基于水库沉积物特征及WaTEM/SEDEM模型的贵州喀斯特小流域土壤侵蚀时空变化
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摘要
全面认识长时间尺度的贵州喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀时空变化对土壤侵蚀治理具有重要意义。以贵州松官流域为研究对象,使用土壤侵蚀分布式模型WaTEM/SEDEM分6个阶段模拟了过去1986—2015年的土壤侵蚀变化,并将其与松官水库沉积物揭示的侵蚀强度进行了对比。结果表明:利用WaTEM/SEDEM模型模拟得到的产沙量与实测值相近,显示模型在喀斯特地区具有较好的适用性;过去30年间松官流域土壤平均侵蚀模数为21.33t/(hm2·a),侵蚀强度经历了先加剧后减缓的过程,最强烈的侵蚀出现在1996—2000年;流域南部的耕地地区是松官流域土壤侵蚀的主要来源,占土壤侵蚀总量的85.09%,而流域北部的林草地侵蚀较弱;模型结果与沉积物记录具有较好的一致性,皆反映出土地利用相较降雨对土壤侵蚀影响更大,未来对喀斯特地区的水土保持更应关注土地利用的变化。
Understanding the temporal and spatial changes of soil erosion in the karst area of Guizhou Plateau is a key requirement for managing against soil erosion.A spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model(WATEM/SEDEM)was applied to investigate temporal-spatial changes in soil erosion under six scenarios during the past 30 years in Songguan Watershed.The results showed that the sediment yield simulated by using the WaTEM/SEDEM model and observed values fitted well,showing that the model had a good predictability and practicability in karst regions.The average soil erosion in Songguan watershed was21.33 t/(hm2·a)and the intensity of soil erosion decreased firstly and then increased during the past 30 years.The major sediment source was dryland,accounting for 85.09%of the total sediment yields while the erosion in northern forestland and grassland was relatively slight.The simulated sediment yields were in good agreement with the sediment records.They both demonstrated that land use had a greater impact on soil erosion rather than rainfall.The study suggests that attention should be given to the changes of land use spatial pattern when applying soil conservation policies in karst regions.
Understanding the temporal and spatial changes of soil erosion in the karst area of Guizhou Plateau is a key requirement for managing against soil erosion.A spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model(WATEM/SEDEM)was applied to investigate temporal-spatial changes in soil erosion under six scenarios during the past 30 years in Songguan Watershed.The results showed that the sediment yield simulated by using the WaTEM/SEDEM model and observed values fitted well,showing that the model had a good predictability and practicability in karst regions.The average soil erosion in Songguan watershed was21.33 t/(hm2·a)and the intensity of soil erosion decreased firstly and then increased during the past 30 years.The major sediment source was dryland,accounting for 85.09%of the total sediment yields while the erosion in northern forestland and grassland was relatively slight.The simulated sediment yields were in good agreement with the sediment records.They both demonstrated that land use had a greater impact on soil erosion rather than rainfall.The study suggests that attention should be given to the changes of land use spatial pattern when applying soil conservation policies in karst regions.
引文
[1]李阳兵,侯建筠,谢德体.中国西南岩溶生态研究进展[J].地理科学,2002,22(3):365-370.
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[3] Wang H,Huo Y,Zeng L,et al.A 42-yr soil erosion record inferred from mineral magnetism of reservoir sediments in a small carbonate-rock catchment,Guizhou Plateau,southwest China[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2008,40(3):897-921.
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[9] Oost K V,Govers G,Desmet P.Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage[J].Landscape Ecology,2000,15(6):577-589.
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[14] Alatorre L C,Beguería S,García-Ruiz J M.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery:A case study in the Barasona Reservoir watershed(Spain)using WATEM/SEDEM[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,391(1):109-123.
[15] Chen H,Oguchi T,Wu P.Assessment for soil loss by using a scheme of alterative sub-models based on the RUSLE in a Karst Basin of Southwest China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2017,16(2):377-388.
[16] DidonéE J,minella J P G,Evrard O.Measuring and modelling soil erosion and sediment yields in a large cultivated catchment under no-till of Southern Brazil[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2017,174:24-33.
[17] Feng T,Chen H,Polyakov V O,et al.Soil erosion rates in two karst peak-cluster depression basins of northwest Guangxi,China:Comparison of the RUSLE model with 137 Cs measurements[J].Geomorphology,2016,253:217-224.
[18] Verstraeten G.Regional scale modelling of hillslope sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data[J].Geomorphology,2006,81(1/2):128-140.
[19]方海燕,孙莉英,聂斌斌,等.基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的双枫潭流域侵蚀产沙模拟[J].陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2014,42(1):92-97.
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[22] Verstraeten G.RUSLE applied in a GIS framework:Calculating the LS factor and deriving homogeneous patches for estimating soil loss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(7):809-829.
[23] Krasa J,Dostal T,Van Rompaey A,et al.Reservoirs′siltation measurments and sediment transport assessment in the Czech Republic,the Vrchlice catchment study[J].Catena,2005,64(2):348-362.
[24] Zeng C,Zeng C,Zeng C,et al.Soil erosion evolution and spatial correlation analysis in a typical karst geomorphology using RUSLE with GIS[J].Solid Earth,2017,8(4):1-26.
[25]王尧,蔡运龙,潘懋.贵州省乌江流域土壤侵蚀模拟:基于GIS,RUSLE和ANN技术的研究[J].中国地质,2014(5):1735-1747.
[26] Alatorre L C,Beguería S,García-Ruiz J M.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery:A case study in the Barasona Reservoir watershed(Spain)using WATEM/SEDEM[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,391(1):109-123.
[27] Wang H,Huo Y,Zeng L,et al.A 42-yr soil erosion record inferred from mineral magnetism of reservoir sediments in a small carbonate-rock catchment,Guizhou Plateau,southwest China[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2008,40(3):897-921.
[28]李春梅,汪美华,王红亚.贵州麦岗水库沉积物的矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义[J].地理研究,2010,29(11):1971-1980.
[29]胡鹏翔,刘青松.磁性矿物在成土过程中的生成转化机制及其气候意义[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(3):458-473.
[30] Dan R.A comparison of mineral-magnetic and distributed RUSLE modeling in the assessment of soil loss on a southeastern U.S.cropland[J].Catena,2007,69(2):170-180.
[31]王红亚,霍豫英,吴秀芹,等.贵州石板桥水库沉积物的矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义[J].地理研究,2006,25(5):865-876.
[32] Vente J D,Poesen J,Verstraeten G,et al.Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain[J].Global&Planetary Change,2008,60(3/4):393-415.
[33]沈虹.关岭布依族苗族自治县志[M].贵州人民出版社,2002.
[2] Sweeting M M.Reflections on the development of Karst geomorphology in Europe and a comparison with its development in China[J].Z Geomoph,1993,37:127-136.
[3] Wang H,Huo Y,Zeng L,et al.A 42-yr soil erosion record inferred from mineral magnetism of reservoir sediments in a small carbonate-rock catchment,Guizhou Plateau,southwest China[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2008,40(3):897-921.
[4] Xu Y Q,Shao X M,Kong X B,et al.Adapting the RUSLE and GIS to model soil erosion risk in a mountains karst watershed,Guizhou Province,China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2008,141(1/3):275-286.
[5] López-Vicente M,Navas A.Relating soil erosion and sediment yield to geomorphic features and erosion processes at the catchment scale in the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,61(1):143-158.
[6]盛美玲,方海燕.WaTEM/SEDEM模型及其应用研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(1):85-91.
[7] Rompaey A V,Bazzoffi P,Jones R J,A et al.Modeling sediment yields in Italian catchments[J].Geomorphology,2005,65(1):157-169.
[8] Verstraeten G,Prosser I P.Modelling the impact of land-use change and farm dam construction on hillslope sediment delivery to rivers at the regional scale[J].Geomorphology,2008,98(3/4):199-212.
[9] Oost K V,Govers G,Desmet P.Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage[J].Landscape Ecology,2000,15(6):577-589.
[10] Rompaey A J J V,Verstraeten G,Oost K V,et al.Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2001,26(11):1221-1236.
[11]盛美玲,方海燕.WaTEM/SEDEM模型及其应用研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(1):85-91.
[12] Arnoldus H M J.Predicting soil losses due to sheet and rill erosion[J].Fao Conservation Guide,1997,1:99-124.
[13] Sharpley A N,Williams J R.EPIC-erosion/productivity impact calculator:2.User manual[J].Technical Bulletin-United States Department of Agriculture,1989,4(4):206-207.
[14] Alatorre L C,Beguería S,García-Ruiz J M.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery:A case study in the Barasona Reservoir watershed(Spain)using WATEM/SEDEM[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,391(1):109-123.
[15] Chen H,Oguchi T,Wu P.Assessment for soil loss by using a scheme of alterative sub-models based on the RUSLE in a Karst Basin of Southwest China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2017,16(2):377-388.
[16] DidonéE J,minella J P G,Evrard O.Measuring and modelling soil erosion and sediment yields in a large cultivated catchment under no-till of Southern Brazil[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2017,174:24-33.
[17] Feng T,Chen H,Polyakov V O,et al.Soil erosion rates in two karst peak-cluster depression basins of northwest Guangxi,China:Comparison of the RUSLE model with 137 Cs measurements[J].Geomorphology,2016,253:217-224.
[18] Verstraeten G.Regional scale modelling of hillslope sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data[J].Geomorphology,2006,81(1/2):128-140.
[19]方海燕,孙莉英,聂斌斌,等.基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的双枫潭流域侵蚀产沙模拟[J].陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2014,42(1):92-97.
[20]许月卿,彭建.贵州猫跳河流域土地利用变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].资源科学,2008,30(8):1218-1225.
[21] Rompaey A J J V,Verstraeten G,Oost K V,et al.Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2001,26(11):1221-1236.
[22] Verstraeten G.RUSLE applied in a GIS framework:Calculating the LS factor and deriving homogeneous patches for estimating soil loss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(7):809-829.
[23] Krasa J,Dostal T,Van Rompaey A,et al.Reservoirs′siltation measurments and sediment transport assessment in the Czech Republic,the Vrchlice catchment study[J].Catena,2005,64(2):348-362.
[24] Zeng C,Zeng C,Zeng C,et al.Soil erosion evolution and spatial correlation analysis in a typical karst geomorphology using RUSLE with GIS[J].Solid Earth,2017,8(4):1-26.
[25]王尧,蔡运龙,潘懋.贵州省乌江流域土壤侵蚀模拟:基于GIS,RUSLE和ANN技术的研究[J].中国地质,2014(5):1735-1747.
[26] Alatorre L C,Beguería S,García-Ruiz J M.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery:A case study in the Barasona Reservoir watershed(Spain)using WATEM/SEDEM[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,391(1):109-123.
[27] Wang H,Huo Y,Zeng L,et al.A 42-yr soil erosion record inferred from mineral magnetism of reservoir sediments in a small carbonate-rock catchment,Guizhou Plateau,southwest China[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2008,40(3):897-921.
[28]李春梅,汪美华,王红亚.贵州麦岗水库沉积物的矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义[J].地理研究,2010,29(11):1971-1980.
[29]胡鹏翔,刘青松.磁性矿物在成土过程中的生成转化机制及其气候意义[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(3):458-473.
[30] Dan R.A comparison of mineral-magnetic and distributed RUSLE modeling in the assessment of soil loss on a southeastern U.S.cropland[J].Catena,2007,69(2):170-180.
[31]王红亚,霍豫英,吴秀芹,等.贵州石板桥水库沉积物的矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义[J].地理研究,2006,25(5):865-876.
[32] Vente J D,Poesen J,Verstraeten G,et al.Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain[J].Global&Planetary Change,2008,60(3/4):393-415.
[33]沈虹.关岭布依族苗族自治县志[M].贵州人民出版社,2002.