土壤保持效益传输联系,可为实施空间位置明确的生态补偿决策服务。
Soil erosion and sediment delivery occurs widely in terrestrial environments. It has onsite and off-site environmental and social-economic effects. Soil erosion control provides various benefits for human beings,such as prevention of soil productivity loss,and reducing impoundment of reservoirs. For a land plot,the off-site benefits of soil erosion control is equal to the reduction of sediment export. Previously,assessments of off-site benefits of soil erosion control mostly rely on estimation of on-site soil retention,which is equal to the difference between estimated actual soil erosion and soil erosion without any prevention measures,and an invariant sediment delivery ratio(SDR). The scale effect of SDR and its correlation with the spatial and temporal variation of watershed characteristics and driven factors,such as spatial variation of rainfall regime,are often ignored. Consequently,quantitative and spatially explicit evaluations of soil erosion control benefits(SECB)and delivery across space are missing. For these reasons,an approach following the framework of WATEM/SEDEM model combining soil erosion and sediment delivery was developed to assess SECB provision and delivery over watershed. This approach integrates the onsite soil erosion prevention and reduction of sediment delivery. A case study was conducted in the Nianzhuang Watershed on the Loess Plateau. The SECB balance and spatial pattern in this loess watershed in the Hilly and Gully Area of the Loess Plateau was assessed. Based on the grid-cellbased modelling,the SECB import and export for each land use type were quantified and mapped.This approach identifies SECB supply areas and external beneficiary areas. In addition,it has potential to link SECB supply areas with beneficiary areas of SECB in a quantitative and spatially explicit way. Thanks to its spatial explicit feature,this approach is capable of serving the locationspecific payments for ecosystem services provision.
Soil erosion and sediment delivery occurs widely in terrestrial environments. It has onsite and off-site environmental and social-economic effects. Soil erosion control provides various benefits for human beings,such as prevention of soil productivity loss,and reducing impoundment of reservoirs. For a land plot,the off-site benefits of soil erosion control is equal to the reduction of sediment export. Previously,assessments of off-site benefits of soil erosion control mostly rely on estimation of on-site soil retention,which is equal to the difference between estimated actual soil erosion and soil erosion without any prevention measures,and an invariant sediment delivery ratio(SDR). The scale effect of SDR and its correlation with the spatial and temporal variation of watershed characteristics and driven factors,such as spatial variation of rainfall regime,are often ignored. Consequently,quantitative and spatially explicit evaluations of soil erosion control benefits(SECB)and delivery across space are missing. For these reasons,an approach following the framework of WATEM/SEDEM model combining soil erosion and sediment delivery was developed to assess SECB provision and delivery over watershed. This approach integrates the onsite soil erosion prevention and reduction of sediment delivery. A case study was conducted in the Nianzhuang Watershed on the Loess Plateau. The SECB balance and spatial pattern in this loess watershed in the Hilly and Gully Area of the Loess Plateau was assessed. Based on the grid-cellbased modelling,the SECB import and export for each land use type were quantified and mapped.This approach identifies SECB supply areas and external beneficiary areas. In addition,it has potential to link SECB supply areas with beneficiary areas of SECB in a quantitative and spatially explicit way. Thanks to its spatial explicit feature,this approach is capable of serving the locationspecific payments for ecosystem services provision.
引文
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[12]Liu Y,Fu B.Assessing sedimentological connectivity using WATEM/SEDEM model in a hilly and gully watershed of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,66:259-268.
[13]岳大鹏,董美云.陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的典型流域调查与估算-以碾庄沟流域为例[J].灾害学,2010,25(1):59-63.[Yue D P,Dong M Y.Investigation and estimation of soil erosion of rural settlements in abundant and coarse sediment area of north Shaanxi-an example in Nianzhuanggou River basin[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2010,25(1):59-62.]
[14]Liu Y,Fu B,Lv Y,et al.Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Geomorphology,2012,138(1):404-414.
[15]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Predicting Soil20175Erosion by Water:A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[M].Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1997.
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[17]Williams J R,Renard K G,Dyke P T.EPIC:A new method for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J].Journal of Soil&Water Conservation,1983,38(5):381-383.
[18]Desmet P J J,Govers G.A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,51(5):427-433.
[19]Fu B J,Zhao W W,Chen L D,et al.Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(1):73-85.
[20]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001.[Liu B Y,Xie Y,Zhang K L.Soil Erosion Prediction Model[M].Beijing:Science and Technology of China Press,2001.]
[21]Verstraeten G.Regional scale modelling of hillslope sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data[J].Geomorphology,2006,81(1-2):128-140.
[22]Vente J D,Poesen J,Verstraeten G,et al.Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain[J].Global&Planetary Change,2007,60(3-4):393-415.
[23]Feng X M,Wang Y F,Chen L D,et al.Modeling soil erosion and its response to land-use change in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geomorphology,2010,118(3-4):239-248.
[24]包耀贤.黄土高原坝地和梯田土壤质量特征及评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008.[Bao Y X.The Characteristics and Assessment on Soil Quality of Dam Land and Terrace in Loess Plateau[D].Yangling:Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University,2008.]
[25]Liang D,Fu B,Lv Y,et al.Effects of retired steepland afforestation on soil properties:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section B-Soil&Plant Science,2012,62(6):547-555.
[26]Fryirs K A,Brierley G J,Preston N J,et al.Buffers,barriers and blankets:The(dis)connectivity of catchment-scale sediment cascades[J].Catena,2007,70(1):49-67.
[27]MayoráG,Bautista S,Small E E,et al.Measurement of the connectivity of runoff source areas as determined by vegetation pattern and topography:A tool for assessing potential water and soil losses in drylands[J].Water Resources Research,2008,44(10):2183-2188.
[28]Imeson A C,Prinsen H A M.Vegetation patterns as biological indicators for identifying runoff and sediment source and sink areas for semi-arid landscapes in Spain[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2004,104(2):333-342.
[29]Pimentel D,Kounang N.Ecology of soil erosion in ecosystems[J].Ecosystems,1998,1(5):416-426.
[30]Telles T S,Dechen S C F,Souzalga D E,et al.Valuation and assessment of soil erosion costs[J].Scientia Agricola,2013,70(3):209-216.
[31]肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,等.海南岛生态系统土壤保持空间分布特征及生态经济价值评估[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):552-558.[Xiao H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhao J Z,et al.The spatial distribution characteristics and eco-economic value of soil conservation service of ecosystems in Hainan Island by GIS[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):552-558.]
[32]张晓明,曹文洪,周利军.泥沙输移比及其尺度依存研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7475-7485.[Zhang X M,Cao WH,Zhou L J.Progress review and discussion on sediment delivery ratio and its dependence on scale[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7475-7485.]
[33]杨孟,李秀珍,杨兆平,等.岷江上游小流域景观格局对土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2512-2519.[Yang M,Li X Z,Yang Z P,et al.Effects of sun-watershed landscape patterns at the upper reaches of Minjiang River on soil erosion[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2512-2519.]
[34]景可,师长兴.流域输沙模数与流域面积关系研究[J].泥沙研究,2007,(1):17-23.[Jing K,Shi C X.Study on the relationship between sediment yield and drainage area[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2007,(1):17-23.]
[35]师长兴.长江上游输沙尺度效应研究[J].地理研究,2008,27(4):800-810.[Shi C X.Scaling effects on sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(4):800-810.]
[36]李林育,焦菊英,陈杨.泥沙输移比的研究方法及成果分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):113-122.[Li L Y,Jiao J Y,Chen Y.Sediment delivery ratio in different spatial scale watershed in Loess Hill-gully Region[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(6):1-8.]
[37]刘宇,吴炳方,曾源,等.耦合过程和景观格局的土壤侵蚀水环境影响评价[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2581-2589.[Liu Y,Wu B F,Zeng Y,et al.Assessment of the impacts of soil erosion on water environment based on the integration of soil erosion process and landscape pattern[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(9):2581-2589.]
[38]Li Y,Poesen J,Yang J C,et al.Evaluating gully erosion using137Cs and210Pb/137Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2003,69(S1-2):107-115.
[39]Zhao G,Kondolf G M,Mu X,et al.Sediment yield reduction associated with land use changes and check dams in a catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2017,148:126-137.
[2]傅伯杰,吕一河,高光耀.中国主要陆地生态系统服务与生态安全研究的重要进展[J].自然杂志,2012,34(5):261-272.[Fu B J,Lv Y H,Gao G Y.Major research progresses on the ecosystem service and ecological safety of main terrestrial ecosystems in China[J].Chinese Journal of Nature,2012,34(5):261-272.]
[3]Fu B,Liu Y,Lv Y H,et al.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284-293.
[4]Zhang H,Liu S,Yuan W,et al.Inclusion of soil carbon lateral movement alters terrestrial carbon budget in China[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:7247-7247.
[5]Lal R.Soil conservation and ecosystem services[J].International Soil&Water Conservation Research,2014,2(3):36-47.
[6]Guerra C A,Pinto-Correia T,Metzger M J.Mapping soil erosion prevention using an ecosystem service modeling framework for integrated land management and policy[J].Ecosystems,2014,17(5):878-889.
[7]Rompaey A J J V,Verstraeten G,Oost K V,et al.Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2001,26(11):1221-1236.
[8]Jetten V,Govers G,Hessel R.Erosion models:Quality and spatial predictions[J].Hydrological Processes,2003,17(5):887-900.
[9]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响-以延安市羊圈沟流域为例[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246.[Fu B J,Chen L D,Ma K M.The effect of land use on the regional environment in the Yangjuangou catchment in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1999,54(3):241-246.]
[10]李勇,白玲玉.黄土高原淤地坝对陆地碳贮存的贡献[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):1-4.[Li Y,Bai L Y.Variation of sediment and organic carbon storage by check-dams of Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(2):2-4.]
[11]包耀贤.黄土丘陵沟壑区坝地和梯田土壤理化性质研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2005.[Bao Y X.Study on soil physical and Chemical Properties of dam land and terrace in the Loess hilly region[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2005.]
[12]Liu Y,Fu B.Assessing sedimentological connectivity using WATEM/SEDEM model in a hilly and gully watershed of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,66:259-268.
[13]岳大鹏,董美云.陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀的典型流域调查与估算-以碾庄沟流域为例[J].灾害学,2010,25(1):59-63.[Yue D P,Dong M Y.Investigation and estimation of soil erosion of rural settlements in abundant and coarse sediment area of north Shaanxi-an example in Nianzhuanggou River basin[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2010,25(1):59-62.]
[14]Liu Y,Fu B,Lv Y,et al.Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Geomorphology,2012,138(1):404-414.
[15]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Predicting Soil20175Erosion by Water:A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[M].Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1997.
[16]Arnoldus H M J,Boodt M D,Gabriels D.An Approximation of the Rainfall Factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation[A].Boodt M,Gabriels D.Assessment of Soil Erosion[M].Chichester:John Wiley and Sons Ltd,1980.
[17]Williams J R,Renard K G,Dyke P T.EPIC:A new method for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J].Journal of Soil&Water Conservation,1983,38(5):381-383.
[18]Desmet P J J,Govers G.A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,51(5):427-433.
[19]Fu B J,Zhao W W,Chen L D,et al.Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(1):73-85.
[20]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001.[Liu B Y,Xie Y,Zhang K L.Soil Erosion Prediction Model[M].Beijing:Science and Technology of China Press,2001.]
[21]Verstraeten G.Regional scale modelling of hillslope sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data[J].Geomorphology,2006,81(1-2):128-140.
[22]Vente J D,Poesen J,Verstraeten G,et al.Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain[J].Global&Planetary Change,2007,60(3-4):393-415.
[23]Feng X M,Wang Y F,Chen L D,et al.Modeling soil erosion and its response to land-use change in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geomorphology,2010,118(3-4):239-248.
[24]包耀贤.黄土高原坝地和梯田土壤质量特征及评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008.[Bao Y X.The Characteristics and Assessment on Soil Quality of Dam Land and Terrace in Loess Plateau[D].Yangling:Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University,2008.]
[25]Liang D,Fu B,Lv Y,et al.Effects of retired steepland afforestation on soil properties:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section B-Soil&Plant Science,2012,62(6):547-555.
[26]Fryirs K A,Brierley G J,Preston N J,et al.Buffers,barriers and blankets:The(dis)connectivity of catchment-scale sediment cascades[J].Catena,2007,70(1):49-67.
[27]MayoráG,Bautista S,Small E E,et al.Measurement of the connectivity of runoff source areas as determined by vegetation pattern and topography:A tool for assessing potential water and soil losses in drylands[J].Water Resources Research,2008,44(10):2183-2188.
[28]Imeson A C,Prinsen H A M.Vegetation patterns as biological indicators for identifying runoff and sediment source and sink areas for semi-arid landscapes in Spain[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2004,104(2):333-342.
[29]Pimentel D,Kounang N.Ecology of soil erosion in ecosystems[J].Ecosystems,1998,1(5):416-426.
[30]Telles T S,Dechen S C F,Souzalga D E,et al.Valuation and assessment of soil erosion costs[J].Scientia Agricola,2013,70(3):209-216.
[31]肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,等.海南岛生态系统土壤保持空间分布特征及生态经济价值评估[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):552-558.[Xiao H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhao J Z,et al.The spatial distribution characteristics and eco-economic value of soil conservation service of ecosystems in Hainan Island by GIS[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):552-558.]
[32]张晓明,曹文洪,周利军.泥沙输移比及其尺度依存研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7475-7485.[Zhang X M,Cao WH,Zhou L J.Progress review and discussion on sediment delivery ratio and its dependence on scale[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7475-7485.]
[33]杨孟,李秀珍,杨兆平,等.岷江上游小流域景观格局对土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2512-2519.[Yang M,Li X Z,Yang Z P,et al.Effects of sun-watershed landscape patterns at the upper reaches of Minjiang River on soil erosion[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2512-2519.]
[34]景可,师长兴.流域输沙模数与流域面积关系研究[J].泥沙研究,2007,(1):17-23.[Jing K,Shi C X.Study on the relationship between sediment yield and drainage area[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2007,(1):17-23.]
[35]师长兴.长江上游输沙尺度效应研究[J].地理研究,2008,27(4):800-810.[Shi C X.Scaling effects on sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(4):800-810.]
[36]李林育,焦菊英,陈杨.泥沙输移比的研究方法及成果分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):113-122.[Li L Y,Jiao J Y,Chen Y.Sediment delivery ratio in different spatial scale watershed in Loess Hill-gully Region[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(6):1-8.]
[37]刘宇,吴炳方,曾源,等.耦合过程和景观格局的土壤侵蚀水环境影响评价[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2581-2589.[Liu Y,Wu B F,Zeng Y,et al.Assessment of the impacts of soil erosion on water environment based on the integration of soil erosion process and landscape pattern[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(9):2581-2589.]
[38]Li Y,Poesen J,Yang J C,et al.Evaluating gully erosion using137Cs and210Pb/137Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2003,69(S1-2):107-115.
[39]Zhao G,Kondolf G M,Mu X,et al.Sediment yield reduction associated with land use changes and check dams in a catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2017,148:126-137.