Preparation of WO_3 thin films by dip film-drawing for photoelectrochemical performance
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摘要
Here we report the WO_3 thin films on F-doped SnO_2 conducting glass(FTO) substrates which were prepared by using dip film-drawing method. Dip film-drawing was a simple, convenient, economical method and in largescale to prepare photoanodes for future applications. The FTO substrates were dipped in tungstic acid solution then film-drawn included 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 times for prepared different thicknesses of WO_3 thin film photoanodes. Then the photoanodes were employed as the electrodes in photoelectrochemical property measurements, which include scan linear sweep, repeated on/off illumination cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and incident photon to current conversion efficiency, respectively. The results showed that the WO_3 thin films dipped 9 times with 175 nm thicknesses had the best photoelectrochemical performance of 0.067 mA·cm~/(-2) at 1.23 V versus RHE.
Here we report the WO_3 thin films on F-doped SnO_2 conducting glass(FTO) substrates which were prepared by using dip film-drawing method. Dip film-drawing was a simple, convenient, economical method and in largescale to prepare photoanodes for future applications. The FTO substrates were dipped in tungstic acid solution then film-drawn included 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 times for prepared different thicknesses of WO_3 thin film photoanodes. Then the photoanodes were employed as the electrodes in photoelectrochemical property measurements, which include scan linear sweep, repeated on/off illumination cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and incident photon to current conversion efficiency, respectively. The results showed that the WO_3 thin films dipped 9 times with 175 nm thicknesses had the best photoelectrochemical performance of 0.067 mA·cm~/(-2) at 1.23 V versus RHE.
Here we report the WO_3 thin films on F-doped SnO_2 conducting glass(FTO) substrates which were prepared by using dip film-drawing method. Dip film-drawing was a simple, convenient, economical method and in largescale to prepare photoanodes for future applications. The FTO substrates were dipped in tungstic acid solution then film-drawn included 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 times for prepared different thicknesses of WO_3 thin film photoanodes. Then the photoanodes were employed as the electrodes in photoelectrochemical property measurements, which include scan linear sweep, repeated on/off illumination cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and incident photon to current conversion efficiency, respectively. The results showed that the WO_3 thin films dipped 9 times with 175 nm thicknesses had the best photoelectrochemical performance of 0.067 mA·cm~/(-2) at 1.23 V versus RHE.
引文
[1]X.J.Feng,K.Shankar,O.K.Varghese,M.Paulose,T.J.Latempa,C.A.Grimes,Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass:synthesis details and applications,Nano Lett.8(2008)3781-3786.
[2]X.Y.Yang,A.Wolcott,G.M.Wang,A.Sobo,R.C.Fitzmorris,F.Qian,J.Z.Zhang,Y.Li,Nitrogen-doped ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting,Nano Lett.9(2009)2331-2336.
[3]A.A.Bousahla,S.Benyoucef,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,On thermal stability of plates with functionally graded coefficient of thermal expansion,Struct.Eng.Mech.60(2)(2016)313-335.
[4]John A.Turner,Chemistry.A nickel finish protects silicon photoanodes for water splitting,Science 342(2013)811-812.
[5]B.Bouderba,M.S.A.Houari,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,Thermal stability of functionally graded sandwich plates using a simple shear deformation theory,Struct.Eng.Mech.58(3)(2016)397-422.
[6]H.L.Wang,T.Lindgren,J.J.He,A.Hagfeldt,S.E.Lindquist,Photolelectrochemistry of nanostructured WO3thin film electrodes for water oxidation:Mechanism of electron transport,J.Phys.Chem.B 104(2000)5686-5696.
[7]C.Santato,M.Odziemkowski,M.Ulmann,J.Augustynski,Crystallographically oriented Mesoporous WO3films:Synthesis,characterization,and applications,J.Am.Chem.Soc.123(2001)10639-10649.
[8]C.G.Granqvist,Electrochromics for smart windows:Oxide based thin films and devices,Thin Solid Films 564(2014)1-38.
[9]A.Menasria,A.Bouhadra,A.Tounsi,A.A.Bousahla,S.R.Mahmoud,A new and simple HSDT for thermal stability analysis of FG sandwich plates,Steel Compos.Struct.25(2)(2017)157-175.
[10]C.Park,S.Seo,H.Shin,B.D.Sarwade,J.Na,E.Kim,Switchable silver mirrors with long memory effects,Chem.Sci.6(2015)596-602.
[11]J.Z.Su,X.J.Feng,J.D.Sloppy,L.J.Guo,C.A.Grimes,Vertically aligned WO3nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass:Synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties,Nano Lett.11(2011)203-208.
[12]G.M.Wang,Y.C.Ling,H.Y.Wang,X.Y.Yang,C.C.Wang,J.Z.Zhang,Y.Li,Hydrogentreated WO3nanoflakes show enhanced photostability,Energy Environ.Sci.5(2012)6180-6187.
[13]D.B.Xu,W.D.Shi,C.J.Song,M.Chen,S.B.Yang,W.Q.Fan,B.Y.Chen,In-situ synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of visible-light-driven plasmonic Ag/AgCl/Na TaO3nanocubes photocatalysts,Appl.Catal.B Environ.191(2016)228-234.
[14]Y.Shen,T.Yamazaki,Z.Liu,D.Meng,T.Kikuta,N.Nakatani,Influence of effective surface area on gas sensing properties of WO3sputtered thin films,Thin Solid Films 517(2009)2069-2072.
[15]J.Zhang,J.P.Tu,X.H.Xia,X.L.Wang,C.D.Gu,Hydrothermally synthesized WO3nanowire arrays with highly improved electrochromic performance,J.Mater.Chem.21(2011)5492-5498.
[16]J.M.Wang,E.Khoo,P.S.Lee,J.Ma,Controlled synthesis of WO3nanorods and their electrochromic properties in H2SO4,J.Phys.Chem.C 113(2009)9655-9658.
[17]M.Alsawafta,Y.M.Golestani,T.Phonemac,S.Badilescu,V.Stancovski,V.V.Truong,Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Synthesized Macroporous Tungsten Oxide Films Doped with Gold Nanoparticles,J.Electrochem.Soc.5(2014)276-283.
[18]H.Chen,N.Xu,S.Deng,J.Zhou,Z.Li,H.Ren,J.Chen,J.She,Electrochromic properties of WO3nanowire films and mechanism responsible for the near infrared absorption,J.Appl.Phys.101(2007)114303-114308.
[19]S.H.Lee,R.Deshpande,P.A.Parilla,K.M.Jones,B.To,A.H.Mahan,A.C.Dillon,Crystalline WO3nanoparticles for highly improved electrochromic applications,Adv.Mater.18(2006)763-766.
[20]H.S.Shim,J.W.Kim,Y.E.Sung,W.B.Kim,Electrochromic properties of tungsten oxide nanowires fabricated by electrospinning method,Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells93(2009)2062-2068.
[21]Q.Jia,K.Iwashina,A.Kudo,Facile fabrication of an efficient BiVO4thin film electrode for water splitting under visible light irradiation,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.109(2012)11564-11569.
[22]S.Hernández,S.M.Thalluri,A.Sacco,S.Bensaid,G.Saracco,N.Russo,Photo-catalytic activity of BiVO4thin-film electrodes for solar-driven water splitting,Appl.Catal.AGen.504(2015)266-271.
[23]D.B.Xu,S.B.Yang,Y.Jin,M.Chen,W.Q.Fan,B.F.Luo,W.D.Shi,Ag-Decorated ATaO(3)(A=K,Na)nanocube plasmonic photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic water-splitting properties,Langmuir 31(2015)9694-9699.
[24]A.Attia,A.A.Bousahla,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,A.S.Alwabli,A refined four variable plate theory for thermoelastic analysis of FGM plates resting on variable elastic foundations,Struct.Eng.Mech.65(2018)453-464.
[25]J.H.Park,J.S.Kang,I.Y.Cha,J.Kim,K.J.Lee,Y.E.Sung,Preparation of WO3thin film by successive dip coating for electrochromic and photoelectrochromic devices,Bull.Kor.Chem.Soc.36(2015)2213-2220.
[26]W.Q.Fan,C.Chen,H.Y.Bai,B.F.Luo,H.Q.Shen,W.D.Shi,Fabrication of TiO2/RGO/Cu2O heterostructure for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production,Appl.Catal.BEnviron.195(2016)9-15.
[27]M.Bourada,A.Kaci,M.S.A.Houari,A.Tounsi,A new simple shear and normal deformations theory for functionally graded beams,Steel Compos.Struct.18(2)(2015)409-423.
[28]H.Hebali,A.Tounsi,M.S.A.Houari,A.Bessaim,E.A.A.Bedia,New Quasi-3D hyperbolic shear deformation theory for the static and free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates,J.Eng.Mech.140(2014)374-383.
[29]Y.Beldjelili,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,Hygro-thermo-mechanical bending of S-FGMplates resting on variable elastic foundations using a four-variable trigonometric plate theory,Smart Struct.Syst.18(4)(2016)755-786.
[2]X.Y.Yang,A.Wolcott,G.M.Wang,A.Sobo,R.C.Fitzmorris,F.Qian,J.Z.Zhang,Y.Li,Nitrogen-doped ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting,Nano Lett.9(2009)2331-2336.
[3]A.A.Bousahla,S.Benyoucef,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,On thermal stability of plates with functionally graded coefficient of thermal expansion,Struct.Eng.Mech.60(2)(2016)313-335.
[4]John A.Turner,Chemistry.A nickel finish protects silicon photoanodes for water splitting,Science 342(2013)811-812.
[5]B.Bouderba,M.S.A.Houari,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,Thermal stability of functionally graded sandwich plates using a simple shear deformation theory,Struct.Eng.Mech.58(3)(2016)397-422.
[6]H.L.Wang,T.Lindgren,J.J.He,A.Hagfeldt,S.E.Lindquist,Photolelectrochemistry of nanostructured WO3thin film electrodes for water oxidation:Mechanism of electron transport,J.Phys.Chem.B 104(2000)5686-5696.
[7]C.Santato,M.Odziemkowski,M.Ulmann,J.Augustynski,Crystallographically oriented Mesoporous WO3films:Synthesis,characterization,and applications,J.Am.Chem.Soc.123(2001)10639-10649.
[8]C.G.Granqvist,Electrochromics for smart windows:Oxide based thin films and devices,Thin Solid Films 564(2014)1-38.
[9]A.Menasria,A.Bouhadra,A.Tounsi,A.A.Bousahla,S.R.Mahmoud,A new and simple HSDT for thermal stability analysis of FG sandwich plates,Steel Compos.Struct.25(2)(2017)157-175.
[10]C.Park,S.Seo,H.Shin,B.D.Sarwade,J.Na,E.Kim,Switchable silver mirrors with long memory effects,Chem.Sci.6(2015)596-602.
[11]J.Z.Su,X.J.Feng,J.D.Sloppy,L.J.Guo,C.A.Grimes,Vertically aligned WO3nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass:Synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties,Nano Lett.11(2011)203-208.
[12]G.M.Wang,Y.C.Ling,H.Y.Wang,X.Y.Yang,C.C.Wang,J.Z.Zhang,Y.Li,Hydrogentreated WO3nanoflakes show enhanced photostability,Energy Environ.Sci.5(2012)6180-6187.
[13]D.B.Xu,W.D.Shi,C.J.Song,M.Chen,S.B.Yang,W.Q.Fan,B.Y.Chen,In-situ synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of visible-light-driven plasmonic Ag/AgCl/Na TaO3nanocubes photocatalysts,Appl.Catal.B Environ.191(2016)228-234.
[14]Y.Shen,T.Yamazaki,Z.Liu,D.Meng,T.Kikuta,N.Nakatani,Influence of effective surface area on gas sensing properties of WO3sputtered thin films,Thin Solid Films 517(2009)2069-2072.
[15]J.Zhang,J.P.Tu,X.H.Xia,X.L.Wang,C.D.Gu,Hydrothermally synthesized WO3nanowire arrays with highly improved electrochromic performance,J.Mater.Chem.21(2011)5492-5498.
[16]J.M.Wang,E.Khoo,P.S.Lee,J.Ma,Controlled synthesis of WO3nanorods and their electrochromic properties in H2SO4,J.Phys.Chem.C 113(2009)9655-9658.
[17]M.Alsawafta,Y.M.Golestani,T.Phonemac,S.Badilescu,V.Stancovski,V.V.Truong,Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Synthesized Macroporous Tungsten Oxide Films Doped with Gold Nanoparticles,J.Electrochem.Soc.5(2014)276-283.
[18]H.Chen,N.Xu,S.Deng,J.Zhou,Z.Li,H.Ren,J.Chen,J.She,Electrochromic properties of WO3nanowire films and mechanism responsible for the near infrared absorption,J.Appl.Phys.101(2007)114303-114308.
[19]S.H.Lee,R.Deshpande,P.A.Parilla,K.M.Jones,B.To,A.H.Mahan,A.C.Dillon,Crystalline WO3nanoparticles for highly improved electrochromic applications,Adv.Mater.18(2006)763-766.
[20]H.S.Shim,J.W.Kim,Y.E.Sung,W.B.Kim,Electrochromic properties of tungsten oxide nanowires fabricated by electrospinning method,Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells93(2009)2062-2068.
[21]Q.Jia,K.Iwashina,A.Kudo,Facile fabrication of an efficient BiVO4thin film electrode for water splitting under visible light irradiation,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.109(2012)11564-11569.
[22]S.Hernández,S.M.Thalluri,A.Sacco,S.Bensaid,G.Saracco,N.Russo,Photo-catalytic activity of BiVO4thin-film electrodes for solar-driven water splitting,Appl.Catal.AGen.504(2015)266-271.
[23]D.B.Xu,S.B.Yang,Y.Jin,M.Chen,W.Q.Fan,B.F.Luo,W.D.Shi,Ag-Decorated ATaO(3)(A=K,Na)nanocube plasmonic photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic water-splitting properties,Langmuir 31(2015)9694-9699.
[24]A.Attia,A.A.Bousahla,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,A.S.Alwabli,A refined four variable plate theory for thermoelastic analysis of FGM plates resting on variable elastic foundations,Struct.Eng.Mech.65(2018)453-464.
[25]J.H.Park,J.S.Kang,I.Y.Cha,J.Kim,K.J.Lee,Y.E.Sung,Preparation of WO3thin film by successive dip coating for electrochromic and photoelectrochromic devices,Bull.Kor.Chem.Soc.36(2015)2213-2220.
[26]W.Q.Fan,C.Chen,H.Y.Bai,B.F.Luo,H.Q.Shen,W.D.Shi,Fabrication of TiO2/RGO/Cu2O heterostructure for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production,Appl.Catal.BEnviron.195(2016)9-15.
[27]M.Bourada,A.Kaci,M.S.A.Houari,A.Tounsi,A new simple shear and normal deformations theory for functionally graded beams,Steel Compos.Struct.18(2)(2015)409-423.
[28]H.Hebali,A.Tounsi,M.S.A.Houari,A.Bessaim,E.A.A.Bedia,New Quasi-3D hyperbolic shear deformation theory for the static and free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates,J.Eng.Mech.140(2014)374-383.
[29]Y.Beldjelili,A.Tounsi,S.R.Mahmoud,Hygro-thermo-mechanical bending of S-FGMplates resting on variable elastic foundations using a four-variable trigonometric plate theory,Smart Struct.Syst.18(4)(2016)755-786.