Quantitative evaluation of Tibet's resource and environmental carrying capacity
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摘要
This study identifies the carrying state and value of Tibet's resource and environmental carrying capacity. A new theoretical framework is proposed for exploring the resource and environmental carrying capacity based on two perspectives of "growth limit" and "stability of Human-Earth relationship system". On this basis, an ideal growth model that accords with the "short board" effect is established to predict the population limitation. Analytical results show that the holistic state of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet is in jeopardy. From 2010 to 2016, Tibet’s carrying state continued to decline, moreover, the negative forces still overwhelm the positive forces. Although the resource reserves still have room for more population, the environmental capacity and ecological capacity have been overloaded. Meanwhile, the Human-Earth relationship system is in an unstable stage. Three scenarios that respond to different socioeconomic developments are implemented to predict the population limitation of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet; thus, authors argue that Tibet should keep its population size within 4 million around 2025. This research will provide reference for sustainable development and resources and environmental conservation in Tibet.
This study identifies the carrying state and value of Tibet's resource and environmental carrying capacity. A new theoretical framework is proposed for exploring the resource and environmental carrying capacity based on two perspectives of "growth limit" and "stability of Human-Earth relationship system". On this basis, an ideal growth model that accords with the "short board" effect is established to predict the population limitation. Analytical results show that the holistic state of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet is in jeopardy. From 2010 to 2016, Tibet’s carrying state continued to decline, moreover, the negative forces still overwhelm the positive forces. Although the resource reserves still have room for more population, the environmental capacity and ecological capacity have been overloaded. Meanwhile, the Human-Earth relationship system is in an unstable stage. Three scenarios that respond to different socioeconomic developments are implemented to predict the population limitation of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet; thus, authors argue that Tibet should keep its population size within 4 million around 2025. This research will provide reference for sustainable development and resources and environmental conservation in Tibet.
This study identifies the carrying state and value of Tibet's resource and environmental carrying capacity. A new theoretical framework is proposed for exploring the resource and environmental carrying capacity based on two perspectives of "growth limit" and "stability of Human-Earth relationship system". On this basis, an ideal growth model that accords with the "short board" effect is established to predict the population limitation. Analytical results show that the holistic state of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet is in jeopardy. From 2010 to 2016, Tibet’s carrying state continued to decline, moreover, the negative forces still overwhelm the positive forces. Although the resource reserves still have room for more population, the environmental capacity and ecological capacity have been overloaded. Meanwhile, the Human-Earth relationship system is in an unstable stage. Three scenarios that respond to different socioeconomic developments are implemented to predict the population limitation of resource and environmental carrying capacity in Tibet; thus, authors argue that Tibet should keep its population size within 4 million around 2025. This research will provide reference for sustainable development and resources and environmental conservation in Tibet.
引文
An BS,Cheng G(2014)Dynamic analysis of the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of Tibet.Acta Ecologica Sinica 34(4):1002-1009.https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201307051842(In Chinese)
Buckley,R.(1999)An ecological perspective on carrying capacity.Annals of Tourism Research 26(3):705-708.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00013-4
Ciccone A,Hall RE(1996)Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity.The American economic review 86(1):54-70.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.151.3712.867-a
Cohen JE(1995)Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity.Science 269(5222):341-346.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7618100
Costanza R(2006)Limits to growth:the 30-year update.Ecological Economics 59(3):397-399.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.008
Dalerum F(2014)Identifying the role of conservation biology for solving the environmental crisis.Ambio 43(7):839-846.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0546-3
Fan J,Zhou K,Wang YF(2017)Basic points and progress in technical methods of early-warning of the national resource and environmental carrying capacity(V 2016).Progress in Geography 36(3):266-276.(In Chinese)
Feng ZM,Yang YZ,Yan HM,et al.(2017)A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20th Century:from theory to practice.Resources Science 39(3):379-395.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2017.03.01
Fischer G,Sun L(2001)Model based analysis of future land-use development in China.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment 85(1):163-176.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00182-7
Gao J,Liu YJ,Feng ZM,et al(2018)Research on monitoring and early warning of land and water resources carrying capacity in the Tibet Autonomous Region.Resources Science,40(6):1209-1221.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.06.11
General Office,Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,General Office of the State Council,People’s Republic of China(2017)Several Opinions on Establishing of a LongTerm Mechanism for Monitoring and Forewarning of the Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity.(In Chinese)
Goldstein MC,Childs G,Wang DP(2010)Beijing’s“people first”development initiative for the Tibet Autonomous Region's rural sector:a case study from the Shigatse area.The China Journal 63:57-75.https://doi.org/10.1086/tcj.63.20749194
Guo ZY,Cao JY(2006)The Developing Trends of Tibet Population.Journal of Tibet University 21(4):6-13.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16249/j.cnki.1005-5738.2006.04.002
Haberl H,Erb KH,Krausmann F(2001)How to calculate and interpret ecological footprints for long periods of time:the case of Austria 1926-1995.Ecological Economics 38(1):25-45.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00152-5
Han JY(2011)An economical,strategic reflection on the exploitation of water resources in Tibet:the problem and solution of China’s water resources in the 21st Century.Journal of Shanghai University(Social Sciences Edition)18(1):102-114.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6522.2011.01.008
He CQ(2014)China Modernization Report 2013:Urban Modernization Study.Peking University Press.(In Chinese)
Hu SH,Zhang L(2010)Analysis of the ecological carrying capacity of the Tibet nature reserve based on an ecological footprint model:a case study of the Gongbu National Reserve.Resources Science 32(1):171-176.(In Chinese)
June TD(2003)Economic development in Tibet under the People's Republic of China.Journal of Contemporary China12(36):411-430.https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560305470
Karl Pearson(2006)Notes on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 58:240-242.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1895.0041
Karnopp D,Rosenberg RC(1990)System Dynamics:A Unified Approach.John Wiley.Sons.Inc.
Li G,Jin CL(2009)Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for carrying capacity of regional water resources.Water Resources Management 23(12):2505-2513.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9393-y
Liang CL(2017)Application of fuzzy analytical hierarchy process on the study of Tibetan grassland degradation.Acta Agrestia Sinica 25(1):172-177.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2017.01.025
Lindberg K,Mccool S,Stankey G(1997)Rethinking carrying capacity.Annals of Tourism Research 24(2):461-465.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80018-7
Liu XB,Gao JX,Conzo LA,et al.(2005)Ecological Carrying Capacity of Tibet China:Variety of Ecological Footprints from1978 to 2002.Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences10(4):647-652.
Lutz W,O’Neill B,Scherbov S(2003)Europe’s population at a turning point.Science 299(5615):1991-1992.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080316
Lutz W,Sanderson W,Scherbov S(2001)The End of World Population Growth.Nature 412(6846):543-545.https://doi.org/10.1038/35087589
Meadows DH,Meadows DL,Randers J,et al.(1972)The limits to growth.A report for the Club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind.Technological Forecasting&Social Change 4(3):323-332.https://doi.org/10.1349/ddlp.1
Neto ADCL,Legey LFL,Gonz?lez-Araya MC,et al.(2006)Asystem dynamics model for the environmental management of the Sepetiba Bay Watershed,Brazil.Environmental Management 38(5):879-888.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0211-5
Odum HT(1995)Environmental Accounting:Emergy and Environmental Decision Making.John Wiley.Sons Ltd.
Qi YB(2005)The present situation of resource environmental bearing capacity research and analysis of its main problems.Natural Resource Economics of China 18(5):7-11.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6995.2005.05.003
Qin FC,Liu LJ,Zhang B(2009)Evaluation of available land resources in Tibet based on RS and GIS.Stat.Decis 23:77-79.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13546/j.cnki.tjyjc.2009.23.024
Rees WEWE(1992)Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:what urban economics leaves out.Focus6(2):121-130.https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400212
Shi Z,Mao WY(1999)Water resources and water conservancy construction in Tibet.Yangtze River 30(1):52-54.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.1999.01.021
Stigler,Stephen M(1989)Francis Galton’s Account of the Invention of Correlation.Statistical Science 4(2):73-79.https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177012580
Su DX(1995)Structure and quality evaluation of rangeland resources of Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region.Acta Agrestia Sinica 3(2):144-151.(In Chinese)
Sun FH(2005)Discussion on Sustainable Development and Utilization of Water Resources in Tibet.Tibet’s Science and Technology 10:23-26.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-3403.2005.10.008
Sveikauskas L(1975)The Productivity of Cities.Quarterly Journal of Economics 89(3):393-413.https://doi.org/10.2307/1885259
UNESCO and Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),1985,Carrying Capacity Assessment With A Pilot Study Of Kenya.
Verhulst PF(1838)Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement.Correspondance mathématique et physique publiée parA.Quetelet[A brief introduction to the law which population growth follows.Letters in Mathematics and Physics,Published by A.Quetelett.]10:113-121.
Wang HL,Yang YH,Zhang Y(2014)Research of Water Resources Carrying Capacity based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process.Water Sciences&Engineering Technology(3):16-19.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.19733/j.cnki.1672-9900.2014.03.006
Wang KH,Zou CB,Zhang GL,et al(2007).Multiplex System Model and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity.Science Press.(In Chinese)
Wang L,Liu H(2019)Comprehensive evaluation of regional resources and environmental carrying capacity using a PS-DR-DP theoretical model.Journal of Geographical Sciences29(3):363-376.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1603-4.
Wongsaenmai S,Khamman O,Ananta S,et al.(2008)Grassland degradation and its formation causes analysis in Tibetan plateau.Science of Soil&Water Conservation 21(21):842-846.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9311-3Wu Q,Wang RS,Li HQ,et al.(2005)The indices and the evaluation method of eco-city.Acta Ecologica Sinica 25(8):2090-2095.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.08.037
Xu X,Gu SX,Liu BY,et al.(2007)Research on human natural environment and land population bearing capacity in southern area of Tibet:taking Counties of Nedong,Chong-gye,Gonggar,Danang as examples.Research of Soil and Water Conservation 14(1):29-32.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-3409.2007.01.009
Xu Y(2014)Remote Sensing Monitoring and Ecological Security Evaluation of Grassland Degradation in Northern Tibet.Doctor Dissertation[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,China.(In Chinese)
Yang RR(2003)Grassland ecological environment safety and sustainable development problems in the Tibet Autonomous Region.Acta Pratacultural Science 12(6):24-29.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2003.06.004
Ye W,Xu X,Wang H,et al.(2016)Quantitative assessment of resources and environmental carrying capacity in the northwest temperate continental climate ecotope of China.Environmental Earth Sciences 75(10):868.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5607-4
Zeng C,Liu Y,Liu Y,et al.(2011)An integrated approach for assessing aquatic ecological carrying capacity:a case study of Wujin District in the Tai Lake Basin,China.Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(1):264-280.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010264
Zeng JQ(2007)Prospect on the population carrying capacity of resource in Tibet from 1985 to 2005.J.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20(4):843-849.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2007.04.066
Zha Y,Luo RZD(2002)Tibet Population and the Carrying Capacities of Land Resources.Population&Economics 2:3-8.(In Chinese)
Zhang J,Deng W(2016)Multiscale Spatio-temporal dynamics of economic development in an interprovincial boundary region:Junction Area of Tibetan Plateau,Hengduan Mountain,Yungui Plateau and Sichuan Basin,Southwestern China Case.Sustainability 8(3):215.https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030215
Zhang ZQ,Xu ZM,Cheng GD,et al.(2001)The ecological footprints of the 12 Provinces of West China in 1999.Acta Geographica Sinica 16(5):599-610.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11821/xb200105011
Zhao HX(2007)The status quo,causes and improvement countermeasures of grassland degradation in Tibet.Tibet’s Science and Technology 2:48-51.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-3403.2007.02.020
Zhao W,Shen WS,Liu B,et al.(2015)Carrying capacity of grasslands and its spatiotemporal change in Tibet,China.Chinese Science Bulletin 60(21):2014-2028.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.1360/N972014-01113
Zhao ZR,Xie CQ,Dan Q et al.(2015)The valuation and dynamic forecast of ecological footprint of water resources in Tibet.Journal of Zhejiang University(Science Edition)42(5):559-566.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2015.05.012
Zhao ZR,Xie CQ,Wu T,et al.(2015)Ecological footprint of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet Autonomous Region,Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 26(4):1049-1054.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.2015.0019
Zheng D(1996)The system of physico-geographical regions of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences)39(4):410-417.
Zhong XH,Liu SZ,Wang XD,et al.(2010)Research of Ecological Security on the Tibet Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 28(1):1-10.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.2010.01.007
Buckley,R.(1999)An ecological perspective on carrying capacity.Annals of Tourism Research 26(3):705-708.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00013-4
Ciccone A,Hall RE(1996)Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity.The American economic review 86(1):54-70.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.151.3712.867-a
Cohen JE(1995)Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity.Science 269(5222):341-346.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7618100
Costanza R(2006)Limits to growth:the 30-year update.Ecological Economics 59(3):397-399.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.008
Dalerum F(2014)Identifying the role of conservation biology for solving the environmental crisis.Ambio 43(7):839-846.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0546-3
Fan J,Zhou K,Wang YF(2017)Basic points and progress in technical methods of early-warning of the national resource and environmental carrying capacity(V 2016).Progress in Geography 36(3):266-276.(In Chinese)
Feng ZM,Yang YZ,Yan HM,et al.(2017)A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20th Century:from theory to practice.Resources Science 39(3):379-395.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2017.03.01
Fischer G,Sun L(2001)Model based analysis of future land-use development in China.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment 85(1):163-176.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00182-7
Gao J,Liu YJ,Feng ZM,et al(2018)Research on monitoring and early warning of land and water resources carrying capacity in the Tibet Autonomous Region.Resources Science,40(6):1209-1221.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.06.11
General Office,Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,General Office of the State Council,People’s Republic of China(2017)Several Opinions on Establishing of a LongTerm Mechanism for Monitoring and Forewarning of the Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity.(In Chinese)
Goldstein MC,Childs G,Wang DP(2010)Beijing’s“people first”development initiative for the Tibet Autonomous Region's rural sector:a case study from the Shigatse area.The China Journal 63:57-75.https://doi.org/10.1086/tcj.63.20749194
Guo ZY,Cao JY(2006)The Developing Trends of Tibet Population.Journal of Tibet University 21(4):6-13.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16249/j.cnki.1005-5738.2006.04.002
Haberl H,Erb KH,Krausmann F(2001)How to calculate and interpret ecological footprints for long periods of time:the case of Austria 1926-1995.Ecological Economics 38(1):25-45.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00152-5
Han JY(2011)An economical,strategic reflection on the exploitation of water resources in Tibet:the problem and solution of China’s water resources in the 21st Century.Journal of Shanghai University(Social Sciences Edition)18(1):102-114.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6522.2011.01.008
He CQ(2014)China Modernization Report 2013:Urban Modernization Study.Peking University Press.(In Chinese)
Hu SH,Zhang L(2010)Analysis of the ecological carrying capacity of the Tibet nature reserve based on an ecological footprint model:a case study of the Gongbu National Reserve.Resources Science 32(1):171-176.(In Chinese)
June TD(2003)Economic development in Tibet under the People's Republic of China.Journal of Contemporary China12(36):411-430.https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560305470
Karl Pearson(2006)Notes on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 58:240-242.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1895.0041
Karnopp D,Rosenberg RC(1990)System Dynamics:A Unified Approach.John Wiley.Sons.Inc.
Li G,Jin CL(2009)Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for carrying capacity of regional water resources.Water Resources Management 23(12):2505-2513.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9393-y
Liang CL(2017)Application of fuzzy analytical hierarchy process on the study of Tibetan grassland degradation.Acta Agrestia Sinica 25(1):172-177.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2017.01.025
Lindberg K,Mccool S,Stankey G(1997)Rethinking carrying capacity.Annals of Tourism Research 24(2):461-465.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80018-7
Liu XB,Gao JX,Conzo LA,et al.(2005)Ecological Carrying Capacity of Tibet China:Variety of Ecological Footprints from1978 to 2002.Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences10(4):647-652.
Lutz W,O’Neill B,Scherbov S(2003)Europe’s population at a turning point.Science 299(5615):1991-1992.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080316
Lutz W,Sanderson W,Scherbov S(2001)The End of World Population Growth.Nature 412(6846):543-545.https://doi.org/10.1038/35087589
Meadows DH,Meadows DL,Randers J,et al.(1972)The limits to growth.A report for the Club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind.Technological Forecasting&Social Change 4(3):323-332.https://doi.org/10.1349/ddlp.1
Neto ADCL,Legey LFL,Gonz?lez-Araya MC,et al.(2006)Asystem dynamics model for the environmental management of the Sepetiba Bay Watershed,Brazil.Environmental Management 38(5):879-888.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0211-5
Odum HT(1995)Environmental Accounting:Emergy and Environmental Decision Making.John Wiley.Sons Ltd.
Qi YB(2005)The present situation of resource environmental bearing capacity research and analysis of its main problems.Natural Resource Economics of China 18(5):7-11.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6995.2005.05.003
Qin FC,Liu LJ,Zhang B(2009)Evaluation of available land resources in Tibet based on RS and GIS.Stat.Decis 23:77-79.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13546/j.cnki.tjyjc.2009.23.024
Rees WEWE(1992)Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:what urban economics leaves out.Focus6(2):121-130.https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400212
Shi Z,Mao WY(1999)Water resources and water conservancy construction in Tibet.Yangtze River 30(1):52-54.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.1999.01.021
Stigler,Stephen M(1989)Francis Galton’s Account of the Invention of Correlation.Statistical Science 4(2):73-79.https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177012580
Su DX(1995)Structure and quality evaluation of rangeland resources of Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region.Acta Agrestia Sinica 3(2):144-151.(In Chinese)
Sun FH(2005)Discussion on Sustainable Development and Utilization of Water Resources in Tibet.Tibet’s Science and Technology 10:23-26.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-3403.2005.10.008
Sveikauskas L(1975)The Productivity of Cities.Quarterly Journal of Economics 89(3):393-413.https://doi.org/10.2307/1885259
UNESCO and Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),1985,Carrying Capacity Assessment With A Pilot Study Of Kenya.
Verhulst PF(1838)Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement.Correspondance mathématique et physique publiée parA.Quetelet[A brief introduction to the law which population growth follows.Letters in Mathematics and Physics,Published by A.Quetelett.]10:113-121.
Wang HL,Yang YH,Zhang Y(2014)Research of Water Resources Carrying Capacity based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process.Water Sciences&Engineering Technology(3):16-19.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.19733/j.cnki.1672-9900.2014.03.006
Wang KH,Zou CB,Zhang GL,et al(2007).Multiplex System Model and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity.Science Press.(In Chinese)
Wang L,Liu H(2019)Comprehensive evaluation of regional resources and environmental carrying capacity using a PS-DR-DP theoretical model.Journal of Geographical Sciences29(3):363-376.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1603-4.
Wongsaenmai S,Khamman O,Ananta S,et al.(2008)Grassland degradation and its formation causes analysis in Tibetan plateau.Science of Soil&Water Conservation 21(21):842-846.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9311-3Wu Q,Wang RS,Li HQ,et al.(2005)The indices and the evaluation method of eco-city.Acta Ecologica Sinica 25(8):2090-2095.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.08.037
Xu X,Gu SX,Liu BY,et al.(2007)Research on human natural environment and land population bearing capacity in southern area of Tibet:taking Counties of Nedong,Chong-gye,Gonggar,Danang as examples.Research of Soil and Water Conservation 14(1):29-32.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-3409.2007.01.009
Xu Y(2014)Remote Sensing Monitoring and Ecological Security Evaluation of Grassland Degradation in Northern Tibet.Doctor Dissertation[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,China.(In Chinese)
Yang RR(2003)Grassland ecological environment safety and sustainable development problems in the Tibet Autonomous Region.Acta Pratacultural Science 12(6):24-29.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2003.06.004
Ye W,Xu X,Wang H,et al.(2016)Quantitative assessment of resources and environmental carrying capacity in the northwest temperate continental climate ecotope of China.Environmental Earth Sciences 75(10):868.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5607-4
Zeng C,Liu Y,Liu Y,et al.(2011)An integrated approach for assessing aquatic ecological carrying capacity:a case study of Wujin District in the Tai Lake Basin,China.Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(1):264-280.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010264
Zeng JQ(2007)Prospect on the population carrying capacity of resource in Tibet from 1985 to 2005.J.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20(4):843-849.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2007.04.066
Zha Y,Luo RZD(2002)Tibet Population and the Carrying Capacities of Land Resources.Population&Economics 2:3-8.(In Chinese)
Zhang J,Deng W(2016)Multiscale Spatio-temporal dynamics of economic development in an interprovincial boundary region:Junction Area of Tibetan Plateau,Hengduan Mountain,Yungui Plateau and Sichuan Basin,Southwestern China Case.Sustainability 8(3):215.https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030215
Zhang ZQ,Xu ZM,Cheng GD,et al.(2001)The ecological footprints of the 12 Provinces of West China in 1999.Acta Geographica Sinica 16(5):599-610.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11821/xb200105011
Zhao HX(2007)The status quo,causes and improvement countermeasures of grassland degradation in Tibet.Tibet’s Science and Technology 2:48-51.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-3403.2007.02.020
Zhao W,Shen WS,Liu B,et al.(2015)Carrying capacity of grasslands and its spatiotemporal change in Tibet,China.Chinese Science Bulletin 60(21):2014-2028.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.1360/N972014-01113
Zhao ZR,Xie CQ,Dan Q et al.(2015)The valuation and dynamic forecast of ecological footprint of water resources in Tibet.Journal of Zhejiang University(Science Edition)42(5):559-566.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2015.05.012
Zhao ZR,Xie CQ,Wu T,et al.(2015)Ecological footprint of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet Autonomous Region,Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 26(4):1049-1054.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.2015.0019
Zheng D(1996)The system of physico-geographical regions of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences)39(4):410-417.
Zhong XH,Liu SZ,Wang XD,et al.(2010)Research of Ecological Security on the Tibet Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 28(1):1-10.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.2010.01.007