WaTEM/SEDEM模型及其应用研究进展与展望
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摘要
土壤侵蚀产沙模型是开展水土保持研究的重要工具。土壤侵蚀物理模型除能够模拟和预测土壤侵蚀沉积的空间分布外,其可移植性功能较强,因此得到了很多研究者的青睐,但大多数物理模型运行时需要的参数较多,因而限制了模型应用和推广。本文介绍了比利时鲁汶大学研发的分布式土壤侵蚀模型WaTEM/SEDEM(Water and Tillage Erosion Model and Sediment Delivery Model)模型,分别从WaTEM/SEDEM模型的产生、结构、国内外应用进行了系统阐述,并在已有的应用研究基础上,总结了该模型的优缺点,展望其应用前景。
Currently, many different erosion and sediment transport models are available. They are important tools to predict soil erosion and sediment yield under different conditions. The most commonly used models include Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE), Water Erosion Predict Project(WEPP), Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT), and the Limburg Soil Erosion Model(LISEM), et al. The physical distributed soil models can be well used in other regions once they were built in a given region. Therefore, physical soil erosion model hasreceived more attentionover the decades. However, the structures of the physical erosion models are usually complex and a lot of parameters are required to run them, which to some extent limits their applications. The Water and Tillage Erosion Model and Sediment Delivery Model(WaTEM/SEDEM) developed at the Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, KU Leuven University, Belgium, is a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model. Unlike other more sophisticated dynamic models, this model requires minimal basis data input and the model structure is simple, similar to RUSLE model. Although WaTEM/SEDEM has data requirement almost similar to RUSLE model, it can assess both water and tillage erosion simultaneously. Mostly importantly, WaTEM/SEDEM can spatially model soil erosion and sediment deposition rates as well as the soil redistribution patterns. This model also allows incorporation of landscape structure or the spatial organization of different land units and the connectivity, and can then be used to delineate sediment source areas in an agricultural landscape, and to simulate the impact of various scenarios of an integrated catchment management on the rates and patterns of soil loss and sediment delivery. Therefore, WaTEM/SEDEM can provide useful information for land managers to implement rational management to control soil loss. Up to date, the model has been successfully used in Europe and other regions around the world. However, few studieshave been conducted in China using this model. In this paper, the model structure, the algorithms used to calculate soil erosion and sediment transport, the model input and output, and its applications were systematically introduced. A case study in Shuangfengtan catchment, Hunan Province was also reported in this paper to verify its usefulness. Besides the advantages mentioned above, the disadvantages of this model were also pointed out. For example, WaTEM/SEDEM does not predict sediment transport within a river, bank erosion or floodplain sediment deposition. At the end of this paper, the prospect of the application of WaTEM/ SEDEM in the data-limited regions was discussed.
Currently, many different erosion and sediment transport models are available. They are important tools to predict soil erosion and sediment yield under different conditions. The most commonly used models include Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE), Water Erosion Predict Project(WEPP), Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT), and the Limburg Soil Erosion Model(LISEM), et al. The physical distributed soil models can be well used in other regions once they were built in a given region. Therefore, physical soil erosion model hasreceived more attentionover the decades. However, the structures of the physical erosion models are usually complex and a lot of parameters are required to run them, which to some extent limits their applications. The Water and Tillage Erosion Model and Sediment Delivery Model(WaTEM/SEDEM) developed at the Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, KU Leuven University, Belgium, is a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model. Unlike other more sophisticated dynamic models, this model requires minimal basis data input and the model structure is simple, similar to RUSLE model. Although WaTEM/SEDEM has data requirement almost similar to RUSLE model, it can assess both water and tillage erosion simultaneously. Mostly importantly, WaTEM/SEDEM can spatially model soil erosion and sediment deposition rates as well as the soil redistribution patterns. This model also allows incorporation of landscape structure or the spatial organization of different land units and the connectivity, and can then be used to delineate sediment source areas in an agricultural landscape, and to simulate the impact of various scenarios of an integrated catchment management on the rates and patterns of soil loss and sediment delivery. Therefore, WaTEM/SEDEM can provide useful information for land managers to implement rational management to control soil loss. Up to date, the model has been successfully used in Europe and other regions around the world. However, few studieshave been conducted in China using this model. In this paper, the model structure, the algorithms used to calculate soil erosion and sediment transport, the model input and output, and its applications were systematically introduced. A case study in Shuangfengtan catchment, Hunan Province was also reported in this paper to verify its usefulness. Besides the advantages mentioned above, the disadvantages of this model were also pointed out. For example, WaTEM/SEDEM does not predict sediment transport within a river, bank erosion or floodplain sediment deposition. At the end of this paper, the prospect of the application of WaTEM/ SEDEM in the data-limited regions was discussed.
引文
蔡强国,刘纪根.2003.关于中国土壤侵蚀模型研究进展.地理科学进展,22(3):242-250.[Cai Q G,Liu J G.2003.Evolution of soil erosion model in China.Progress in Geography,22(3):242-250.]
方海燕,蔡强国,李秋艳.2008.产沙模数与流域面积关系研究进展.地理科学进展,27(6):63-69.[Fang H Y,Cai Q G,Li Q Y.2008.A review of the relationship between specific sediment yield and drainage area.Progress in Geography,27(6):63-69.]
方海燕,孙莉英,聂彬彬,等.2014.基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的双枫潭流域侵蚀产沙模拟.陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,42(1):92-97.[Fang H Y,Sun L Y,Nie B B,et al.2014.Modeling soil erosion and sediment yield using WaTEM/SEDEM for the Shuangfengtan basin.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University:Natural Science Edition,42(1):92-97.]
李凤,吴长文.1997.RUSLE侵蚀模型及其应用综述.水土保持研究,4(1):109-112.[Li F,Wu C W.1997.The evaluation on the erosion model of RUSLE and its application.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,4(1):109-112.]
王红兵,许炯心,颜明.2011.影响土壤侵蚀的社会经济因素研究进展.地理科学进展,30(3):268-274.[Wang H B,Xu J X,Yan M.2011.Effect of socio-economic factors on soil erosion:a literature review.Progress in Geography,30(3):268-274.]
Alatorre L C,Beguería S,García-Ruiz J M.2010.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery:a case study in the Barasona Reservoir watershed(Spain)using WATEM/SEDEM.Journal of Hydrology,391(1-2):109-123.
Alatorre L C,Beguería S.2012.Soil erosion and sediment delivery in a mountain catchment under scenarios of land use change using a spatially distributed numerical model.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,16:1321-1334.
Boix-Fayos C,De V J,María M M,et al.2008.The impact of land use change and check-dams on catchment sediment yield.Hydrological Process,22(25):4922-4935.
De Vente J,Poesen J,Verstraeten G,et al.2008.Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain.Global and Planetary Change,60(3-4):393-415.
Desmet P J J,Govers G.1995.GIS-based simulation of erosion and deposition patterns in an agricultural landscape:a comparison of model results with soil map information.CATENA 25(1-4):389-401.
Desmet P J J,Govers G.1996.A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,51(5):427-433.
Desmet P J J,Govers G.1997.Two-dimensional modeling of the within-field variation in rill and gully geometry and location related to topography.CATENA,29(3-4):283-306.
Feng X M,Wang Y F,Chen L D,et al.2010.Modeling soil erosion and its response to land-use change in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geomorphology,118(3-4):239-248.
Jordan G,van R A,Szilassi P,et al.2005.Historical land use changes and their impact on sediment fluxes in the Balaton basin(Hungary).Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,108(2):119-133.
Keesstra S D,van D O,Verstraeten G,et al.2009.Changing sediment dynamics due to natural reforestation in the Dragonja catchment,SW Slovenia.CATENA,78(1):60-71.
Krasa J,Dostal T,Vrana K,et al.2010.Predicting spatial patterns of sediment delivery and impacts of land-use scenarios on Sediment transport in Czech Catchment.Land Degradation and Development,21(4):367-375.
Liu Z J,Yu X X,Liu Q J.2010.The study of Yihe Basin on soil erosion simulation using WaTEM/SEDEM model.Symposium from Cross-strait Environment&Resources and 2nd Representative Conference of Chinese Environmental Resources&Ecological Conservation Society.Linyi,China:July 6-8.
Merritt W S,Letcher R A,Jakeman A J.2003.A review of erosion and sediment transport models.Environmental Modelling&Software,18(8-9):761-799.
Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.1970.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I:a discussion of principles.Journal of Hydrology,10(3):282-290.
Pickett S T A,Cadanasso M L.1995.Landscape ecology:spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems.Science,269:331-334.
Renard K G,Foster G R,Yoder D C.1994.Rusle,revised:status,question,answers,and the future.Soil and Water Conservation,49(1):213-220
Shi Z H,Ai L,Fang N F,et al.2012.Modeling the impacts of integrated small watershed management on soil erosion and sediment delivery:a case study in the Three Gorges Area,China.Journal of Hydrology,438-439:156-167.
Szilassi P,Jordan G,Van Rompaey A,et al.2006.Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton,Hungary.CATENA,68(2-3):96-108.
Toy T J,Osterkamp W R.1995.The applicability of RUSLE to geomorphic studies.Soil and Water Conservation,50(5):498-503.
Van Oost K,Govers G.2000a.WaTEM:introduction.Leuven,Belgium:University of Leuven.
Van Oost K,Govers G,Desmet P J J,2000b.Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage.Landscape Ecology,15(6):579-591.
Van R A,Paolo B,Robert J,et al.2005.Modeling sediment yields in Italian catchments.Geomorphology,65(1-2):157-169.
Van R A,Verstraeten G,Govers G,et al.2001.Modeling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,26(11):1221-1236.
Van R,Krasa J,Dostal T.2007.Modelling the impact of land cover changes in the Czech Republic on sediment delivery.Land Use Policy,24(3):576-583.
Verstraeten G,ProsserIan P,Fogarty P,et al.2007.Predicting the spatial patterns of hillslope sediment delivery to river channels in the Murrumbidgee Catchment,Australia.Journal of Hydrology,334(3-4):440-454.
Verstraeten G,Van R A,Poesen J,et al.2003.Evaluating the impact of watershed management scenarios on changes in sediment delivery to rivers.Hydrobiologia,494(1-3):153-158.
Verstraeten G.2006.Regional scale modeling of hillsolpe sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data.Geomoraphology,81(1-2):128-140.
Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.1965.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains:guide for selection of practices for soil and water conservation.Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture.
方海燕,蔡强国,李秋艳.2008.产沙模数与流域面积关系研究进展.地理科学进展,27(6):63-69.[Fang H Y,Cai Q G,Li Q Y.2008.A review of the relationship between specific sediment yield and drainage area.Progress in Geography,27(6):63-69.]
方海燕,孙莉英,聂彬彬,等.2014.基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的双枫潭流域侵蚀产沙模拟.陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,42(1):92-97.[Fang H Y,Sun L Y,Nie B B,et al.2014.Modeling soil erosion and sediment yield using WaTEM/SEDEM for the Shuangfengtan basin.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University:Natural Science Edition,42(1):92-97.]
李凤,吴长文.1997.RUSLE侵蚀模型及其应用综述.水土保持研究,4(1):109-112.[Li F,Wu C W.1997.The evaluation on the erosion model of RUSLE and its application.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,4(1):109-112.]
王红兵,许炯心,颜明.2011.影响土壤侵蚀的社会经济因素研究进展.地理科学进展,30(3):268-274.[Wang H B,Xu J X,Yan M.2011.Effect of socio-economic factors on soil erosion:a literature review.Progress in Geography,30(3):268-274.]
Alatorre L C,Beguería S,García-Ruiz J M.2010.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery:a case study in the Barasona Reservoir watershed(Spain)using WATEM/SEDEM.Journal of Hydrology,391(1-2):109-123.
Alatorre L C,Beguería S.2012.Soil erosion and sediment delivery in a mountain catchment under scenarios of land use change using a spatially distributed numerical model.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,16:1321-1334.
Boix-Fayos C,De V J,María M M,et al.2008.The impact of land use change and check-dams on catchment sediment yield.Hydrological Process,22(25):4922-4935.
De Vente J,Poesen J,Verstraeten G,et al.2008.Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain.Global and Planetary Change,60(3-4):393-415.
Desmet P J J,Govers G.1995.GIS-based simulation of erosion and deposition patterns in an agricultural landscape:a comparison of model results with soil map information.CATENA 25(1-4):389-401.
Desmet P J J,Govers G.1996.A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,51(5):427-433.
Desmet P J J,Govers G.1997.Two-dimensional modeling of the within-field variation in rill and gully geometry and location related to topography.CATENA,29(3-4):283-306.
Feng X M,Wang Y F,Chen L D,et al.2010.Modeling soil erosion and its response to land-use change in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geomorphology,118(3-4):239-248.
Jordan G,van R A,Szilassi P,et al.2005.Historical land use changes and their impact on sediment fluxes in the Balaton basin(Hungary).Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,108(2):119-133.
Keesstra S D,van D O,Verstraeten G,et al.2009.Changing sediment dynamics due to natural reforestation in the Dragonja catchment,SW Slovenia.CATENA,78(1):60-71.
Krasa J,Dostal T,Vrana K,et al.2010.Predicting spatial patterns of sediment delivery and impacts of land-use scenarios on Sediment transport in Czech Catchment.Land Degradation and Development,21(4):367-375.
Liu Z J,Yu X X,Liu Q J.2010.The study of Yihe Basin on soil erosion simulation using WaTEM/SEDEM model.Symposium from Cross-strait Environment&Resources and 2nd Representative Conference of Chinese Environmental Resources&Ecological Conservation Society.Linyi,China:July 6-8.
Merritt W S,Letcher R A,Jakeman A J.2003.A review of erosion and sediment transport models.Environmental Modelling&Software,18(8-9):761-799.
Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.1970.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I:a discussion of principles.Journal of Hydrology,10(3):282-290.
Pickett S T A,Cadanasso M L.1995.Landscape ecology:spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems.Science,269:331-334.
Renard K G,Foster G R,Yoder D C.1994.Rusle,revised:status,question,answers,and the future.Soil and Water Conservation,49(1):213-220
Shi Z H,Ai L,Fang N F,et al.2012.Modeling the impacts of integrated small watershed management on soil erosion and sediment delivery:a case study in the Three Gorges Area,China.Journal of Hydrology,438-439:156-167.
Szilassi P,Jordan G,Van Rompaey A,et al.2006.Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton,Hungary.CATENA,68(2-3):96-108.
Toy T J,Osterkamp W R.1995.The applicability of RUSLE to geomorphic studies.Soil and Water Conservation,50(5):498-503.
Van Oost K,Govers G.2000a.WaTEM:introduction.Leuven,Belgium:University of Leuven.
Van Oost K,Govers G,Desmet P J J,2000b.Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage.Landscape Ecology,15(6):579-591.
Van R A,Paolo B,Robert J,et al.2005.Modeling sediment yields in Italian catchments.Geomorphology,65(1-2):157-169.
Van R A,Verstraeten G,Govers G,et al.2001.Modeling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,26(11):1221-1236.
Van R,Krasa J,Dostal T.2007.Modelling the impact of land cover changes in the Czech Republic on sediment delivery.Land Use Policy,24(3):576-583.
Verstraeten G,ProsserIan P,Fogarty P,et al.2007.Predicting the spatial patterns of hillslope sediment delivery to river channels in the Murrumbidgee Catchment,Australia.Journal of Hydrology,334(3-4):440-454.
Verstraeten G,Van R A,Poesen J,et al.2003.Evaluating the impact of watershed management scenarios on changes in sediment delivery to rivers.Hydrobiologia,494(1-3):153-158.
Verstraeten G.2006.Regional scale modeling of hillsolpe sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data.Geomoraphology,81(1-2):128-140.
Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.1965.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains:guide for selection of practices for soil and water conservation.Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture.