A preliminary study on an upper ocean heat and salt content of the western Pacific warm pool region
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摘要
On the basis of Argo profile data of the temperature and salinity from January 2001 to July 2014, the spatial distributions of an upper ocean heat content(OHC) and ocean salt content(OSC) of the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) region and their seasonal and interannual variations are studied by a cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function(CSEOF) decomposition, a maximum entropy spectral analysis, and a correlation analysis.Probable reasons for variations are discussed. The results show the following.(1) The OHC variations in the subsurface layer of the WPWP are much greater than those in the surface layer. On the contrary, the OSC variations are mainly in the surface layer, while the subsurface layer varies little.(2) Compared with the OSC, the OHC of the WPWP region is more affected by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) events. The CSEOF analysis shows that the OHC pattern in mode 1 has strong interannual oscillation, with eastern and western parts opposite in phase. The distribution of the OSC has a positive-negative-positive tripole pattern. Time series analysis shows that the OHC has three phase adjustments with the occurrence of ENSO events after 2007, while the OSC only had one such adjustment during the same period. Further analysis indicates that the OHC variations are mainly caused by ENSO events, local winds, and zonal currents, whereas the OSC variations are caused by much more complex reasons. Two of these, the zonal current and a freshwater flux, have a positive feedback on the OSC change in the WPWP region.
On the basis of Argo profile data of the temperature and salinity from January 2001 to July 2014, the spatial distributions of an upper ocean heat content(OHC) and ocean salt content(OSC) of the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) region and their seasonal and interannual variations are studied by a cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function(CSEOF) decomposition, a maximum entropy spectral analysis, and a correlation analysis.Probable reasons for variations are discussed. The results show the following.(1) The OHC variations in the subsurface layer of the WPWP are much greater than those in the surface layer. On the contrary, the OSC variations are mainly in the surface layer, while the subsurface layer varies little.(2) Compared with the OSC, the OHC of the WPWP region is more affected by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) events. The CSEOF analysis shows that the OHC pattern in mode 1 has strong interannual oscillation, with eastern and western parts opposite in phase. The distribution of the OSC has a positive-negative-positive tripole pattern. Time series analysis shows that the OHC has three phase adjustments with the occurrence of ENSO events after 2007, while the OSC only had one such adjustment during the same period. Further analysis indicates that the OHC variations are mainly caused by ENSO events, local winds, and zonal currents, whereas the OSC variations are caused by much more complex reasons. Two of these, the zonal current and a freshwater flux, have a positive feedback on the OSC change in the WPWP region.
On the basis of Argo profile data of the temperature and salinity from January 2001 to July 2014, the spatial distributions of an upper ocean heat content(OHC) and ocean salt content(OSC) of the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) region and their seasonal and interannual variations are studied by a cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function(CSEOF) decomposition, a maximum entropy spectral analysis, and a correlation analysis.Probable reasons for variations are discussed. The results show the following.(1) The OHC variations in the subsurface layer of the WPWP are much greater than those in the surface layer. On the contrary, the OSC variations are mainly in the surface layer, while the subsurface layer varies little.(2) Compared with the OSC, the OHC of the WPWP region is more affected by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) events. The CSEOF analysis shows that the OHC pattern in mode 1 has strong interannual oscillation, with eastern and western parts opposite in phase. The distribution of the OSC has a positive-negative-positive tripole pattern. Time series analysis shows that the OHC has three phase adjustments with the occurrence of ENSO events after 2007, while the OSC only had one such adjustment during the same period. Further analysis indicates that the OHC variations are mainly caused by ENSO events, local winds, and zonal currents, whereas the OSC variations are caused by much more complex reasons. Two of these, the zonal current and a freshwater flux, have a positive feedback on the OSC change in the WPWP region.
引文
Abraham J P,Baringer M,Bindoff N L,et al.2013.A review of global ocean temperature observations:Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change.Reviews of Geophysics,51(3):450-483,doi:10.1002/rog.20022
Broecker W S.1991.The great ocean conveyor.Oceanography,4(2):79-89,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Cane M A,Zebiak S E.1985.A theory of El Ni?o and the Southern Oscillation.Science,228(4703):1085-1087,doi:10.1126/science.228.4703.1085
Cayan D R.1992.Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans:driving the sea surface temperature.Journal of Physical Oceanography,22(8):859-881,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<0859:LASHFA>2.0.CO;2
Chao Jiping.2001.New understandings of the development of El Ni?o and La Ni?a events.Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,16(6):412-417
Chao Jiping,Yuan Shaoyu,Chao Qingchen,et al.2003.The origin of warm water mass in warm pool subsurface of the western tropical Pacific-The analysis of the 1997-1998 El Ni?o.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,27(2):145-151
Clarke A J,Wang Jianguo,van Gorder S.2000.A simple warm-pool displacement enso model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,30(7):1679-1691,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1679:AS-WPDE>2.0.CO;2
Delcroix T,Gourdeau L,Hénin C.1998.Sea surface salinity changes along the Fiji-Japan shipping track during the 1996 La Ni?a and1997 El Ni?o period.Geophysical Research Letters,25(16):3169-3172,doi:10.1029/98GL02320
Delcroix T,Henin C,Porte V,et al.1996.Precipitation and sea-surface salinity in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Deep Sea Research:Part I.Oceanographic Research Papers,43(7):1123-1141,doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00048-9
Godfrey J S,Houze R A Jr,Johnson R H,et al.1998.Coupled ccean-atmosphere response experiment(COARE):an interim report.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,103(C7):14395-14450,doi:10.1029/97JC03120
Gouriou Y,Delcroix T.2002.Seasonal and ENSO variations of sea surface salinity and temperature in the South Pacific Convergence Zone during 1976-2000.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,107(C12):8011
Harvey H W.1945.Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Sea Water.Britain:Cambridge University Press,164
Hosoda S,Ohira T,Nakamura T.2008.A monthly mean dataset of global oceanic temperature and salinity derived from Argo float observations.JAMSTEC Report of Research and Development,8:47-59,doi:10.5918/jamstecr.8.47
Jin Feifei.1997a.An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO:Part I.Conceptualmodel.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(7):811-829,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0811:AEOR-PF>2.0.CO;2
Jin Feifei.1997b.An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO:Part Ⅱ.A stripped-down coupled model.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(7):830-847,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0830:AEORPF>2.0.CO;2
Kelly K A.2004.The relationship between oceanic heat transport and surface fluxes in the western north Pacific:1970-2000.Journal of Climate,17(3):573-588,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0573:TRBOHT>2.0.CO;2
Kim K Y,Cheng C L.2001.On the evolution of the annual cycle in the tropical Pacific.Journal of Climate,14(5):991-994,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0991:OTEOTA>2.0.CO;2
Kim K Y,Gerald R N.1997.EOFs of harmonizable cyclostationary processes.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(19):2416-2427,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2416:EOHCP>2.0.CO;2
Kim K Y,Wu Qigang.1999.A comparison study of EOF techniques:analysis of nonstationary data with periodic statistics.Journal of Climate,12(1):185-199,doi:10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.185
Levitus S.1986.Annual cycle of salinity and salt storage in the world ocean.Journal of Physical Oceanography,16(2):322-343,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<0322:ACOSAS>2.0.CO;2
Lin Chuanlan.1990.Some features of heat content changes of the oceanic upper layer in northwest Pacific during 1964-1982.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,9(2):78-85
Lyman J M,Johnson G C.2008.Estimating annual global upperocean heat content anomalies despite irregular in situ ocean sampling.Journal of Climate,21(21):5629-5641,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2259.1
Lyman J M,Willis J K,Johnson G C.2006.Recent cooling of the upper ocean.Geophysical Research Letters,33(18):L18604
McPhaden M J,Picaut J.1990.El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation,displacement of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool.Science,250(4986):1385-1388,doi:10.1126/science.250.4986.1385
Moon J H,Song Y T.2013.Sea level and heat content changes in the western north Pacific.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,118(4):2014-2022,doi:10.1002/jgrc.20096
Mu Mingquan,Li Chongyin.2000.Interactions between subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in the western Pacific warm pool and ENSO cycle.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,24(4):447-460
Palmer M D,Hanines K.2009.Estimating oceanic heat content change using isotherms.Journal of Climate,22(19):4953-4969,doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2823.1
Picaut J,Ioualalen M,Menkes C,et al.1996.Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the pacific warm pool:implications for ENSO.Science,274(5292):1486-1489,doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1486
Picaut J,Masia F,Penhoat Y.1997.An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO.Science,277(5326):663-666,doi:10.1126/science.277.5326.663
Pu Shuzhen,Yu Fei,Hu Xiaomin,et al.2003.Spatial and temporal variability of heat content above the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,22(2):179-190
Qi Qinghua,Hou Yijun,Zhang Qilong.2010.Zonal wind stress and current anomalies in equatorial Pacific Ocean and the zonal displacement of western Pacific warm pool.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,41(3):469-476
Reverdin G,Frankignoul C,Kestenare E,et al.1994.Seasonal variability in the surface currents of the equatorial Pacific.Journal of Geophysical Research,99(C10):20323-20344,doi:10.1029/94JC01477
Suarez M J,Schopf P S.1988.A delayed action oscillator for ENSO.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,45(21):3283-3287,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3283:ADAOFE>2.0.CO;2
Wang Chunzai.2001.A unified oscillator model for the El Ni?oSouthern Oscillation.Journal of Climate,14(1):98-115,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0098:AUOMFT>2.0.CO;2
Wang Fan,Hu Dunxin,Mu Mu,et al.2012.Structure,variations and climatic impacts of ocean circulation and the warm pool in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Advances in Earth Science,27(6):585-602
Weisberg R H,Wang Chunzhi.1997.A western Pacific oscillator paradigm for the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation.Geophysical Research Letters,24(7):779-782,doi:10.1029/97GL00689
WOCE.2003.WOCE observations 1990-1998;a summary of the WOCE global data resource.WOCE International Project Office,WOCE Report No.179/02.WOCE,Southampton,UK,4-48
Wu Xiaofen,Liu Zenghong,Liao Guanghong,et al.2015.Variation of Indo-Pacific upper ocean heat content during 2001-2012 revealed by Argo.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(5):29-38,doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0664-1
Wu Xiaofen,Xu Jianping,Zhang Qilong,et al.2001.A preliminary study on upper ocean heat content of tropical western Pacific.Marine Forecasts(in Chinese),28(4):76-86
Xie Qiang,Li Haiyang,Wang Dongxiao.2009.Interannual variations of salt content in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Advances in Marine Science(in Chinese),27(2):155-165
Xu Jianping,Liu Zenghong,Sun Chaohui,et al.2008.Entire achievement of global Argo real-time ocean observing network.Ocean Technology(in Chinese),27(1):68-70
Yu Shuqiu,Lin Xuechun.1997.Climatic jump of north pacific SSTand its effect on precipitation of floods season in China.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),13(3):265-275
Yuter S E,Houze Jr R A,Smull B F,et al.1995.TOGA COARE aircraft mission summary images:an electronic atlas.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,76(3):319-328,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0319:TCAMSI>2.0.CO;2
Zhang Renhe,Chao Jiping.2002.Some new aspects in understanding of ENSO cycle.Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),7(2):175-183
Zhang Qilong,Weng Xuechuan.1999.Analysis of heat content of the tropical western Pacific warm pool.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),18(4):584-589
Broecker W S.1991.The great ocean conveyor.Oceanography,4(2):79-89,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Cane M A,Zebiak S E.1985.A theory of El Ni?o and the Southern Oscillation.Science,228(4703):1085-1087,doi:10.1126/science.228.4703.1085
Cayan D R.1992.Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans:driving the sea surface temperature.Journal of Physical Oceanography,22(8):859-881,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<0859:LASHFA>2.0.CO;2
Chao Jiping.2001.New understandings of the development of El Ni?o and La Ni?a events.Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,16(6):412-417
Chao Jiping,Yuan Shaoyu,Chao Qingchen,et al.2003.The origin of warm water mass in warm pool subsurface of the western tropical Pacific-The analysis of the 1997-1998 El Ni?o.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,27(2):145-151
Clarke A J,Wang Jianguo,van Gorder S.2000.A simple warm-pool displacement enso model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,30(7):1679-1691,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1679:AS-WPDE>2.0.CO;2
Delcroix T,Gourdeau L,Hénin C.1998.Sea surface salinity changes along the Fiji-Japan shipping track during the 1996 La Ni?a and1997 El Ni?o period.Geophysical Research Letters,25(16):3169-3172,doi:10.1029/98GL02320
Delcroix T,Henin C,Porte V,et al.1996.Precipitation and sea-surface salinity in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Deep Sea Research:Part I.Oceanographic Research Papers,43(7):1123-1141,doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00048-9
Godfrey J S,Houze R A Jr,Johnson R H,et al.1998.Coupled ccean-atmosphere response experiment(COARE):an interim report.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,103(C7):14395-14450,doi:10.1029/97JC03120
Gouriou Y,Delcroix T.2002.Seasonal and ENSO variations of sea surface salinity and temperature in the South Pacific Convergence Zone during 1976-2000.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,107(C12):8011
Harvey H W.1945.Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Sea Water.Britain:Cambridge University Press,164
Hosoda S,Ohira T,Nakamura T.2008.A monthly mean dataset of global oceanic temperature and salinity derived from Argo float observations.JAMSTEC Report of Research and Development,8:47-59,doi:10.5918/jamstecr.8.47
Jin Feifei.1997a.An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO:Part I.Conceptualmodel.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(7):811-829,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0811:AEOR-PF>2.0.CO;2
Jin Feifei.1997b.An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO:Part Ⅱ.A stripped-down coupled model.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(7):830-847,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0830:AEORPF>2.0.CO;2
Kelly K A.2004.The relationship between oceanic heat transport and surface fluxes in the western north Pacific:1970-2000.Journal of Climate,17(3):573-588,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0573:TRBOHT>2.0.CO;2
Kim K Y,Cheng C L.2001.On the evolution of the annual cycle in the tropical Pacific.Journal of Climate,14(5):991-994,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0991:OTEOTA>2.0.CO;2
Kim K Y,Gerald R N.1997.EOFs of harmonizable cyclostationary processes.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(19):2416-2427,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2416:EOHCP>2.0.CO;2
Kim K Y,Wu Qigang.1999.A comparison study of EOF techniques:analysis of nonstationary data with periodic statistics.Journal of Climate,12(1):185-199,doi:10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.185
Levitus S.1986.Annual cycle of salinity and salt storage in the world ocean.Journal of Physical Oceanography,16(2):322-343,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<0322:ACOSAS>2.0.CO;2
Lin Chuanlan.1990.Some features of heat content changes of the oceanic upper layer in northwest Pacific during 1964-1982.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,9(2):78-85
Lyman J M,Johnson G C.2008.Estimating annual global upperocean heat content anomalies despite irregular in situ ocean sampling.Journal of Climate,21(21):5629-5641,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2259.1
Lyman J M,Willis J K,Johnson G C.2006.Recent cooling of the upper ocean.Geophysical Research Letters,33(18):L18604
McPhaden M J,Picaut J.1990.El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation,displacement of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool.Science,250(4986):1385-1388,doi:10.1126/science.250.4986.1385
Moon J H,Song Y T.2013.Sea level and heat content changes in the western north Pacific.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,118(4):2014-2022,doi:10.1002/jgrc.20096
Mu Mingquan,Li Chongyin.2000.Interactions between subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in the western Pacific warm pool and ENSO cycle.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,24(4):447-460
Palmer M D,Hanines K.2009.Estimating oceanic heat content change using isotherms.Journal of Climate,22(19):4953-4969,doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2823.1
Picaut J,Ioualalen M,Menkes C,et al.1996.Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the pacific warm pool:implications for ENSO.Science,274(5292):1486-1489,doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1486
Picaut J,Masia F,Penhoat Y.1997.An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO.Science,277(5326):663-666,doi:10.1126/science.277.5326.663
Pu Shuzhen,Yu Fei,Hu Xiaomin,et al.2003.Spatial and temporal variability of heat content above the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,22(2):179-190
Qi Qinghua,Hou Yijun,Zhang Qilong.2010.Zonal wind stress and current anomalies in equatorial Pacific Ocean and the zonal displacement of western Pacific warm pool.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,41(3):469-476
Reverdin G,Frankignoul C,Kestenare E,et al.1994.Seasonal variability in the surface currents of the equatorial Pacific.Journal of Geophysical Research,99(C10):20323-20344,doi:10.1029/94JC01477
Suarez M J,Schopf P S.1988.A delayed action oscillator for ENSO.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,45(21):3283-3287,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3283:ADAOFE>2.0.CO;2
Wang Chunzai.2001.A unified oscillator model for the El Ni?oSouthern Oscillation.Journal of Climate,14(1):98-115,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0098:AUOMFT>2.0.CO;2
Wang Fan,Hu Dunxin,Mu Mu,et al.2012.Structure,variations and climatic impacts of ocean circulation and the warm pool in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Advances in Earth Science,27(6):585-602
Weisberg R H,Wang Chunzhi.1997.A western Pacific oscillator paradigm for the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation.Geophysical Research Letters,24(7):779-782,doi:10.1029/97GL00689
WOCE.2003.WOCE observations 1990-1998;a summary of the WOCE global data resource.WOCE International Project Office,WOCE Report No.179/02.WOCE,Southampton,UK,4-48
Wu Xiaofen,Liu Zenghong,Liao Guanghong,et al.2015.Variation of Indo-Pacific upper ocean heat content during 2001-2012 revealed by Argo.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(5):29-38,doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0664-1
Wu Xiaofen,Xu Jianping,Zhang Qilong,et al.2001.A preliminary study on upper ocean heat content of tropical western Pacific.Marine Forecasts(in Chinese),28(4):76-86
Xie Qiang,Li Haiyang,Wang Dongxiao.2009.Interannual variations of salt content in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Advances in Marine Science(in Chinese),27(2):155-165
Xu Jianping,Liu Zenghong,Sun Chaohui,et al.2008.Entire achievement of global Argo real-time ocean observing network.Ocean Technology(in Chinese),27(1):68-70
Yu Shuqiu,Lin Xuechun.1997.Climatic jump of north pacific SSTand its effect on precipitation of floods season in China.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),13(3):265-275
Yuter S E,Houze Jr R A,Smull B F,et al.1995.TOGA COARE aircraft mission summary images:an electronic atlas.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,76(3):319-328,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0319:TCAMSI>2.0.CO;2
Zhang Renhe,Chao Jiping.2002.Some new aspects in understanding of ENSO cycle.Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),7(2):175-183
Zhang Qilong,Weng Xuechuan.1999.Analysis of heat content of the tropical western Pacific warm pool.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),18(4):584-589