有轨电车曲线啸叫噪声试验分析
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摘要
曲线啸叫噪声是城市轨道交通中一个亟待解决的问题,但目前国内对其研究较少。以70%低地板有轨电车通过嵌入式轨道小半径曲线时为研究对象,通过测试和分析,研究其轮轨啸叫噪声特性及产生机理。测试曲线半径分别是25 m和50 m,试验速度分别是3～9 km/h和4～20 km/h。试验过程中轮轨接触表面状态分别考虑了自然状态、水润滑状态、油润滑状态和固体润滑状态。测试结果表明,未润滑状态下的车外标准点噪声L_(Aeq)在56～91 dB(A),其中87%～92%的工况发生啸叫或轻微啸叫;导向轮对(第一位轮对)内侧车轮发出的啸叫噪声最为显著,其产生机理是轮轨间的横向蠕滑激励车轮1 811 Hz频率处(0, 3)轴向模态振动,从而产生强烈的单频振动并发出啸叫。试验对比了不同润滑状态(水、润滑油、固体润滑剂)对啸叫的控制效果,测试结果表明采取润滑后,测试工况中发生啸叫或轻微啸叫的比例降低到19%～50%,车外噪声L_(Aeq)显著降低。研究补充了国内在有轨电车-嵌入式轨道曲线啸叫方面试验数据,并基于试验数据基本弄清了有轨电车-嵌入式轨道曲线啸叫噪声的产生机理。
Curve squeal noise is an urgent problem to be solved in urban rail transit, however there is less research on it in China at present. Taking the 70% low-floor tram traversing the tight curves of embedded rail track as the research object, the characteristics and mechanisms of wheel/rail squeal are investigated by measurements and analyses. The radiuses of the measured curves are 25 m and 50 m, the velocities of the tram traversing the measured curves are 3～9 km/h and 4～20 km/h respectively. During the field test, the state of the wheel/rail contact surface is considered natural state, water lubrication, oil lubrication and solid lubrication respectively. Measured results show that the exterior noise L_(Aeq) is in the range of 56 to 91 dB(A), in which 87%～92% of the measurements occur curve squeal when not adopting lubrication; the squeal emitted by the inner wheel of the leading wheelset(the first wheelset) is the most significant, the mechanism is that the lateral creep between the wheel and rail excites the(0,3) axial wheel mode at 1 811 Hz so that the wheel vibrates significantly at the single frequency and squeals. The effects of different lubrication conditions(water, oil lubricant, solid lubricant) on controlling the squeal are also investigated. It is found that the percentage of the measurements occurring curve squeal or slight curve squeal reduces to 19% to 50 %, and the exterior noise L_(Aeq) reduces significantly when adopting lubrication. The domestic measured data on the tram-embedded rail track curve squeal are supplemented with the research,, and based on the measured data, the mechanism of squel noise emitted by the tram is basically understood.
Curve squeal noise is an urgent problem to be solved in urban rail transit, however there is less research on it in China at present. Taking the 70% low-floor tram traversing the tight curves of embedded rail track as the research object, the characteristics and mechanisms of wheel/rail squeal are investigated by measurements and analyses. The radiuses of the measured curves are 25 m and 50 m, the velocities of the tram traversing the measured curves are 3～9 km/h and 4～20 km/h respectively. During the field test, the state of the wheel/rail contact surface is considered natural state, water lubrication, oil lubrication and solid lubrication respectively. Measured results show that the exterior noise L_(Aeq) is in the range of 56 to 91 dB(A), in which 87%～92% of the measurements occur curve squeal when not adopting lubrication; the squeal emitted by the inner wheel of the leading wheelset(the first wheelset) is the most significant, the mechanism is that the lateral creep between the wheel and rail excites the(0,3) axial wheel mode at 1 811 Hz so that the wheel vibrates significantly at the single frequency and squeals. The effects of different lubrication conditions(water, oil lubricant, solid lubricant) on controlling the squeal are also investigated. It is found that the percentage of the measurements occurring curve squeal or slight curve squeal reduces to 19% to 50 %, and the exterior noise L_(Aeq) reduces significantly when adopting lubrication. The domestic measured data on the tram-embedded rail track curve squeal are supplemented with the research,, and based on the measured data, the mechanism of squel noise emitted by the tram is basically understood.
引文
[1]THOMPSON D.铁路噪声与振动[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.THOMPSON D.Railway noise and vibration:Mechanisms,modelling and means of control[M].Beijing:Science Press,2013.
[2]MULLER B,OERTLI J.Combating curve squeal:monitoring existing applications[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2006,293(3-5):728-734.
[3]RUDD M J.Wheel/rail noise-Part II:Wheel squeal[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,1976,46(3):381-394.
[4]GLOCKER C,CATALDI-SPINOLA E,LEINE R I.Curve squealing of trains:Measurement,modelling and simulation[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2009,324(1-2):365-386.
[5]VINCENT N,KOCH J R,CHOLLET H,et al.Curve squeal of urban rolling stock-Part 1:State of the art and field measurements[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2006,293(3):691-700.
[6]RUITEN C J M V.Mechanism of squeal noise generated by trams[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,1988,120(2):245-253.
[7]CORRADI R,CROSIO P,MANZONI,et al.Experimental investigation on squeal noise in tramway sharp curves[C/CD]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics,Eurodyn,2011.
[8]MATSUMOTO A,SATO Y,ONO H,et al.Creep force characteristics between rail and wheel on scaled model[J].Foreign Rolling Stock,2004,253(1):199-203.
[9]EADIE D T,SANTORO M,KALOUSEK J.Railway noise and the effect of top of rail liquid friction modifiers:changes in sound and vibration spectral distributions in curves[J].Wear,2005,258(7-8):1148-1155.
[10]EADIE D T,SANTORO M,POWELLl W.Local control of noise and vibration with KELTRACK?friction modifier and Protector?;trackside application:an integrated solution[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2003,267(3):761-772.
[11]EADIE D T,SANTORO M.Top-of-rail friction control for curve noise mitigation and corrugation rate reduction[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2004,293(3):747-757.
[12]MOEHLER U,PRESTELE G,GIESLER H,et al.Schallemissionen von schienennahverkehrsbahnen[J].Zeitschrift Fuer Laermbekaempfung,1998:45.
[13]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 3096-2008声环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.GB3096-2008 Environmental quality standard for noise[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[14]中华人民共和国生态环境部.GB 12525-1990铁路边界噪声限值及其测量方法(2008年修改方案)[EB/OL],2008.[2017-06-07].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/200910/t20091022_174500.htm.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People’s Republic of China.GB 12525-1990 Limit value of railway boundary noise and its measuring method(2008revised programme)[EB/OL],2008.[2017-06-07].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/200910/t20091022_174500.htm.
[15]Ministry of the Environment,Government of Japan.Environmental quality standards for shinkansen superexpress railway noise[EB/OL].1993.[2017-06-07].http://www.env.go.jp/en/air/noise/railway.html.
[2]MULLER B,OERTLI J.Combating curve squeal:monitoring existing applications[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2006,293(3-5):728-734.
[3]RUDD M J.Wheel/rail noise-Part II:Wheel squeal[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,1976,46(3):381-394.
[4]GLOCKER C,CATALDI-SPINOLA E,LEINE R I.Curve squealing of trains:Measurement,modelling and simulation[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2009,324(1-2):365-386.
[5]VINCENT N,KOCH J R,CHOLLET H,et al.Curve squeal of urban rolling stock-Part 1:State of the art and field measurements[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2006,293(3):691-700.
[6]RUITEN C J M V.Mechanism of squeal noise generated by trams[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,1988,120(2):245-253.
[7]CORRADI R,CROSIO P,MANZONI,et al.Experimental investigation on squeal noise in tramway sharp curves[C/CD]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics,Eurodyn,2011.
[8]MATSUMOTO A,SATO Y,ONO H,et al.Creep force characteristics between rail and wheel on scaled model[J].Foreign Rolling Stock,2004,253(1):199-203.
[9]EADIE D T,SANTORO M,KALOUSEK J.Railway noise and the effect of top of rail liquid friction modifiers:changes in sound and vibration spectral distributions in curves[J].Wear,2005,258(7-8):1148-1155.
[10]EADIE D T,SANTORO M,POWELLl W.Local control of noise and vibration with KELTRACK?friction modifier and Protector?;trackside application:an integrated solution[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2003,267(3):761-772.
[11]EADIE D T,SANTORO M.Top-of-rail friction control for curve noise mitigation and corrugation rate reduction[J].Journal of Sound&Vibration,2004,293(3):747-757.
[12]MOEHLER U,PRESTELE G,GIESLER H,et al.Schallemissionen von schienennahverkehrsbahnen[J].Zeitschrift Fuer Laermbekaempfung,1998:45.
[13]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 3096-2008声环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.GB3096-2008 Environmental quality standard for noise[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[14]中华人民共和国生态环境部.GB 12525-1990铁路边界噪声限值及其测量方法(2008年修改方案)[EB/OL],2008.[2017-06-07].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/200910/t20091022_174500.htm.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People’s Republic of China.GB 12525-1990 Limit value of railway boundary noise and its measuring method(2008revised programme)[EB/OL],2008.[2017-06-07].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/200910/t20091022_174500.htm.
[15]Ministry of the Environment,Government of Japan.Environmental quality standards for shinkansen superexpress railway noise[EB/OL].1993.[2017-06-07].http://www.env.go.jp/en/air/noise/railway.html.