东灰山遗址荞麦子粒的发现及年代分析
|
摘要
荞麦是起源于中国青藏高原及周边地区的作物之一,在中华民族的农业发展史和饮食文化史上具有重要地位。迄今为止,甘肃民乐县东灰山遗址是发现的作物种类最多的新石器时代晚期遗址(四坝文化)。整理文献发现,在东灰山遗址除了发现大量炭化小麦子粒外,还发现了大麦、黑麦、谷子和糜子的子粒。采用遗址剖面文化层土壤样本浮选法,获得了一批碳化植物样本。在这些植物样本中,首次发现和鉴定了3粒完整的碳化荞麦子粒。经碳同位素测年鉴定,荞麦子粒距今为3610-3458年。这一发现说明,早在新石器时代荞麦已作为农作物在河西地区种植;同时也为荞麦起源于中国青藏高原地区提供了新的证据。
Buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum) is one of the crops that are originally grown in the Qinghai-TibetPlateau and its surrounding areas of China. Buckwheat plays an important role in the history of the agriculturaldevelopment and the evolution of the dietary culture of the Chinese nations. The Donghuishan ruin in Minle County,Gansu Province is a site of the late Neolithic(Siba Culture), which have found the most variety of crops in China sofar. According to the references, the large number of carbonized wheats, barley, rye, foxtail millet and broom cornmillet kernels were found in the Donghuishan ruins. Carbonized plant samples were obtained by a flotation method bycleaning soil samples from culture layer. For the first time, three complete carbonized buckwheat kernels were foundat the cultural layer of this ruin. The determination of the 14 C isotope dating is 3610-3458 years before present. Thisfinding provides new evidence for the argument that the origin of buckwheat is in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum) is one of the crops that are originally grown in the Qinghai-TibetPlateau and its surrounding areas of China. Buckwheat plays an important role in the history of the agriculturaldevelopment and the evolution of the dietary culture of the Chinese nations. The Donghuishan ruin in Minle County,Gansu Province is a site of the late Neolithic(Siba Culture), which have found the most variety of crops in China sofar. According to the references, the large number of carbonized wheats, barley, rye, foxtail millet and broom cornmillet kernels were found in the Donghuishan ruins. Carbonized plant samples were obtained by a flotation method bycleaning soil samples from culture layer. For the first time, three complete carbonized buckwheat kernels were foundat the cultural layer of this ruin. The determination of the 14 C isotope dating is 3610-3458 years before present. Thisfinding provides new evidence for the argument that the origin of buckwheat is in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
引文
[1]Ye N G,Guo G Q. Classification,origin and evolution of genusFagopyrum in China//Lin R F. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Buckwheat.Taiyuan:Agriculture Publishing House,1992:19-28.
[2]Wang T Y,Lu P. Wild buckwheat in China//Lin R F,eds. Proc. 5thInt. Symp. on Buckwheat. Taiyuan:Agriculture Publishing House,1992:60-63.
[3]Campbell C G. Buckwheat:Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Rome:International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI),1997:15-18.
[4]Ohnishi O. Search for the wild ancestor of BuckwheatⅢ. The wildancestor of cultivated common buckwheat,and of tatary buckwheat.Economic Botany,1998,52(2):123-133.
[5]Gondola I,Papp P P. Origin,geographical distribution and polygenicrelationships of common buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentumMoench.). The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology,2010,4(Special Issue 1):21-22.
[6]向达兵,彭镰心,赵刚,等.荞麦栽培研究进展.作物杂志,2013(3):1-6.
[7]中国科学院考古研究所,陕西省西安半坡博物馆.西安半坡.北京:文物出版社,1963:55-58.
[8]甘肃省文物考古研究所.河西走廊史前考古调查报告.北京:文物出版社,2011:229-274.
[9]Li X Q,Xue S,Dodson J,et al. Holocene agriculture in the GuanzhongBasin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence.Holocene,2009,19(8):1213-1220.
[10]李小强,周新郢,周杰,等.甘肃西山坪遗址生物指标记录的中国最早的农业多样化.中国科学,2007,37(7):934-940.
[11]李明启,杨晓燕,王辉,等.甘肃临潭陈旗磨沟遗址人牙结石中淀粉粒反映的古人类植物性食物.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(4):486-492.
[12]贾鑫.青海省东北部地区新石器—青铜时代文化演化过程与植物遗存研究.兰州:兰州大学,2012.
[13]王祁.云南澄江学山遗址植物大遗存分析.济南:山东大学,2014.
[14]薛轶宁.云南剑川海门口遗址植物遗存初步研究.北京:北京大学,2010.
[15]孙永刚,赵志军.内蒙赤峰巴彦塔拉辽代遗址浮选结果及分析.南方文物,2014(3):68-71.
[16]杨春,徐坤,赵志军.吉林省白城市孙长青遗址浮选结果分析报告.北方文物,2010(4):48-51.
[17]宁笃学.民乐县发现两处四坝文化遗址.文物,1960(1):74-75.
[18]赵志军.植物考古学:理论、方法和实践.北京:科学出版社,2010:29-44.
[19]Flad R,Li S C,Xu X H,et al. Early wheat in China:Results fromnew studies at Donghuishan in the Hexi Corridor. Holocene,2010,20(6):955-965.
[20]魏益民.荞麦品质与加工.西安:世界图书出版公司,1995:1-6.
[2]Wang T Y,Lu P. Wild buckwheat in China//Lin R F,eds. Proc. 5thInt. Symp. on Buckwheat. Taiyuan:Agriculture Publishing House,1992:60-63.
[3]Campbell C G. Buckwheat:Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Rome:International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI),1997:15-18.
[4]Ohnishi O. Search for the wild ancestor of BuckwheatⅢ. The wildancestor of cultivated common buckwheat,and of tatary buckwheat.Economic Botany,1998,52(2):123-133.
[5]Gondola I,Papp P P. Origin,geographical distribution and polygenicrelationships of common buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentumMoench.). The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology,2010,4(Special Issue 1):21-22.
[6]向达兵,彭镰心,赵刚,等.荞麦栽培研究进展.作物杂志,2013(3):1-6.
[7]中国科学院考古研究所,陕西省西安半坡博物馆.西安半坡.北京:文物出版社,1963:55-58.
[8]甘肃省文物考古研究所.河西走廊史前考古调查报告.北京:文物出版社,2011:229-274.
[9]Li X Q,Xue S,Dodson J,et al. Holocene agriculture in the GuanzhongBasin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence.Holocene,2009,19(8):1213-1220.
[10]李小强,周新郢,周杰,等.甘肃西山坪遗址生物指标记录的中国最早的农业多样化.中国科学,2007,37(7):934-940.
[11]李明启,杨晓燕,王辉,等.甘肃临潭陈旗磨沟遗址人牙结石中淀粉粒反映的古人类植物性食物.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(4):486-492.
[12]贾鑫.青海省东北部地区新石器—青铜时代文化演化过程与植物遗存研究.兰州:兰州大学,2012.
[13]王祁.云南澄江学山遗址植物大遗存分析.济南:山东大学,2014.
[14]薛轶宁.云南剑川海门口遗址植物遗存初步研究.北京:北京大学,2010.
[15]孙永刚,赵志军.内蒙赤峰巴彦塔拉辽代遗址浮选结果及分析.南方文物,2014(3):68-71.
[16]杨春,徐坤,赵志军.吉林省白城市孙长青遗址浮选结果分析报告.北方文物,2010(4):48-51.
[17]宁笃学.民乐县发现两处四坝文化遗址.文物,1960(1):74-75.
[18]赵志军.植物考古学:理论、方法和实践.北京:科学出版社,2010:29-44.
[19]Flad R,Li S C,Xu X H,et al. Early wheat in China:Results fromnew studies at Donghuishan in the Hexi Corridor. Holocene,2010,20(6):955-965.
[20]魏益民.荞麦品质与加工.西安:世界图书出版公司,1995:1-6.