美国公立高校学位点撤销的三次浪潮
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摘要
20世纪70年代、90年代初、21世纪初,美国的三次经济和金融危机导致多个州缩减了高等教育机构的资助经费,部分高校缩小招生规模,甚至撤销学位点,形成了三次学位点撤销潮。研究美国学位点撤销潮的发展历程,发现学位点撤销工作涉及多方利益,产生了大规模的抵触和抗议;资源获取能力较弱的传统学科和人文学科成为撤销重点对象;新公共管理问责和绩效文化在学校影响深远。通过对美国学位点撤销过程、特征和影响的反思,认为学位点撤销工作要考虑学科的可持续发展;政府要更好发挥高校在撤销工作中的主体性;学位点撤销工作要进一步完善过程管理体系。
The mid-1970s,the early 1990s,and the beginning of the 21st century witnessed three economic and financial crises in the US,which led to the reduction of funds for higher education in many states,less enrollment in some colleges and universities,and even academic program closures. An analysis of the academic program closures in the US reveals the following:Associated with the interests of different groups,the academic program closures led to large-scale conflicts and protests in colleges and universities;most academic program closures happened to traditional subjects and humanities weak in absorbing external resources;and new culture of public management accountability and performance exerted a far-reaching influence on higher education. These offer implications for China as follows:Institutions of higher learning are supposed to consider the sustainable development of the subjects when closing academic programs;the government is expected to let institutions of higher learning take major responsibilities for academic program closures;and the academic program closing process management should be improved.
The mid-1970s,the early 1990s,and the beginning of the 21st century witnessed three economic and financial crises in the US,which led to the reduction of funds for higher education in many states,less enrollment in some colleges and universities,and even academic program closures. An analysis of the academic program closures in the US reveals the following:Associated with the interests of different groups,the academic program closures led to large-scale conflicts and protests in colleges and universities;most academic program closures happened to traditional subjects and humanities weak in absorbing external resources;and new culture of public management accountability and performance exerted a far-reaching influence on higher education. These offer implications for China as follows:Institutions of higher learning are supposed to consider the sustainable development of the subjects when closing academic programs;the government is expected to let institutions of higher learning take major responsibilities for academic program closures;and the academic program closing process management should be improved.
引文
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[23]James Reinardy,Anthony Halter.Social Work in Academia:A Case Study of Survival[J].Journal of Social Work Education,1994,(3).
[24]Hardy,C.“Hard”Decision and“Tough”Choices:The Business Approach to University Decline[J].Higher Education,1990,(20).
[25]Cordes,Colleen.Ability to Win Grants Increasingly Dictates Clout of Departments Within Universities[N].The Chronicle of Higher Education,1996,(6).
[26]王占军.决策是如何做出的?--关于英国米德尔塞斯大学关闭哲学系的案例研究[J].清华大学教育研究,2015,(2).
[27]Dougherty,E.A.What is the Most Effective Way to Handle Program Dis-continuance?Case Studies from 10 Campuses[R].Paper Presented at the National Conference of the American Association of Higher Education.
[28]Behn,R.D.The fundamental of Cutback Management.In K.S.Cameron,R.I.Sutton,&D.A.Whetten,Readings in Organizational Decline:Frameworks,Research,and Prescriptions[M].Cambridge,MA:Ballinger,2005.347-356.
[29]Gerlinda S.Melchiori.Smaller and Better:The University of Michigan Experience[J].Research in Higher Education,1982,(16).
[30]沈文钦.撤销学位点体现质量导向[N].人民日报,2016-03-30.
[2]Harvey,J.Immerwahr,J.Public Perceptions of Higher Education:On Main Street and in the Boardroom[J].Educational Record,1995,(fall).
[3]Eckel,Peter D.Decision Rules Used in Academic Program Closure:Where the Rubber Meets the Road[J].The Journal of Higher Education,2002,(3/4).
[4][5]Jacaueline M.Skubal.State level Review of Existing Academic Programs:Have Resources Been Saved?[J].Research in Higher Education,1979,(3).
[6]Richard I Miller,Robert J Barak.Undergraduate Academic Programme Review and Evaluation at the State Level[J].Higher Education Review,1987,(19).
[7]Gumport,P.J.The Contested Terrain of Academic Program Reduction[J].The Journal of Higher Education,1993,(3).
[8]Kit Lively.Governors of Montana and Oregon Call on Colleges to Merge or Cut Programs[J].The Chronicle of Higher Education,1993,(1).
[9][18][19][21]COHEN,P.The Writing on the Wall:Doctoral Education in Texas and Elsewhere[J].Change.2006,(6).
[10]Selingo.Jeffrey.Tulane Slashes Departments and Lays off Professors[J].The Chronicle of Higher Education,2005,(12).
[11]David Glenn,Peter Schmidt.Disappearing Disciplines:Degree Programs Fight for Their Lives[J].The Chronicle of Higher Education,2010,(3).
[12]Wasley P.Is German Necessary?Nein,Says One University[J].The Chronicle of Higher Education,2008,(54).
[13]Marcelline Fusilier.Influences on Academic Program Elimination[J].The Journal of Academic Administration in Higher Education,2011,(Fall).
[14]Eckel,Peter D.Decision Rules Used in Academic Program Closure:Where the Rubber Meets the Road[J].The Journal of Higher Education,2002,(3/4).
[15]Sheila Slaughter.Retrenchment in the 1980s:The Politics of Prestige and Gender[J].The Journal of Higher Education,1993,(May-Jun).
[16][22]Jacaueline M.Skubal.State level Review of Existing Academic Programs:Have Resources Been Saved?[J].Research in Higher Education,1979,(3).
[17]Cage,M.Thirty States Cut Higher-education Budgets by an Average of 3.9%in Fiscal 1990-1991[J].Chronicle of Higher Education,1992,(4).
[20]Douglas R M.Survival of the fittest?Postgraduate Education and the Professoriate at the Fin de siecle[J].Daedalus,1997,(3).
[23]James Reinardy,Anthony Halter.Social Work in Academia:A Case Study of Survival[J].Journal of Social Work Education,1994,(3).
[24]Hardy,C.“Hard”Decision and“Tough”Choices:The Business Approach to University Decline[J].Higher Education,1990,(20).
[25]Cordes,Colleen.Ability to Win Grants Increasingly Dictates Clout of Departments Within Universities[N].The Chronicle of Higher Education,1996,(6).
[26]王占军.决策是如何做出的?--关于英国米德尔塞斯大学关闭哲学系的案例研究[J].清华大学教育研究,2015,(2).
[27]Dougherty,E.A.What is the Most Effective Way to Handle Program Dis-continuance?Case Studies from 10 Campuses[R].Paper Presented at the National Conference of the American Association of Higher Education.
[28]Behn,R.D.The fundamental of Cutback Management.In K.S.Cameron,R.I.Sutton,&D.A.Whetten,Readings in Organizational Decline:Frameworks,Research,and Prescriptions[M].Cambridge,MA:Ballinger,2005.347-356.
[29]Gerlinda S.Melchiori.Smaller and Better:The University of Michigan Experience[J].Research in Higher Education,1982,(16).
[30]沈文钦.撤销学位点体现质量导向[N].人民日报,2016-03-30.