6～18岁孤独症个体不同年龄组心理推理能力相关脑区功能连接的差异
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摘要
目的:分析社会认知中心理推理能力(ToM)相关重要脑区与其他脑区功能连接的随年龄发育模式,探讨孤独症核心症状社会交往障碍的脑机制。方法:43例6～18岁符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版孤独症诊断标准的患者及年龄、性别组间匹配的39例正常对照,选取背内侧前额叶(d MPFC)、左侧颞顶联合(l TPJ)、右侧颞顶联合(r TPJ)和右侧颞上沟(r STS) 4个ToM相关的重要脑区,计算其与全脑体素之间的功能连接,通过单变量方差分析探索感兴趣区域的功能连接在被试中的组别及年龄交互作用;并将被试根据年龄分为儿童期(6. 0～11. 9岁)和青春期(12. 0～18. 0岁),探讨不同年龄段的组间差异。结果:r TPJ与右侧缘上回及左侧顶下小叶的功能连接、r STS与双侧额上/中回的功能连接均呈现出组别与年龄的交互作用(校正后P <0. 05);其中,在儿童期,孤独症患者r TPJ与右侧缘上回及左侧顶下小叶的功能连接大于正常对照组(P <0. 05);而青春期,r TPJ和r STS存在显著交互效应的功能连接均小于正常对照组(均P <0. 05)。结论:6～18岁孤独症个体在r TPJ及r STS两个关键脑区的功能连接中表现出多效性的非典型发育模式,该发育模式可能与孤独症患者异常的ToM有关。
Objective: To explore the brain mechanism of social communication deficits of autism,we analyzed the developmental pattern of functional connectivity between important brain regions associated with theory ofmind( ToM) and other brain areas. Methods: Forty-three participants meeting the diagnostic criteria of autistic disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition( DSM-IV) and 39 age-and sexmatched typically developmental individuals were included. Four ToM-related brain regions( dorsal medial prefrontal cortex( dMPFC),left temporoparietal junction( lTPJ),right temporoparietal junction( rTPJ) and right superior temporal sulcus( rSTS)) were selected to calculate their functional connectivity with whole brain voxels. The diagnostic group-by-age effect of functional connectivity in participants was explored using univariate analysis of variance.According to age,we divided subjects into two cohorts to investigate the differences between groups and cohorts.The two cohorts included childhood( 6. 0-11. 9 years) and adolescence( 12. 0-18. 0 years). Results: Functional connectivity of rTPJ with right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule and rSTS with bilateral superior/middle frontal gyrus exhibited diagnostic group-by-age effect( corrected,P < 0. 05). In childhood,the connectivity of rTPJ with right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule in autism group were higher than typically developed individuals( P < 0. 05),while all connectivity of rTPJ and rSTS which showed interaction effect in autism were lower than typically developed in adolescence( all P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Functional connectivity of rTPJ and rSTS exhibits atypical developmental multifinality pattern in autism aged 6-18 years old which may be related to the abnormal ToM in individuals with autism.
Objective: To explore the brain mechanism of social communication deficits of autism,we analyzed the developmental pattern of functional connectivity between important brain regions associated with theory ofmind( ToM) and other brain areas. Methods: Forty-three participants meeting the diagnostic criteria of autistic disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition( DSM-IV) and 39 age-and sexmatched typically developmental individuals were included. Four ToM-related brain regions( dorsal medial prefrontal cortex( dMPFC),left temporoparietal junction( lTPJ),right temporoparietal junction( rTPJ) and right superior temporal sulcus( rSTS)) were selected to calculate their functional connectivity with whole brain voxels. The diagnostic group-by-age effect of functional connectivity in participants was explored using univariate analysis of variance.According to age,we divided subjects into two cohorts to investigate the differences between groups and cohorts.The two cohorts included childhood( 6. 0-11. 9 years) and adolescence( 12. 0-18. 0 years). Results: Functional connectivity of rTPJ with right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule and rSTS with bilateral superior/middle frontal gyrus exhibited diagnostic group-by-age effect( corrected,P < 0. 05). In childhood,the connectivity of rTPJ with right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule in autism group were higher than typically developed individuals( P < 0. 05),while all connectivity of rTPJ and rSTS which showed interaction effect in autism were lower than typically developed in adolescence( all P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Functional connectivity of rTPJ and rSTS exhibits atypical developmental multifinality pattern in autism aged 6-18 years old which may be related to the abnormal ToM in individuals with autism.
引文
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[27]Kana RK,Libero LE,Hu CP,et al. Functional brain networks and white matter underlying theory of mind in autism[J]. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,2014,9(1):98-105.
[28]Steinbeis N. The role of self-other distinction in understanding others'mental and emotional states:neurocognitive mechanisms in children and adults[J]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2016,371(1686):20150074.
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[2] Padmanabhan A,Lynn A,Foran W,et al. Age related changes in striatal resting state functional connectivity in autism[J]. Front Hum Neurosci,2013,7:814.
[3] Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Menon V. Reconceptualizing functional brain connectivity in autism from a developmental perspective[J].Front Hum Neurosci, 2013, 7(814):458. doi:10. 3389/fnhum.2013. 00814
[4] Frith U, Frith CD. Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing[J]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2003,358(1431):459-473.
[5] Baron-Cohen S,Leslie AM,Frith U. Does the autistic child have a"theory of mind"?[J]. Cognition,1985,21(1):37-46.
[6] Molenberghs P, Johnson H, Henry JD, et al. Understanding the minds of others:a neuroimaging meta-analysis[J]. Neurosc Biobehav Rev,2016,65:276-291.
[7]黄悦勤.医学科研中随机误差控制和样本量确定[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2015,29(11):874-880.
[8] Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV)4th ed[M]. Washington. DC:American Psychiatric Publishing Inc,1994.
[9]刘豫鑫,刘津,王玉凤.简明儿童少年国际神经精神访谈(父母版)的信效度[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2010,25(12):8-13.
[10]刘豫鑫,刘津,王玉凤.简明儿童少年国际神经精神访谈儿童版的信效度[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2011,26(1):921-925.
[11]Jenkinson M,Bannister P,Brady M, et al. Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images[J]. Neuroimage,2002,17(2):825-841.
[12]龚耀先.中国韦氏儿童智力量表修订本(Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,C-WISC)[M].长沙:湖南地图出版社,1993.
[13]修订韦氏成人智力量表全国协作组.韦氏成人智力量表的修订[J].心理学报,1983,15(3):362-370.
[14]李心天.中国人的左右利手分布[J].心理学报,1983,(3):268-276.
[15]Yan CG,Wang XD,Zuo XN,et al. DPABI:Data Processing&Analysis for(Resting-State)Brain Imaging[J]. Neuroinformatics,2016,14(3):339-351.
[16]Gweon H,Dodell-Feder D,Bedny M,et al. Theory of mind performance in children correlates with functional specialization of a brain region for thinking about thoughts[J]. Child Dev,2012,83(6):1853-1868.
[17]Winkler AM,Ridgway GR,Douaud G,et al. Faster permutation inference in brain imaging[J]. Neuroimage, 2016, 141:502-516. doi:10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2016. 05. 068.
[18]Eklund A,Nichols TE,Knutsson H. Cluster failure:why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2016,113(28):7900-7905.
[19] Smith SM, Nichols TE. Threshold-free cluster enhancement:addressing problems of smoothing,threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference[J]. Neuroimage,2009,44(1):83-98.
[20]Uddin LQ,Supekar KS,Ryali S,et al. Dynamic reconfiguration of structural and functional connectivity across core neurocognitive brain networks with development[J]. J Neurosci,2011,31(50):18578-18589.
[21]Woodward ND,Giraldo-Chica M,Rogers B,et al. Thalamocortical dysconnectivity in autism spectrum disorder:an analysis of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange[J]. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging,2017,2(1):76-84.
[22]Alaerts K,Nayar K,Kelly C,et al. Age-related changes in intrinsic function of the superior temporal sulcus in autism spectrum disorders[J]. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,2015,10(10):1413-1423.
[23]Belin P,Zatorre RJ,Lafaille P,et al. Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex[J]. Nature,2000,403(6767):309-312.
[24]Perry W,Minassian A,Lopez B,et al. Sensorimotor gating deficits in adults with autism[J]. Biol Psychiatry,2007,61(4):482-486.
[25]Uddin LQ. Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction[J]. Nat Rev Neurosci,2015,16(1):55-61.
[26]Picci G,Scherf KS. A two-hit model of autism:adolescence as the second hit[J]. Clin Psychol Sci,2015,3(3):349-371.
[27]Kana RK,Libero LE,Hu CP,et al. Functional brain networks and white matter underlying theory of mind in autism[J]. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,2014,9(1):98-105.
[28]Steinbeis N. The role of self-other distinction in understanding others'mental and emotional states:neurocognitive mechanisms in children and adults[J]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2016,371(1686):20150074.
[29]Libero LE,Maximo JO,Deshpande HD,et al. The role of mirroring and mentalizing networks in mediating action intentions in autism[J]. Mol Autism,2014,5(1):13.