Selective excitation of a three-dimensionally oriented single plasmonic dipole
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摘要
We experimentally demonstrate a scheme to deterministically excite a three-dimensionally oriented electric dipole in a single Au nanosphere by using a tightly focused radially polarized beam whose focal field possesses polarization states along three-dimensional(3D) orientations owing to the spatial overlap between longitudinal and radial electric field components. Experiment observations indicate that the orientation of an excited dipole moment gradually changes from out-of-plane to in-plane when the nanosphere is moved away from the beam center, which is reconfirmed by full-wave simulations. Moreover, rigorous calculation based on Mie theory reveals that a reduced effective ambient permittivity accompanies the rotation of the dipole moment, leading to a blue-shifted and narrowed resonance peak. We envision that our results could find applications in detecting the 3D orientation of isolated molecules and benefit the fine manipulation of light–matter interactions at the single-molecule level.
We experimentally demonstrate a scheme to deterministically excite a three-dimensionally oriented electric dipole in a single Au nanosphere by using a tightly focused radially polarized beam whose focal field possesses polarization states along three-dimensional(3D) orientations owing to the spatial overlap between longitudinal and radial electric field components. Experiment observations indicate that the orientation of an excited dipole moment gradually changes from out-of-plane to in-plane when the nanosphere is moved away from the beam center, which is reconfirmed by full-wave simulations. Moreover, rigorous calculation based on Mie theory reveals that a reduced effective ambient permittivity accompanies the rotation of the dipole moment, leading to a blue-shifted and narrowed resonance peak. We envision that our results could find applications in detecting the 3D orientation of isolated molecules and benefit the fine manipulation of light–matter interactions at the single-molecule level.
We experimentally demonstrate a scheme to deterministically excite a three-dimensionally oriented electric dipole in a single Au nanosphere by using a tightly focused radially polarized beam whose focal field possesses polarization states along three-dimensional(3D) orientations owing to the spatial overlap between longitudinal and radial electric field components. Experiment observations indicate that the orientation of an excited dipole moment gradually changes from out-of-plane to in-plane when the nanosphere is moved away from the beam center, which is reconfirmed by full-wave simulations. Moreover, rigorous calculation based on Mie theory reveals that a reduced effective ambient permittivity accompanies the rotation of the dipole moment, leading to a blue-shifted and narrowed resonance peak. We envision that our results could find applications in detecting the 3D orientation of isolated molecules and benefit the fine manipulation of light–matter interactions at the single-molecule level.
引文
1.M.Premaratne and M.I.Stockman,“Theory and technology of SPASERs,”Adv.Opt.Photon.9,79-128(2017).
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8.Q.Ruan,L.Shao,Y.Shu,J.Wang,and H.Wu,“Growth of monodisperse gold nanospheres with diameters from 20 nm to 220 nm and their core/satellite nanostructures,”Adv.Opt.Mater.2,65-73(2014).
9.C.E.Talley,J.B.Jackson,C.Oubre,N.K.Grady,C.W.Hollars,S.M.Lane,T.R.Huser,P.Nordlander,and N.J.Halas,“Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual Au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates,”Nano Lett.5,1569-1574(2005).
10.S.Palomba and L.Novotny,“Near-field imaging with a localized nonlinear light source,”Nano Lett.9,3801-3804(2009).
11.J.Butet,J.Duboisset,G.Bachelier,I.Russierantoine,E.Benichou,C.Jonin,and P.O.Brevet,“Optical second harmonic generation of single metallic nanoparticles embedded in a homogeneous medium,”Nano Lett.10,1717-1721(2010).
12.C.Ciraci,R.T.Hill,J.J.Mock,Y.A.Urzhumov,A.I.Fernandezdominguez,S.A.Maier,J.B.Pendry,A.Chilkoti,and D.R.Smith,“Probing the ultimate limits of plasmonic enhancement,”Science 337,1072-1074(2012).
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14.R.Chikkaraddy,B.De Nijs,F.Benz,S.J.Barrow,O.A.Scherman,E.Rosta,A.Demetriadou,P.T.Fox,O.Hess,and J.J.Baumberg,“Single-molecule strong coupling at room temperature in plasmonic nanocavities,”Nature 535,127-130(2016).
15.B.Sick,B.Hecht,and L.Novotny,“Orientational imaging of single molecules by annular illumination,”Phys.Rev.Lett.85,4482-4485(2000).
16.I.Chung,K.T.Shimizu,and M.G.Bawendi,“Room temperature measurements of the 3D orientation of single CdSe quantum dots using polarization microscopy,”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 100,405-408(2003).
17.H.G.Frey,S.Witt,K.Felderer,and R.Guckenberger,“High-resolution imaging of single fluorescent molecules with the optical near-field of a metal tip,”Phys.Rev.Lett.93,200801(2004).
18.M.Ohmachi,Y.Komori,A.H.Iwane,F.Fujii,T.Jin,and T.Yanagida,“Fluorescence microscopy for simultaneous observation of 3D orientation and movement and its application to quantum rod-tagged myosin V,”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 109,5294-5298(2012).
19.S.A.Empedocles,R.Neuhauser,and M.G.Bawendi,“Threedimensional orientation measurements of symmetric single chromophores using polarization microscopy,”Nature 399,126-130(1999).
20.C.Van Vlack,P.T.Kristensen,and S.Hughes,“Spontaneous emission spectra and quantum light-matter interactions from a strongly coupled quantum dot metal-nanoparticle system,”Phys.Rev.B 85,075303(2012).
21.S.Kuhn,U.Hakanson,L.Rogobete,and V.Sandoghdar,“Enhancement of single-molecule fluorescence using a gold nanoparticle as an optical nanoantenna,”Phys.Rev.Lett.97,017402(2006).
22.T.Ming,H.Chen,R.Jiang,Q.Li,and J.Wang,“Plasmon-controlled fluorescence:beyond the intensity enhancement,”J.Phys.Chem.Lett.3,191-202(2012).
23.M.W.Knight,Y.Wu,J.B.Lassiter,P.Nordlander,and N.J.Halas,“Substrates matter:influence of an adjacent dielectric on an individual plasmonic nanoparticle,”Nano Lett.9,2188-2192(2009).
24.G.Li,Y.Zhang,and D.Y.Lei,“Hybrid plasmonic gap modes in metal film-coupled dimers and their physical origins revealed by polarization resolved dark field spectroscopy,”Nanoscale 8,7119-7126(2016).
25.X.Wang,Y.Li,J.Chen,C.Guo,J.Ding,and H.Wang,“A new type of vector fields with hybrid states of polarization,”Opt.Express 18,10786-10795(2010).
26.S.Liu,P.Li,T.Peng,and J.Zhao,“Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,”Opt.Express 20,21715-21721(2012).
27.H.Wang,L.Shi,B.Lukyanchuk,C.J.R.Sheppard,and C.T.Chong,“Creation of a needle of longitudinally polarized light in vacuum using binary optics,”Nat.Photonics 2,501-505(2008).
28.S.Jager,A.M.Kern,M.Hentschel,R.Jager,K.Braun,D.Zhang,H.Giessen,and A.J.Meixner,“Au nanotip as luminescent near-field probe,”Nano Lett.13,3566-3570(2013).
29.A.Yanai,M.Grajower,G.M.Lerman,M.Hentschel,H.Giessen,and U.Levy,“Near-and far-field properties of plasmonic oligomers under radially and azimuthally polarized light excitation,”ACS Nano8,4969-4974(2014).
30.F.Xiao,Y.Ren,W.Shang,W.Zhu,L.Han,H.Lu,T.Mei,M.Premaratne,and Z.Jianlin,“Sub-10 nm particle trapping enabled by a plasmonic dark mode,”Opt.Lett.43,3413-3416(2018).
31.J.Sanchoparramon and D.Jelovina,“Boosting Fano resonances in single layered concentric core-shell particles,”Nanoscale 6,13555-13564(2014).
32.S.Person,M.Jain,Z.J.Lapin,J.J.Saenz,G.W.Wicks,and L.Novotny,“Demonstration of zero optical backscattering from single nanoparticles,”Nano Lett.13,1806-1809(2013).
33.F.Xiao,W.Shang,W.Zhu,L.Han,M.Premaratne,T.Mei,and J.Zhao,“Cylindrical vector beam-excited frequency-tunable second harmonic generation in a plasmonic octamer,”Photon.Res.6,157-161(2018).
34.P.B.Johnson and R.W.Christy,“Optical constants of the noble metals,”Phys.Rev.B 6,4370-4379(1972).
35.V.Myroshnychenko,J.Rodriguezfernandez,I.Pastorizasantos,A.M.Funston,C.Novo,P.Mulvaney,L.M.Lizmarzan,and F.J.G.De Abajo,“Modelling the optical response of gold nanoparticles,”Chem.Soc.Rev.37,1792-1805(2008).
36.H.Kuwata,H.Tamaru,K.Esumi,and K.Miyano,“Resonant light scattering from metal nanoparticles:practical analysis beyond Rayleigh approximation,”Appl.Phys.Lett.83,4625-4627(2003).
2.K.Kneipp,H.Kneipp,I.Itzkan,R.R.Dasari,and M.S.Feld,“Ultrasensitive chemical analysis by Raman spectroscopy,”Chem.Rev.99,2957-2976(1999).
3.K.Okamoto,I.Niki,A.Shvartser,Y.Narukawa,T.Mukai,and A.Scherer,“Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,”Nat.Mater.3,601-605(2004).
4.V.Giannini,A.I.Fernandezdominguez,S.C.Heck,and S.A.Maier,“Plasmonic nanoantennas:fundamentals and their use in controlling the radiative properties of nanoemitters,”Chem.Rev.111,3888-3912(2011).
5.R.Pala,J.S.White,E.S.Barnard,J.S.Q.Liu,and M.L.Brongersma,“Design of plasmonic thin-film solar cells with broadband absorption enhancements,”Adv.Mater.21,3504-3509(2009).
6.X.M.Zhang,Y.L.Chen,R.S.Liu,and D.P.Tsai,“Plasmonic photocatalysis,”Rep.Prog.Phys.76,046401(2013).
7.J.N.Anker,W.P.Hall,O.Lyandres,N.C.Shah,J.Zhao,and R.P.Van Duyne,“Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors,”Nat.Mater.7,442-453(2008).
8.Q.Ruan,L.Shao,Y.Shu,J.Wang,and H.Wu,“Growth of monodisperse gold nanospheres with diameters from 20 nm to 220 nm and their core/satellite nanostructures,”Adv.Opt.Mater.2,65-73(2014).
9.C.E.Talley,J.B.Jackson,C.Oubre,N.K.Grady,C.W.Hollars,S.M.Lane,T.R.Huser,P.Nordlander,and N.J.Halas,“Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual Au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates,”Nano Lett.5,1569-1574(2005).
10.S.Palomba and L.Novotny,“Near-field imaging with a localized nonlinear light source,”Nano Lett.9,3801-3804(2009).
11.J.Butet,J.Duboisset,G.Bachelier,I.Russierantoine,E.Benichou,C.Jonin,and P.O.Brevet,“Optical second harmonic generation of single metallic nanoparticles embedded in a homogeneous medium,”Nano Lett.10,1717-1721(2010).
12.C.Ciraci,R.T.Hill,J.J.Mock,Y.A.Urzhumov,A.I.Fernandezdominguez,S.A.Maier,J.B.Pendry,A.Chilkoti,and D.R.Smith,“Probing the ultimate limits of plasmonic enhancement,”Science 337,1072-1074(2012).
13.F.Benz,M.K.Schmidt,A.Dreismann,R.Chikkaraddy,Y.Zhang,A.Demetriadou,C.Carnegie,H.Ohadi,B.De Nijs,and R.Esteban,“Single-molecule optomechanics in“picocavities”,”Science 354,726-729(2016).
14.R.Chikkaraddy,B.De Nijs,F.Benz,S.J.Barrow,O.A.Scherman,E.Rosta,A.Demetriadou,P.T.Fox,O.Hess,and J.J.Baumberg,“Single-molecule strong coupling at room temperature in plasmonic nanocavities,”Nature 535,127-130(2016).
15.B.Sick,B.Hecht,and L.Novotny,“Orientational imaging of single molecules by annular illumination,”Phys.Rev.Lett.85,4482-4485(2000).
16.I.Chung,K.T.Shimizu,and M.G.Bawendi,“Room temperature measurements of the 3D orientation of single CdSe quantum dots using polarization microscopy,”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 100,405-408(2003).
17.H.G.Frey,S.Witt,K.Felderer,and R.Guckenberger,“High-resolution imaging of single fluorescent molecules with the optical near-field of a metal tip,”Phys.Rev.Lett.93,200801(2004).
18.M.Ohmachi,Y.Komori,A.H.Iwane,F.Fujii,T.Jin,and T.Yanagida,“Fluorescence microscopy for simultaneous observation of 3D orientation and movement and its application to quantum rod-tagged myosin V,”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 109,5294-5298(2012).
19.S.A.Empedocles,R.Neuhauser,and M.G.Bawendi,“Threedimensional orientation measurements of symmetric single chromophores using polarization microscopy,”Nature 399,126-130(1999).
20.C.Van Vlack,P.T.Kristensen,and S.Hughes,“Spontaneous emission spectra and quantum light-matter interactions from a strongly coupled quantum dot metal-nanoparticle system,”Phys.Rev.B 85,075303(2012).
21.S.Kuhn,U.Hakanson,L.Rogobete,and V.Sandoghdar,“Enhancement of single-molecule fluorescence using a gold nanoparticle as an optical nanoantenna,”Phys.Rev.Lett.97,017402(2006).
22.T.Ming,H.Chen,R.Jiang,Q.Li,and J.Wang,“Plasmon-controlled fluorescence:beyond the intensity enhancement,”J.Phys.Chem.Lett.3,191-202(2012).
23.M.W.Knight,Y.Wu,J.B.Lassiter,P.Nordlander,and N.J.Halas,“Substrates matter:influence of an adjacent dielectric on an individual plasmonic nanoparticle,”Nano Lett.9,2188-2192(2009).
24.G.Li,Y.Zhang,and D.Y.Lei,“Hybrid plasmonic gap modes in metal film-coupled dimers and their physical origins revealed by polarization resolved dark field spectroscopy,”Nanoscale 8,7119-7126(2016).
25.X.Wang,Y.Li,J.Chen,C.Guo,J.Ding,and H.Wang,“A new type of vector fields with hybrid states of polarization,”Opt.Express 18,10786-10795(2010).
26.S.Liu,P.Li,T.Peng,and J.Zhao,“Generation of arbitrary spatially variant polarization beams with a trapezoid Sagnac interferometer,”Opt.Express 20,21715-21721(2012).
27.H.Wang,L.Shi,B.Lukyanchuk,C.J.R.Sheppard,and C.T.Chong,“Creation of a needle of longitudinally polarized light in vacuum using binary optics,”Nat.Photonics 2,501-505(2008).
28.S.Jager,A.M.Kern,M.Hentschel,R.Jager,K.Braun,D.Zhang,H.Giessen,and A.J.Meixner,“Au nanotip as luminescent near-field probe,”Nano Lett.13,3566-3570(2013).
29.A.Yanai,M.Grajower,G.M.Lerman,M.Hentschel,H.Giessen,and U.Levy,“Near-and far-field properties of plasmonic oligomers under radially and azimuthally polarized light excitation,”ACS Nano8,4969-4974(2014).
30.F.Xiao,Y.Ren,W.Shang,W.Zhu,L.Han,H.Lu,T.Mei,M.Premaratne,and Z.Jianlin,“Sub-10 nm particle trapping enabled by a plasmonic dark mode,”Opt.Lett.43,3413-3416(2018).
31.J.Sanchoparramon and D.Jelovina,“Boosting Fano resonances in single layered concentric core-shell particles,”Nanoscale 6,13555-13564(2014).
32.S.Person,M.Jain,Z.J.Lapin,J.J.Saenz,G.W.Wicks,and L.Novotny,“Demonstration of zero optical backscattering from single nanoparticles,”Nano Lett.13,1806-1809(2013).
33.F.Xiao,W.Shang,W.Zhu,L.Han,M.Premaratne,T.Mei,and J.Zhao,“Cylindrical vector beam-excited frequency-tunable second harmonic generation in a plasmonic octamer,”Photon.Res.6,157-161(2018).
34.P.B.Johnson and R.W.Christy,“Optical constants of the noble metals,”Phys.Rev.B 6,4370-4379(1972).
35.V.Myroshnychenko,J.Rodriguezfernandez,I.Pastorizasantos,A.M.Funston,C.Novo,P.Mulvaney,L.M.Lizmarzan,and F.J.G.De Abajo,“Modelling the optical response of gold nanoparticles,”Chem.Soc.Rev.37,1792-1805(2008).
36.H.Kuwata,H.Tamaru,K.Esumi,and K.Miyano,“Resonant light scattering from metal nanoparticles:practical analysis beyond Rayleigh approximation,”Appl.Phys.Lett.83,4625-4627(2003).