The spike weight contribution of the photosynthetic area above the upper internode in a winter wheat under different nitrogen and mulching regimes
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摘要
Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas and single-spike weight were investigated in a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under four nitrogen and mulching treatments: N120,N150, N195, and N195 + M. Two-year repeated field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau of China. Non-foliar photosynthetic area, grain-filling ratio and duration,grain yield, and in particular, single-spike weight, were measured, recorded and analyzed.Under the N195 + M treatment, plants showed the largest area of photosynthetic organs(flag leaf and non-foliar organs) and the highest grain yield and single spike weight. Singlespike weight was positively correlated with the areas of all examined non-foliar photosynthetic organs, in particular with the area above the flag leaf node(R~2= 0.761*)and the area above the exposed part of the peduncle(EXP)(R~2= 0.800**). In addition, singlespike weight was highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio(R~2= 0.993**), whereas it was less highly correlated with grain-filling duration(R~2= 0.533). The morphological traits of non-foliar photosynthetic organs were also more highly correlated with average grainfilling ratio than with average grain-filling duration. The significant correlation between each of the morphological traits(area, length and width) of EXP and single-spike weight indicates that morphological traits of EXP are important in determining spike weight in the Loess Plateau environment.
Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas and single-spike weight were investigated in a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under four nitrogen and mulching treatments: N120,N150, N195, and N195 + M. Two-year repeated field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau of China. Non-foliar photosynthetic area, grain-filling ratio and duration,grain yield, and in particular, single-spike weight, were measured, recorded and analyzed.Under the N195 + M treatment, plants showed the largest area of photosynthetic organs(flag leaf and non-foliar organs) and the highest grain yield and single spike weight. Singlespike weight was positively correlated with the areas of all examined non-foliar photosynthetic organs, in particular with the area above the flag leaf node(R~2= 0.761*)and the area above the exposed part of the peduncle(EXP)(R~2= 0.800**). In addition, singlespike weight was highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio(R~2= 0.993**), whereas it was less highly correlated with grain-filling duration(R~2= 0.533). The morphological traits of non-foliar photosynthetic organs were also more highly correlated with average grainfilling ratio than with average grain-filling duration. The significant correlation between each of the morphological traits(area, length and width) of EXP and single-spike weight indicates that morphological traits of EXP are important in determining spike weight in the Loess Plateau environment.
Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas and single-spike weight were investigated in a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under four nitrogen and mulching treatments: N120,N150, N195, and N195 + M. Two-year repeated field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau of China. Non-foliar photosynthetic area, grain-filling ratio and duration,grain yield, and in particular, single-spike weight, were measured, recorded and analyzed.Under the N195 + M treatment, plants showed the largest area of photosynthetic organs(flag leaf and non-foliar organs) and the highest grain yield and single spike weight. Singlespike weight was positively correlated with the areas of all examined non-foliar photosynthetic organs, in particular with the area above the flag leaf node(R~2= 0.761*)and the area above the exposed part of the peduncle(EXP)(R~2= 0.800**). In addition, singlespike weight was highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio(R~2= 0.993**), whereas it was less highly correlated with grain-filling duration(R~2= 0.533). The morphological traits of non-foliar photosynthetic organs were also more highly correlated with average grainfilling ratio than with average grain-filling duration. The significant correlation between each of the morphological traits(area, length and width) of EXP and single-spike weight indicates that morphological traits of EXP are important in determining spike weight in the Loess Plateau environment.
引文
[1]M.Parry,M.Reynolds,M.Salvucci,C.Raines,P.Andralojc,X.Zhu,G.Price,A.Condon,R.Furbank,Raising yield potential of wheat.II.Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency,J.Exp.Bot.62(2011)453-467.
[2]X.G.Zhu,S.P.Long,D.R.Ort,Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield,Annu.Rev.Plant Biol.61(2010)235-261.
[3]J.Pietragalla,Crop morphological traits,in:A.Pask,J.Pietragalla,D.Mullan,M.P.Reynolds(Eds.),Physiological Breeding II:A Field Guide to Wheat Phenotyping,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,Mexico,D.F 2012,pp.106-112.
[4]K.G.Briggs,A.Aytenfisu,Relationships between morphological characters above the flag leaf node and grain yield in spring wheats,Crop Sci.20(1980)350-354.
[5]S.H.Mohiuddin,L.I.Croy,Flag leaf and peduncle area duration in relation to winter wheat grain yield,Agron.J.72(1980)299-301.
[6]M.R.Simon,Inheritance of flag-leaf angle,flag-leaf area and flag-leaf area duration in four wheat crosses,Theor.Appl.Genet.98(1999)310-314.
[7]P.F.Li,Z.G.Cheng,B.L.Ma,J.A.Palta,H.Y.Kong,F.Mo,J.Y.Wang,Y.Zhu,G.C.Lv,A.Batool,Dryland wheat domestication changed the development of aboveground architecture for a well-structured canopy,PLoS One 9(2014),e95825..
[8]B.Shen,W.D.Yu,Y.J.Zhu,Y.Y.Fan,J.Y.Zhuang,Fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus,qFLL6.2,controlling flag leaf length and yield traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.),Euphytica 184(2012)57-64.
[9]G.Aschan,H.Pfanz,Non-foliar photosynthesis:a strategy of additional carbon acquisition,Flora 198(2003)81-97.
[10]M.L.Maydup,M.Antonietta,J.J.Guiamet,C.Graciano,J.R.López,E.A.Tambussi,The contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain filling in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),Field Crop Res.119(2010)48-58.
[11]L.Kong,F.Wang,B.Feng,S.Li,J.Si,B.Zhang,The structural and photosynthetic characteristics of the exposed peduncle of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.):an important photosynthate source for grain-filling,BMC Plant Biol.10(2010)141-151.
[12]L.A.Kong,Y.Xie,M.Z.Sun,J.S.Si,L.Hu,Comparison of the photosynthetic characteristics in the pericarp and flag leaves during wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)caryopsis development,Photosynthetica 54(2016)40-46.
[13]Y.P.Li,H.B.Li,Y.Y.Li,S.Q.Zhang,Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat,Crop J.5(2017)231-239.
[14]J.L.Araus,H.R.Brown,A.Febrero,J.Bort,M.D.Serret,Ear photosynthesis,carbon isotope discrimination and the contribution of respiratory CO2to differences in grain mass in durum wheat,Plant Cell Environ.16(1993)383-392.
[15]P.Kriedemann,The photosynthetic activity of the wheat ear,Ann.Bot.30(1966)349-363.
[16]Z.M.Wang,A.L.Wei,D.M.Zheng,Photosynthetic characteristics of non-leaf organs of winter wheat cultivars differing in ear type and their relationship with grain mass per ear,Photosynthetica 39(2001)239-244.
[17]E.A.Tambussi,J.Bort,J.J.Guiamet,S.Nogues,J.L.Araus,The photosynthetic role of ears in C3 cereals:metabolism,water use efficiency and contribution to grain yield,Crit.Rev.Plant Sci.26(2007)1-16.
[18]C.S.Pierre,R.Trethowan,M.Reynolds,Stem solidness and its relationship to water-soluble carbohydrates:association with wheat yield under water deficit,Funct.Plant Biol.37(2010)166-174.
[19]A.Sallam,M.Hashad,E.Hamed,M.Omara,Genetic variation of stem characters in wheat and their relation to kernel weight under drought and heat stresses,J.Crop.Sci.Biotechnol.18(2015)137-146.
[20]F.Breseghello,M.Sorrells,QTL analysis of kernel size and shape in two hexaploid wheat mapping populations,Field Crop Res.101(2007)172-179.
[21]Y.Xiao,S.He,J.Yan,Y.Zhang,Y.Zhang,Y.Wu,X.Xia,J.Tian,W.Ji,Z.He,Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for kernel morphology traits in a non-1BL.1RS×1BL.1RS wheat cross,Crop Pasture Sci.62(2011)625-638.
[22]Y.Q.Wang,W.X.Xi,Z.M.Wang,B.Wang,X.X.Xu,M.K.Han,S.L.Zhou,Y.H.Zhang,Contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield under rainfed and irrigation conditions for winter wheat cultivars released in the past 30 years in North China plain,J.Integr.Agric.15(2016)2247-2256.
[23]G.Simpson,Association between grain yield per plant and photosynthetic area above flag leaf node in wheat,Can.J.Res.48(1968)253-260.
[24]P.Hsu,P.D.Walton,Relationships between yield and its components and structures above the flag leaf node in spring wheat,Crop Sci.11(1971)190-193.
[25]B.Ehdaie,G.Alloush,M.Madore,J.Waines,Genotypic variation for stem reserves and mobilization in wheat:II.Postanthesis changes in internode water-soluble carbohydrates,Crop Sci.46(2006)(2903-2013).
[26]J.J.Zhang,W.Chen,B.Dell,R.Vergauwen,X.M.Zhang,J.E.Mayer,W.van den Ende,Wheat genotypic variation in dynamic fluxes of WSC components in different stem segments under drought during grain filling,Front.Plant Sci.6(2015)624.
[27]G.P.Xue,C.L.McIntyre,A.R.Rattey,A.F.van Herwaarden,R.Shorter,Use of dry matter content as a rapid and low-cost estimate for ranking genotypic differences in water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the stem and leaf sheath of Triticum aestivum,Crop Pasture Sci.60(2009)51-59.
[28]S.Guo,H.Zhu,T.Dang,J.Wu,W.Liu,M.Hao,Y.Li,J.K.Syers,Winter wheat grain yield associated with precipitation distribution under long-term nitrogen fertilization in the semiarid loess plateau in China,Geoderma 189-190(2012)442-450.
[29]N.Q.Xing,Y.Q.Zhang,L.X.Wang,The Study on Dryland Agriculture in North China,China Agriculture Press,Beijing,2002(in Chinese).
[30]H.Dong,J.Bi,G.L.Xia,X.B.Zhou,Y.H.Chen,Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield at late growth stages of winter wheat,Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.8(2014)2259-2266(in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]I.D.Teare,C.J.Peterson,Surface area of chlorophyllcontaining tissue on the inflorescence of Triticum aestivum L,Crop Sci.11(1971)627-628.
[32]S.Qiu,L.Zhai,Assays on the surface area of ear and awn in winter wheat,Acta Agron.Sin.11(1985)138(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]D.J.Miralles,D.F.Calderini,K.P.Pomar,A.D'Ambrogio,Dwarfing genes and cell dimensions in different organs of wheat,J.Exp.Bot.49(1998)1119-1127.
[34]F.J.Richards,A flexible growth function for empirical use,J.Exp.Bot.10(1959)290-300.
[35]Y.Zhang,M.D.Hao,Y.H.Pang,Study on the grain-filling characteristic of the succession of wheat cultivars in the gully areas of the loess plateau,J.Triticeae Crops 28(2008)1058-1062(in Chinese with English abstract).
[36]M.Shahid,F.Mohammad,M.Tahir,Path coefficient analysis in wheat,Sarhad J.Agric.18(2002)383-388.
[37]H.G.Nass,B.Reiser,Grain filling period and grain yield relationships in spring wheat,Can.J.Plant Sci.55(1975)673-678.
[38]R.X.Wang,L.Hai,X.Y.Zhang,G.X.You,C.S.Yan,S.H.Xiao,QTL mapping for grain filling rate and yield-related traits in RILs of the Chinese winter wheat population Heshangmai×Yu8679,Theor.Appl.Genet.118(2009)313-325.
[39]L.He,S.Asseng,G.Zhao,D.Wu,X.Yang,W.Zhang,N.Jin,Q.Yu,Impacts of recent climate warming,cultivar changes,and crop management on winter wheat phenology across the Loess Plateau of China,Agric.For.Meteorol.200(2015)135-143.
[40]J.C.Yang,J.H.Zhang,Grain filling of cereals under soil drying,New Phytol.169(2006)223-236.
[41]L.L.Wang,J.A.Palta,W.Chen,Y.L.Chen,X.P.Deng,Nitrogen fertilization improved water-use efficiency of winter wheat through increasing water use during vegetative rather than grain filling,Agric.Water Manag.197(2018)41-53.
[42]P.J.Welbank,S.A.French,K.Witts,Dependence of yields of wheat varieties on their leaf area durations,Ann.Bot.30(1966)291-299.
[43]D.S.Falster,M.Westoby,Plant height and evolutionary games,Trends Ecol.Evol.18(2003)337-343.
[44]I.Khaliq,N.Parveen,M.A.Chowdhry,Correlation and path coefficient analyses in bread wheat,Int.J.Agric.Biol.6(2004)633-635.
[45]W.Chen,X.P.Deng,A.E.Eneji,L.L.Wang,Y.Xu,Y.J.Cheng,Dry-matter partitioning across parts of the wheat internode during the grain filling period as influenced by fertilizer and tillage treatments,Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.13(2014)1779-1812.
[46]D.Villegas,L.F.Garcia Del Moral,Y.Rharrabti,V.Martos,C.Royo,Morphological traits above the flag leaf node as indicators of drought susceptibility index in durum wheat,J.Agron.Crop Sci.193(2007)103-116.
[47]I.F.Wardlaw,Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment,Ann.Bot.90(2002)469-476.
[48]A.Blum,Improving wheat grain filling under stress by stem reserve mobilisation,Euphytica 100(1998)77-83.
[49]P.M.Berry,R.Sylvesterbradley,S.Berry,Ideotype design for lodging-resistant wheat,Euphytica 154(2007)165-179.
[50]D.Dodig,D.Ran?i?,B.V.Radovi?,M.Zori?,J.Savi?,V.Kandi?,I.Pe?inar,S.Stanojevi?,A.?e?lija,D.V.S.Peki?quarrie,Response of wheat plants under post-anthesis stress induced by defoliation:II.Contribution of peduncle morpho-anatomical traits and carbon reserves to grain yield,J.Agric.Sci.155(2016)475-493.
[51]M.J.Foulkes,R.Sylvester-Bradley,R.Weightman,J.W.Snape,Identifying physiological traits associated with improved drought resistance in winter wheat,Field Crop Res.103(2007)11-24.
[2]X.G.Zhu,S.P.Long,D.R.Ort,Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield,Annu.Rev.Plant Biol.61(2010)235-261.
[3]J.Pietragalla,Crop morphological traits,in:A.Pask,J.Pietragalla,D.Mullan,M.P.Reynolds(Eds.),Physiological Breeding II:A Field Guide to Wheat Phenotyping,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,Mexico,D.F 2012,pp.106-112.
[4]K.G.Briggs,A.Aytenfisu,Relationships between morphological characters above the flag leaf node and grain yield in spring wheats,Crop Sci.20(1980)350-354.
[5]S.H.Mohiuddin,L.I.Croy,Flag leaf and peduncle area duration in relation to winter wheat grain yield,Agron.J.72(1980)299-301.
[6]M.R.Simon,Inheritance of flag-leaf angle,flag-leaf area and flag-leaf area duration in four wheat crosses,Theor.Appl.Genet.98(1999)310-314.
[7]P.F.Li,Z.G.Cheng,B.L.Ma,J.A.Palta,H.Y.Kong,F.Mo,J.Y.Wang,Y.Zhu,G.C.Lv,A.Batool,Dryland wheat domestication changed the development of aboveground architecture for a well-structured canopy,PLoS One 9(2014),e95825..
[8]B.Shen,W.D.Yu,Y.J.Zhu,Y.Y.Fan,J.Y.Zhuang,Fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus,qFLL6.2,controlling flag leaf length and yield traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.),Euphytica 184(2012)57-64.
[9]G.Aschan,H.Pfanz,Non-foliar photosynthesis:a strategy of additional carbon acquisition,Flora 198(2003)81-97.
[10]M.L.Maydup,M.Antonietta,J.J.Guiamet,C.Graciano,J.R.López,E.A.Tambussi,The contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain filling in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),Field Crop Res.119(2010)48-58.
[11]L.Kong,F.Wang,B.Feng,S.Li,J.Si,B.Zhang,The structural and photosynthetic characteristics of the exposed peduncle of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.):an important photosynthate source for grain-filling,BMC Plant Biol.10(2010)141-151.
[12]L.A.Kong,Y.Xie,M.Z.Sun,J.S.Si,L.Hu,Comparison of the photosynthetic characteristics in the pericarp and flag leaves during wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)caryopsis development,Photosynthetica 54(2016)40-46.
[13]Y.P.Li,H.B.Li,Y.Y.Li,S.Q.Zhang,Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat,Crop J.5(2017)231-239.
[14]J.L.Araus,H.R.Brown,A.Febrero,J.Bort,M.D.Serret,Ear photosynthesis,carbon isotope discrimination and the contribution of respiratory CO2to differences in grain mass in durum wheat,Plant Cell Environ.16(1993)383-392.
[15]P.Kriedemann,The photosynthetic activity of the wheat ear,Ann.Bot.30(1966)349-363.
[16]Z.M.Wang,A.L.Wei,D.M.Zheng,Photosynthetic characteristics of non-leaf organs of winter wheat cultivars differing in ear type and their relationship with grain mass per ear,Photosynthetica 39(2001)239-244.
[17]E.A.Tambussi,J.Bort,J.J.Guiamet,S.Nogues,J.L.Araus,The photosynthetic role of ears in C3 cereals:metabolism,water use efficiency and contribution to grain yield,Crit.Rev.Plant Sci.26(2007)1-16.
[18]C.S.Pierre,R.Trethowan,M.Reynolds,Stem solidness and its relationship to water-soluble carbohydrates:association with wheat yield under water deficit,Funct.Plant Biol.37(2010)166-174.
[19]A.Sallam,M.Hashad,E.Hamed,M.Omara,Genetic variation of stem characters in wheat and their relation to kernel weight under drought and heat stresses,J.Crop.Sci.Biotechnol.18(2015)137-146.
[20]F.Breseghello,M.Sorrells,QTL analysis of kernel size and shape in two hexaploid wheat mapping populations,Field Crop Res.101(2007)172-179.
[21]Y.Xiao,S.He,J.Yan,Y.Zhang,Y.Zhang,Y.Wu,X.Xia,J.Tian,W.Ji,Z.He,Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for kernel morphology traits in a non-1BL.1RS×1BL.1RS wheat cross,Crop Pasture Sci.62(2011)625-638.
[22]Y.Q.Wang,W.X.Xi,Z.M.Wang,B.Wang,X.X.Xu,M.K.Han,S.L.Zhou,Y.H.Zhang,Contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield under rainfed and irrigation conditions for winter wheat cultivars released in the past 30 years in North China plain,J.Integr.Agric.15(2016)2247-2256.
[23]G.Simpson,Association between grain yield per plant and photosynthetic area above flag leaf node in wheat,Can.J.Res.48(1968)253-260.
[24]P.Hsu,P.D.Walton,Relationships between yield and its components and structures above the flag leaf node in spring wheat,Crop Sci.11(1971)190-193.
[25]B.Ehdaie,G.Alloush,M.Madore,J.Waines,Genotypic variation for stem reserves and mobilization in wheat:II.Postanthesis changes in internode water-soluble carbohydrates,Crop Sci.46(2006)(2903-2013).
[26]J.J.Zhang,W.Chen,B.Dell,R.Vergauwen,X.M.Zhang,J.E.Mayer,W.van den Ende,Wheat genotypic variation in dynamic fluxes of WSC components in different stem segments under drought during grain filling,Front.Plant Sci.6(2015)624.
[27]G.P.Xue,C.L.McIntyre,A.R.Rattey,A.F.van Herwaarden,R.Shorter,Use of dry matter content as a rapid and low-cost estimate for ranking genotypic differences in water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the stem and leaf sheath of Triticum aestivum,Crop Pasture Sci.60(2009)51-59.
[28]S.Guo,H.Zhu,T.Dang,J.Wu,W.Liu,M.Hao,Y.Li,J.K.Syers,Winter wheat grain yield associated with precipitation distribution under long-term nitrogen fertilization in the semiarid loess plateau in China,Geoderma 189-190(2012)442-450.
[29]N.Q.Xing,Y.Q.Zhang,L.X.Wang,The Study on Dryland Agriculture in North China,China Agriculture Press,Beijing,2002(in Chinese).
[30]H.Dong,J.Bi,G.L.Xia,X.B.Zhou,Y.H.Chen,Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield at late growth stages of winter wheat,Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.8(2014)2259-2266(in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]I.D.Teare,C.J.Peterson,Surface area of chlorophyllcontaining tissue on the inflorescence of Triticum aestivum L,Crop Sci.11(1971)627-628.
[32]S.Qiu,L.Zhai,Assays on the surface area of ear and awn in winter wheat,Acta Agron.Sin.11(1985)138(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]D.J.Miralles,D.F.Calderini,K.P.Pomar,A.D'Ambrogio,Dwarfing genes and cell dimensions in different organs of wheat,J.Exp.Bot.49(1998)1119-1127.
[34]F.J.Richards,A flexible growth function for empirical use,J.Exp.Bot.10(1959)290-300.
[35]Y.Zhang,M.D.Hao,Y.H.Pang,Study on the grain-filling characteristic of the succession of wheat cultivars in the gully areas of the loess plateau,J.Triticeae Crops 28(2008)1058-1062(in Chinese with English abstract).
[36]M.Shahid,F.Mohammad,M.Tahir,Path coefficient analysis in wheat,Sarhad J.Agric.18(2002)383-388.
[37]H.G.Nass,B.Reiser,Grain filling period and grain yield relationships in spring wheat,Can.J.Plant Sci.55(1975)673-678.
[38]R.X.Wang,L.Hai,X.Y.Zhang,G.X.You,C.S.Yan,S.H.Xiao,QTL mapping for grain filling rate and yield-related traits in RILs of the Chinese winter wheat population Heshangmai×Yu8679,Theor.Appl.Genet.118(2009)313-325.
[39]L.He,S.Asseng,G.Zhao,D.Wu,X.Yang,W.Zhang,N.Jin,Q.Yu,Impacts of recent climate warming,cultivar changes,and crop management on winter wheat phenology across the Loess Plateau of China,Agric.For.Meteorol.200(2015)135-143.
[40]J.C.Yang,J.H.Zhang,Grain filling of cereals under soil drying,New Phytol.169(2006)223-236.
[41]L.L.Wang,J.A.Palta,W.Chen,Y.L.Chen,X.P.Deng,Nitrogen fertilization improved water-use efficiency of winter wheat through increasing water use during vegetative rather than grain filling,Agric.Water Manag.197(2018)41-53.
[42]P.J.Welbank,S.A.French,K.Witts,Dependence of yields of wheat varieties on their leaf area durations,Ann.Bot.30(1966)291-299.
[43]D.S.Falster,M.Westoby,Plant height and evolutionary games,Trends Ecol.Evol.18(2003)337-343.
[44]I.Khaliq,N.Parveen,M.A.Chowdhry,Correlation and path coefficient analyses in bread wheat,Int.J.Agric.Biol.6(2004)633-635.
[45]W.Chen,X.P.Deng,A.E.Eneji,L.L.Wang,Y.Xu,Y.J.Cheng,Dry-matter partitioning across parts of the wheat internode during the grain filling period as influenced by fertilizer and tillage treatments,Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.13(2014)1779-1812.
[46]D.Villegas,L.F.Garcia Del Moral,Y.Rharrabti,V.Martos,C.Royo,Morphological traits above the flag leaf node as indicators of drought susceptibility index in durum wheat,J.Agron.Crop Sci.193(2007)103-116.
[47]I.F.Wardlaw,Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment,Ann.Bot.90(2002)469-476.
[48]A.Blum,Improving wheat grain filling under stress by stem reserve mobilisation,Euphytica 100(1998)77-83.
[49]P.M.Berry,R.Sylvesterbradley,S.Berry,Ideotype design for lodging-resistant wheat,Euphytica 154(2007)165-179.
[50]D.Dodig,D.Ran?i?,B.V.Radovi?,M.Zori?,J.Savi?,V.Kandi?,I.Pe?inar,S.Stanojevi?,A.?e?lija,D.V.S.Peki?quarrie,Response of wheat plants under post-anthesis stress induced by defoliation:II.Contribution of peduncle morpho-anatomical traits and carbon reserves to grain yield,J.Agric.Sci.155(2016)475-493.
[51]M.J.Foulkes,R.Sylvester-Bradley,R.Weightman,J.W.Snape,Identifying physiological traits associated with improved drought resistance in winter wheat,Field Crop Res.103(2007)11-24.