Species diversity, population structure and regeneration of woody species in fallows and mature stands of tropical woodlands of southeast Angola
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摘要
This study in the dry tropical woodlands of SE Angola in Cuando-Cubango Province assessed the diversity and composition of woody species in fallows compared to those in mature woodlands. We assessed the population structure of the most harvested woody species by calculating size class distribution and evaluated their regeneration potential based on the density of saplings. The vegetation was surveyed in 20 plots of 20 × 50 m(1000 m2). In each plot, we measured the diameter at breast height(DBH) of all woody species with DBH ≥ 5 cm. The saplings were counted, identified and recorded; 718 individuals, corresponding to 34 species in 32 genera and 15 families were recorded. The size class distribution of target woody species showed three different patterns in fallows and mature woodlands. In general,most of the smaller diameter classes had more individuals than the larger ones did, showing that the regeneration may take place. However, in some diameter classes, the absence of larger stems indicated selective logging of larger trees. Few saplings were recorded in the fallows or mature woodlands; fire frequency and intensity is probably the main obstacle for seed germination and seedling survival rates in the studied area.
This study in the dry tropical woodlands of SE Angola in Cuando-Cubango Province assessed the diversity and composition of woody species in fallows compared to those in mature woodlands. We assessed the population structure of the most harvested woody species by calculating size class distribution and evaluated their regeneration potential based on the density of saplings. The vegetation was surveyed in 20 plots of 20 × 50 m(1000 m2). In each plot, we measured the diameter at breast height(DBH) of all woody species with DBH ≥ 5 cm. The saplings were counted, identified and recorded; 718 individuals, corresponding to 34 species in 32 genera and 15 families were recorded. The size class distribution of target woody species showed three different patterns in fallows and mature woodlands. In general,most of the smaller diameter classes had more individuals than the larger ones did, showing that the regeneration may take place. However, in some diameter classes, the absence of larger stems indicated selective logging of larger trees. Few saplings were recorded in the fallows or mature woodlands; fire frequency and intensity is probably the main obstacle for seed germination and seedling survival rates in the studied area.
This study in the dry tropical woodlands of SE Angola in Cuando-Cubango Province assessed the diversity and composition of woody species in fallows compared to those in mature woodlands. We assessed the population structure of the most harvested woody species by calculating size class distribution and evaluated their regeneration potential based on the density of saplings. The vegetation was surveyed in 20 plots of 20 × 50 m(1000 m2). In each plot, we measured the diameter at breast height(DBH) of all woody species with DBH ≥ 5 cm. The saplings were counted, identified and recorded; 718 individuals, corresponding to 34 species in 32 genera and 15 families were recorded. The size class distribution of target woody species showed three different patterns in fallows and mature woodlands. In general,most of the smaller diameter classes had more individuals than the larger ones did, showing that the regeneration may take place. However, in some diameter classes, the absence of larger stems indicated selective logging of larger trees. Few saplings were recorded in the fallows or mature woodlands; fire frequency and intensity is probably the main obstacle for seed germination and seedling survival rates in the studied area.
引文
Baptista N(2014)Literature study of the woody Miombo vegetation and forest management in south-eastern Angola with focus on data from the colonial era.Polytechnic of Namibia,Windhoeck,p 74
Barbosa LAG(1970)Carta Fitogeográfica de Angola.Instituto de Investigaa?o Cient?′fica de Angola.Oficinas Gráficas de Angola,Luanda,p 247
Bin Y,Ye W,Muller-Landau HC,Wu L,Lian J,Cao H(2012)Unimodal tree size distributions possibly result from relatively strong conservatism in intermediate size classes.PLoS ONE7(12):1-12
Boaler SB(1967)The ecology of Pterocarpus angolensis DC.in Tanzania.Ministry of overseas development.Overseas Research Publication.No.12.H.M Stationery Office,London,p 128
Burger WK,Schmidt RG,Perrett LL(1993)Systematic fire protection and international forestry:a case study in Botswana.United State Department of Agriculture,Portland,p 20
Buzas MA,Hayek LAC(2005)On richness and evenness within and between communities.Paleobiology 31(2):199-220
Calvert GM(1986)The ecology and management of the Kalahari Sand forest vegetation of south-western Zimbabwe.In:Piearce GD(ed)The Zambezi teak forests.Proceedings of the first international conference on the teak forests of southern Africa.Livingstone,Zambia,March 1984.Published by Forest Department,Ndola,Zambia,p 535
Chidumayo EN(1997)Miombo ecology and management:an introduction.IT Publications in Association with Stockholm Environment Institute,Stockolm,p 166
Colwell RK(2009)Chapter III.1 biodiversity:concepts,patterns,and measurement.In:Levin SA(ed)Princeton guide to ecology.Princeton University Press,Princeton,pp 257-263
Condit R,Sukumar R,Hubbel SP,Foster RB(1998)Predicting population trends from size distributions:a direct test in a tropical tree community.Am Nat 152(4):495-509
Curtis JT,McIntosh RP(1951)An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin.Ecology32(3):476-496
De Cauwer V,Geldenhuys CJ,Aerts R,Kabajani M,Muys B(2016)Patterns of forest composition and their long term environmental drivers in the tropical dry forest transition zone of southern Africa.For Ecosyst 3(23):2-12
Didita M,Nemomissa S,Gole TW(2010)Floristic and structural analysis of the woodland vegetation around DelloMenna,Southeast Ethiopia.J For Res 21(4):395-408
Diniz AC(1973)Caracter?′sticas Mesolo′gicas de Angola,descria?o e correlaa?o dos aspectos fisiográficos dos solos e da vegetaa?o das zonas agr?′colas Angolanas.Missa?o de Inquéritos Agr?′colas de Angola,Nova Lisboa,p 482
Felfili JM,Carvalho FA,Haidar RF(2005)Manual para Monitoramento de Parcelas Permanentes nos Biomas de Cerrado e Pantanal.Departamento de Engenharia Florestal;Universidade de Bras?′lia,Brasil,p 51
Figueiredo E,Smith GF(2008)Plants of Angola/Plantas de Angola.Strelitzia 22.South African National Biodiversity Institute,Pretoria,p 279
Frantz D,Schneibel A,Stellmes M,Revermann R,Finckh M(2013)Caiundo-earth observation.Biodivers Ecol 5:87-89
Gambiza J,Bond W,Frost PGH,Higgins S(2000)A simulation model of Miombo woodland dynamics under different management regimes.Special section:land use options in dry tropical woodlands ecosystems in Zimbabwe.Ecol Econ 33:353-368
Gonalves FMP,Revermann R,Gomes AL,Aidar MPM,Finckh M,Juergens N(2017)Tree species diversity and composition of Miombo woodlands in south-central Angola:a chronosequence of forest recovery after shifting cultivation.Int J For Res.Article ID 6202093,p 13
Graz FP(2003)The Growth of Schinziophyton rautanenii seedlings under different shade conditions.Dinteria 28:44-46
Graz FP(2004)Structure and diversity of the dry woodland savanna of Northern Namibia.Ph.D Thesis,Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen,Gttingen,Germany,p 178
Grngrft A,Luther-Mosebach J,Landschreiber L,Revermann R,Finckh M,Eschenbach A(2013)Caiundo-landscape.Biodivers Ecol 5:83-84
Hammer?(2012)PAST:PAleontological STatistics.Version 2.17:Reference manual.Natural History Museum,Oslo,Norway,p 229
Hill MO,Gauch HG Jr(1980)Detrended correspondence analysis,an improved ordination technique.Vegetatio 42:47-58
Jaccard P(1912)The distribution of flora in the Alpine zone.New Phytol 11(2):37-50
Kacholi DS(2014)Analysis of structure and diversity of the Kilengwe forest in the Morogoro region,Tanzania.Int JBiodivers,Article ID 516840,p 8
Kalaba FK,Quinn CH,Dougill AJ,Vinya R(2013)Floristic composition and carbon storage in charcoal and agriculture fallows and management implications in Miombo woodlands of Zambia.For Ecol Manag 304:99-109
Kent M,Coker P(1992)Vegetation description and analysis:a practical approach.Wiley,New York,p 363
Kissanga R(2016)Valorizaa?o da flora de Cusseque e Caiundo no centro e sul de Angola e avaliaa?o da biomassa lenhosa utilizada para combust?′vel e construa?o.Master Thesis,University of Lisbon,Lisbon,Portugal,p 63
LepsJ,Sˇmilauer P(2003)Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO.Cambridge University Press,Cambringe,p 269
Lévesque M,McLaren KP,McDonald MA(2011)Coppice shoot dynamics in a tropical dry forest after human disturbance.J Trop Ecol 27:259-268
Lykke AM(1998)Assessment of species composition change in savanna vegetation by means of woody plants size class distributions and local information.Biodivers Conserv7:1261-1275
MacLaren KP,MacDonald MA(2003)Coppice regrowth in disturbed tropical dry limestone forest in Jamaica.For Ecol Manag180:99-111
Magurran AE(2004)Measuring biological diversity.Blackwell Publishing Company,Malden,p 215
Mannheimer CA,Curtis BA(2009)Le Roux and Müller’s field guide to the trees and shrubs of Namibia.Macmillan Education Namibia(Pty)Ltd.,Windhoek,p 526
McNicol IM,Ryan CM,Williams M(2015)How resilient are African woodlands to disturbance from shifting cultivation?Ecol Appl25(8):2320-2336
Milles L,Newton AC,DeFries RS,Ravilious C,May I,Blyth S,Kapos V,Gordon JE(2006)A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests.J Biogeogr33:491-505
Ncube Z,Mufandaedza E(2013)Effects of fire on coppice shoot production and growth in an African savanna woodland dominated by Pterocarpus angolensis and Baikiaea plurijuga.Acad JAgric Res 1(2):028-035
Nduwayezu JB,Mafoko GJ,Mojeremane W,Mhaladi LO(2015)Vanishing multipurpose indigenous trees in Chobe and Kasane Forest Reserves of Botswana.Resour Environ 5:167-172
Neelo J,Teketay D,Kashe K,Masamba W(2015)Stand structure,diversity and regeneration status of woody species in open and exclosed dry woodlands sites around Molapo farming areas of the Okavango Delta,northeastern Botswana.Open J For5:313-328
Pardos M,del Castillo JR,Can?ellas I,Montero G(2005)Ecophysiology of natural regeneration of forest stands in Spain.Invest Agrar Sist Recur For 14(3):434-445
Phiri U,Chirwa PW,Watts S,Syampungani S(2012)Local community perception of joint forest management and its implications for forest condition:the case of Dambwa Forest Reserve in southern Zambia.South For 74(1):51-59
Pielou EC(1966)Species diversity and pattern diversity in the study of ecological succession.J Theor Biol 10(2):370-383
Prpper M,Vollan B(2013)Beyond Awareness and self-governance.Approaching Kavango timber users real-life choices.Land2:392-418
Revermann R,Finckh M(2013)Caiundo-vegetation.Biodivers Ecol5:91-96
R?nne C,J?ker D(2006)Schinziophyton rautanenii(Schinz.)Radcl.-Sm.Seed Leaflet 114:1-3
Shackleton S,Cocks M,Dold T,Kaschula S,Mbata K,MickelsKokwe G,von Maltitz G(2010)Non-wood Forest products:description,use and management.In:Chidumayo EN,Gumbo DJ(eds)The dry forests and woodlands of Africa:managing for products and services.Earthscan Ltd.,London,p 288
Stellmes M,Frantz D,Finckh M,Revermann R,Rder A,Hill J(2013)Fire frequency,fire seasonality and fire intensity within the Okavango region derivated from MODIS fire products.Biodivers Ecol 5:351-362
Strohbach BJ,Petersen A(2007)Vegetation of the central Kavango woodlands in Namibia:an example from the Mile 46 Livestock Development Centre.South Afr J Bot 63:391-401
Syampungani S(2008)Vegetation change analysis and ecological recovery of the Copperbelt Miombo woodlands of Zambia.Ph.DThesis,Stellenbosch University,Stellenbosch,South Africa,p 159
Thunstrm L(2012)Population size structure and recruitment rate in Pterocarpus angolensis,an exploited tree species in miombo woodlands,Tanzania.Master Thesis,Uppsala University,Uppsala,Sweden,p 29
Timberlake J,Chidumayo EN,Sawadogo S(2010)Distribution and characteristics of African Dry forests and woodlands.In:Chidumayo EN,Gumbo DJ(eds)The dry forests and woodlands of Africa:managing for products and services.Earthscan Ltd.,London,p 288
To′thmérész B(1995)Comparison of different methods for diversity ordering.J Veg Sci 6:283-290
Wallenfang J,Finckh M,Oldeland J,Revermann R(2015)Impact of shifting cultivation on dense tropical woodlands in southeast Angola.Trop Conserv Sci 8(4):863-892
Weber T(2013)Caiundo-climate.Biodivers Ecol 5:85-86
Wehberg J,Weinzierl T(2013)Okavango basin-physicogeographical setting.Biodivers Ecol 5:11-13
Yang X,Yan D,Liu C(2014)Natural regeneration of trees in three types of afforested stands in the Taihang Mountains,China.PLoS ONE 9(9):1-8
Zimudzi C,Mapaura A,Chapano C,Duri W(2013)Woody species composition,structure and diversity of Mazowe Botanical Reserve,Zimbabwe.J Biodivers Environ Sci 3(6):17-29
Barbosa LAG(1970)Carta Fitogeográfica de Angola.Instituto de Investigaa?o Cient?′fica de Angola.Oficinas Gráficas de Angola,Luanda,p 247
Bin Y,Ye W,Muller-Landau HC,Wu L,Lian J,Cao H(2012)Unimodal tree size distributions possibly result from relatively strong conservatism in intermediate size classes.PLoS ONE7(12):1-12
Boaler SB(1967)The ecology of Pterocarpus angolensis DC.in Tanzania.Ministry of overseas development.Overseas Research Publication.No.12.H.M Stationery Office,London,p 128
Burger WK,Schmidt RG,Perrett LL(1993)Systematic fire protection and international forestry:a case study in Botswana.United State Department of Agriculture,Portland,p 20
Buzas MA,Hayek LAC(2005)On richness and evenness within and between communities.Paleobiology 31(2):199-220
Calvert GM(1986)The ecology and management of the Kalahari Sand forest vegetation of south-western Zimbabwe.In:Piearce GD(ed)The Zambezi teak forests.Proceedings of the first international conference on the teak forests of southern Africa.Livingstone,Zambia,March 1984.Published by Forest Department,Ndola,Zambia,p 535
Chidumayo EN(1997)Miombo ecology and management:an introduction.IT Publications in Association with Stockholm Environment Institute,Stockolm,p 166
Colwell RK(2009)Chapter III.1 biodiversity:concepts,patterns,and measurement.In:Levin SA(ed)Princeton guide to ecology.Princeton University Press,Princeton,pp 257-263
Condit R,Sukumar R,Hubbel SP,Foster RB(1998)Predicting population trends from size distributions:a direct test in a tropical tree community.Am Nat 152(4):495-509
Curtis JT,McIntosh RP(1951)An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin.Ecology32(3):476-496
De Cauwer V,Geldenhuys CJ,Aerts R,Kabajani M,Muys B(2016)Patterns of forest composition and their long term environmental drivers in the tropical dry forest transition zone of southern Africa.For Ecosyst 3(23):2-12
Didita M,Nemomissa S,Gole TW(2010)Floristic and structural analysis of the woodland vegetation around DelloMenna,Southeast Ethiopia.J For Res 21(4):395-408
Diniz AC(1973)Caracter?′sticas Mesolo′gicas de Angola,descria?o e correlaa?o dos aspectos fisiográficos dos solos e da vegetaa?o das zonas agr?′colas Angolanas.Missa?o de Inquéritos Agr?′colas de Angola,Nova Lisboa,p 482
Felfili JM,Carvalho FA,Haidar RF(2005)Manual para Monitoramento de Parcelas Permanentes nos Biomas de Cerrado e Pantanal.Departamento de Engenharia Florestal;Universidade de Bras?′lia,Brasil,p 51
Figueiredo E,Smith GF(2008)Plants of Angola/Plantas de Angola.Strelitzia 22.South African National Biodiversity Institute,Pretoria,p 279
Frantz D,Schneibel A,Stellmes M,Revermann R,Finckh M(2013)Caiundo-earth observation.Biodivers Ecol 5:87-89
Gambiza J,Bond W,Frost PGH,Higgins S(2000)A simulation model of Miombo woodland dynamics under different management regimes.Special section:land use options in dry tropical woodlands ecosystems in Zimbabwe.Ecol Econ 33:353-368
Gonalves FMP,Revermann R,Gomes AL,Aidar MPM,Finckh M,Juergens N(2017)Tree species diversity and composition of Miombo woodlands in south-central Angola:a chronosequence of forest recovery after shifting cultivation.Int J For Res.Article ID 6202093,p 13
Graz FP(2003)The Growth of Schinziophyton rautanenii seedlings under different shade conditions.Dinteria 28:44-46
Graz FP(2004)Structure and diversity of the dry woodland savanna of Northern Namibia.Ph.D Thesis,Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen,Gttingen,Germany,p 178
Grngrft A,Luther-Mosebach J,Landschreiber L,Revermann R,Finckh M,Eschenbach A(2013)Caiundo-landscape.Biodivers Ecol 5:83-84
Hammer?(2012)PAST:PAleontological STatistics.Version 2.17:Reference manual.Natural History Museum,Oslo,Norway,p 229
Hill MO,Gauch HG Jr(1980)Detrended correspondence analysis,an improved ordination technique.Vegetatio 42:47-58
Jaccard P(1912)The distribution of flora in the Alpine zone.New Phytol 11(2):37-50
Kacholi DS(2014)Analysis of structure and diversity of the Kilengwe forest in the Morogoro region,Tanzania.Int JBiodivers,Article ID 516840,p 8
Kalaba FK,Quinn CH,Dougill AJ,Vinya R(2013)Floristic composition and carbon storage in charcoal and agriculture fallows and management implications in Miombo woodlands of Zambia.For Ecol Manag 304:99-109
Kent M,Coker P(1992)Vegetation description and analysis:a practical approach.Wiley,New York,p 363
Kissanga R(2016)Valorizaa?o da flora de Cusseque e Caiundo no centro e sul de Angola e avaliaa?o da biomassa lenhosa utilizada para combust?′vel e construa?o.Master Thesis,University of Lisbon,Lisbon,Portugal,p 63
LepsJ,Sˇmilauer P(2003)Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO.Cambridge University Press,Cambringe,p 269
Lévesque M,McLaren KP,McDonald MA(2011)Coppice shoot dynamics in a tropical dry forest after human disturbance.J Trop Ecol 27:259-268
Lykke AM(1998)Assessment of species composition change in savanna vegetation by means of woody plants size class distributions and local information.Biodivers Conserv7:1261-1275
MacLaren KP,MacDonald MA(2003)Coppice regrowth in disturbed tropical dry limestone forest in Jamaica.For Ecol Manag180:99-111
Magurran AE(2004)Measuring biological diversity.Blackwell Publishing Company,Malden,p 215
Mannheimer CA,Curtis BA(2009)Le Roux and Müller’s field guide to the trees and shrubs of Namibia.Macmillan Education Namibia(Pty)Ltd.,Windhoek,p 526
McNicol IM,Ryan CM,Williams M(2015)How resilient are African woodlands to disturbance from shifting cultivation?Ecol Appl25(8):2320-2336
Milles L,Newton AC,DeFries RS,Ravilious C,May I,Blyth S,Kapos V,Gordon JE(2006)A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests.J Biogeogr33:491-505
Ncube Z,Mufandaedza E(2013)Effects of fire on coppice shoot production and growth in an African savanna woodland dominated by Pterocarpus angolensis and Baikiaea plurijuga.Acad JAgric Res 1(2):028-035
Nduwayezu JB,Mafoko GJ,Mojeremane W,Mhaladi LO(2015)Vanishing multipurpose indigenous trees in Chobe and Kasane Forest Reserves of Botswana.Resour Environ 5:167-172
Neelo J,Teketay D,Kashe K,Masamba W(2015)Stand structure,diversity and regeneration status of woody species in open and exclosed dry woodlands sites around Molapo farming areas of the Okavango Delta,northeastern Botswana.Open J For5:313-328
Pardos M,del Castillo JR,Can?ellas I,Montero G(2005)Ecophysiology of natural regeneration of forest stands in Spain.Invest Agrar Sist Recur For 14(3):434-445
Phiri U,Chirwa PW,Watts S,Syampungani S(2012)Local community perception of joint forest management and its implications for forest condition:the case of Dambwa Forest Reserve in southern Zambia.South For 74(1):51-59
Pielou EC(1966)Species diversity and pattern diversity in the study of ecological succession.J Theor Biol 10(2):370-383
Prpper M,Vollan B(2013)Beyond Awareness and self-governance.Approaching Kavango timber users real-life choices.Land2:392-418
Revermann R,Finckh M(2013)Caiundo-vegetation.Biodivers Ecol5:91-96
R?nne C,J?ker D(2006)Schinziophyton rautanenii(Schinz.)Radcl.-Sm.Seed Leaflet 114:1-3
Shackleton S,Cocks M,Dold T,Kaschula S,Mbata K,MickelsKokwe G,von Maltitz G(2010)Non-wood Forest products:description,use and management.In:Chidumayo EN,Gumbo DJ(eds)The dry forests and woodlands of Africa:managing for products and services.Earthscan Ltd.,London,p 288
Stellmes M,Frantz D,Finckh M,Revermann R,Rder A,Hill J(2013)Fire frequency,fire seasonality and fire intensity within the Okavango region derivated from MODIS fire products.Biodivers Ecol 5:351-362
Strohbach BJ,Petersen A(2007)Vegetation of the central Kavango woodlands in Namibia:an example from the Mile 46 Livestock Development Centre.South Afr J Bot 63:391-401
Syampungani S(2008)Vegetation change analysis and ecological recovery of the Copperbelt Miombo woodlands of Zambia.Ph.DThesis,Stellenbosch University,Stellenbosch,South Africa,p 159
Thunstrm L(2012)Population size structure and recruitment rate in Pterocarpus angolensis,an exploited tree species in miombo woodlands,Tanzania.Master Thesis,Uppsala University,Uppsala,Sweden,p 29
Timberlake J,Chidumayo EN,Sawadogo S(2010)Distribution and characteristics of African Dry forests and woodlands.In:Chidumayo EN,Gumbo DJ(eds)The dry forests and woodlands of Africa:managing for products and services.Earthscan Ltd.,London,p 288
To′thmérész B(1995)Comparison of different methods for diversity ordering.J Veg Sci 6:283-290
Wallenfang J,Finckh M,Oldeland J,Revermann R(2015)Impact of shifting cultivation on dense tropical woodlands in southeast Angola.Trop Conserv Sci 8(4):863-892
Weber T(2013)Caiundo-climate.Biodivers Ecol 5:85-86
Wehberg J,Weinzierl T(2013)Okavango basin-physicogeographical setting.Biodivers Ecol 5:11-13
Yang X,Yan D,Liu C(2014)Natural regeneration of trees in three types of afforested stands in the Taihang Mountains,China.PLoS ONE 9(9):1-8
Zimudzi C,Mapaura A,Chapano C,Duri W(2013)Woody species composition,structure and diversity of Mazowe Botanical Reserve,Zimbabwe.J Biodivers Environ Sci 3(6):17-29