Characterizing the Micropores in Lacustrine Shales of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of Southern Songliao Basin, NE China
|
摘要
Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope(FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and "ink type" pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.
Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope(FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and "ink type" pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.
Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope(FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and "ink type" pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.
引文
Amanda,M.B.,Cui,X.,and Robert,M.B.,2009.Measurements of gas permeability and diffusivity of tight reservoir rocks:different approaches and their applications.Geofluids,9:208-223.
Ambrose,R.J.,Hartman,R.C.,Diaz-Campos,M.,Akkutlu,Y.,and Sondergeld,C.H.,2010.New pore-scale considerations for shale gas in place calculations.In:SPE Unconventional Gas Confertuobeience,Society of Petroleum Engineers,131772.
Cander,H.,2012.Sweet spots in shale gas and liquids plays:prediction of fluid composition and reservoir pressure.Search and Discovery Article 40936.
Cao Qian and Zhou Wen,2015.Characteristic and controlling factors of organic pores in continental shale gas reservoir of Chang 7th of Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(z1):1-2.
Chalmers,G.R.L.,Bustin,R.M.,and Power,I.M.,2012.Characterization of gas shale pore systems by porosimetry,pycnometry,surface area,and field emission scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy image analyses:examples from the Barnett,Woodford,Haynesville,Marcellus,and Doig units.AAPGBulletin,96(6):1099-1119.
Chen Lei,Jiang Zhenxue,Ji Wenming and Chen Weitao,2015.Characterization of microscopic pore structures and its effect on methane adsorption capacity in continental shales.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(z1):11.
Chen Lei,Jiang Zhenxue,Liu Keyu,Gao Fenglin and Wang Pengfei,2017.A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption to characterize nanopore structure of organic-rich Lower Silurian shale in the upper Yangtze Platform,South China:implications for shale gas sorption capacity.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(4):1380-1394.
Chen Shengrong,Shuai Qin,Gao Qiang,Tian Ya,Xu Shengrui and Cao Yunjie,2015.Study on shale pore structure based on scanning electron microscopy on microscopy-desorption and mercury intrusion.Rock and Mineral Analysis,6:636-642(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Xiaohong,Luo Shengyuan,Liu An and Li Hai,2018.The oldest shale gas reservoirs in southern margin of Huangling uplift,Yichang,Hubei,China,China Geology,1:158-159.
Chen,F.W.,Lu,S.F.,Ding,X.,He,X.P.,and Xing,H.L.,2018.The splicing of backscattered scanning electron microscopy method used on evaluation of microscopic pore characteristics in shale sample and compared with results from other methods.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,160(1):207-218.
Clarkson,C.R.,Jensen,J.L.,and Pedersen,P.K.,2012.Innovative methods for flow unit and pore-structure analyses in a tight siltstone and shale gas reservoir.AAPG Bulletin,96:355-374.
Cui Jingwei,Zhu Rukai,Li Shixiang and Zhang Zhongyi,2017.Oderly accumulation theory of shale system petroleum resource and its prospecting significance-a case study of Chang 7 member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(z1):265-266.
Curtis,M.E.,Ambrose,R.J.,Sondergeld,C.H.,and Rai,C.S.,2010.Structural characterization of gas shales on the microand nano-scales.In:Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference,Society of Petroleum Engineers,137693.
Feng Dongjun,Hu Zongquan,Gao Bo,Peng Yongmin and Du Wei,2016.Analysis of shale gas reservoir-forming condition of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in southeast Sichuan Basin.Geological Review,62(6):1521-1532(in Chinese with English abstract).
Feng Xiaolong,Ao Weihua and Tang Xuan,2017.Characteristics and main controlling factors of the formation of pores in continental shale gas reservoirs:a case study of Chang 7member in Ordos Basin.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),6:1-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guan Quanzhong,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shufang,Huang Jinliang,Wang Yuman and Zhang Chenchen,2016.Analyses on differences of microstructure between marine and lacustrine facies shale reservoirs.Natural Gas Geosciences,36:524(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Shaobin and Huang Lei,2013.Gas-bearing influential factors and evaluation of shale gas reservoir:a case study of Paleozoic shale gas reservoir in Upper Yangtze region.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,35:601-606(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Wei,Xiong Wei,Gao Shusheng,Hu Zhiming,Liu Honglin and Yu Rongze,2013.Impact of temperature on the isothermal adsorption/desorption characteristics of shale gas.Petroleum Exploration and Development,4:481(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Wei,Liu Zhaojun,Dong Huimin and Zhao Yujun,2004.The sequence stratigraphic characteristics of Songliao Basin and the law of hydrocarbon accumulation.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2:216-221(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Wangshui,LüBingquan,Zhang Wenjun,Mao Zhiguo,Leng Jun and Guan Dayong,2005.An approach to tectonic evolution and dynamics of the Songliao Basin.Chinese Journal of Geology,1:16-31(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang Jinliang,Dong Dazhong,Li Jianzhong,Hu Junwen,Wang Yuman,Li Denghua and Wang Shufang,2016.Reservoir characteristics and its influence on continental shale:an example from Triassic Xujiahe Formation shale,Sichuan Basin.Earth Science Frontiers,23:158-866(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang Zhenkai,Chen Jianping,Xue Haitao,WangYijun,Wang Min and Deng Chunpeng,2013.Microstructural characteristics of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation shale,Songliao Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development 40:58-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jarvie,D.M.,Hill,R.J,Ruble,T.E.,and Pollastro,R.M.,2007.Unconventional shale-gas systems:the Mississippian Barnett shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment.AAPG Bulletin,91:475-499.
Javier,S.A.C.,Boris,I.K.,Thelma,E.S.Q.,and Toma′s,C.H.G.,2017.Micro-and nanoporous materials capable of absorbing solvents and oils reversibly:the state of the art.Petroleum Science,14(1):84-104.
Jiu Kai,Ding Weilong,Wang Zhe,Huang Yong,Zhu Baocun,Zhang Zhenhua,Zeng Weite and Wang Ruyue,2016.Reservoir space and evolution on process of Longmaxi shale in the Fenggang area of northern Guizhou.Earth Science Frontiers,23:195-205(in Chinese with English abstract).
Johan,C.G.,Louk A,A.P.,and Javier,P.R,2003.Pore size determination in modified micro-and mesoporous materials.Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis.Microporous Mesoporous Materials,60:1-17.
Li,Y.,Tang,D.Z.,Wu,P.,Niu,X.L.,Wang,K.,Qiao,P.,and Wang,Z.S,2016.Continuous unconventional natural gas accumulations of Carboniferous-Permian coal-bearing strata in the Linxing area,northeastern Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,36:314-327.
Li,Y.,Tang,D.Z.,Derek,E.,and Xu,H.,2014.Characterization of coalbed methane reservoirs at multiple length scales:a cross-section from southeastern Ordos Basin,China.Energy and Fuels 28:5587-5595.
Li,Y.,Zhang,C.,Tang,D.Z.,Gan,Q.,Niu,X.L.,Wang,K.,and Shen,R.Y.,2017.Coal pore size distributions controlled by the coalification process:an experimental study of coals from the Junggar,Ordos and Qinshui basins in China.Fuel,206:352-363.
Liu Bo,LüYanfang,Ran Qingchang,Dai Chunlei,Li Mei and Wang Meng,2014.Geological conditions and exploration potential of shale oil in Qingshankou Formation,northern Songliao Basin.Oil and Gas Geology,2:280-285(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Shugen,Ma Wenxin,Lubomir Jansa,Huang Wenming,Zeng Xianliang and Zhang Changjun,2011.Characteristics of the shale gas reservoir rocks in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,east Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(8):2239-2252(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Shichao,Zhang Jinyou,Gong Fanhao,Zhu Heng and Bai Yunfei,2017.The Seven Properties Characteristics of Mudstone in the First and Second Member of Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation and Favorable Area Optimization of Shale Oil in the North of Songliao Basin.Geological Review,63(supp.):71-72(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Xiandong,Lu Xiancai,Hou Qingfeng,Cui Juqing,Lu Zhijun,Sun Yan and Xu Shijin,2005.A feasible method for fractal study using gas adsorption isotherm and its application in earth sciences.Advances in Earth Science,20:201-206(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Shuangfang,Huang Wenbiao,Li Wenhao,Xue Haitao,Xiao Dianshi,Li Jijun,Wang Min,Wang Weiming,Chen Fangwen,Zhang Jun,Deng Shouwei and Tang Zhenxing,2017.Lower limits and grading evaluation criteria of tight oil source rocks of southern Songliao Basin,NE China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,44:505-512(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao Xiaoxiao,Zhao Difei,Lu Chengang,Li Gang,Guo Xiaoyu and Guo Yinghai,2016.The application of argon ion polishing field emission scanning electron microscopy to the research on coal nanopores.Journal of Chinese Electron Microscopy Society,l:90-96(in Chinese with English abstract).
Milner,M.,Mc Lin,R.,and Petriello,J.,2010.Imaging texture and porosity in mudstones and shales:comparison of secondary and ion-milled backscatter SEM methods in Canadian Unconventional Resources.Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas CUSG/SSPE:963-975.
Mosher,K.,He,J.J.,Liu,Y.Y.,Rupp,E.,and Wilcox,J.,2013.Molecular simulation of methane adsorption in micro-and mesoporous carbons with applications to coal and gas shale systems.International Journal of Coal Geology,109-110:36-44.
Nie Haikuan and Jin Zhijun,2016.Source rock and cap rock controls on the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas accumulation in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(3):1059-1060.
Nie Haikuan,Bian Ruikang,Zhang Peixian and Gao Bo,2014.Micro-types and characteristics of shale reservoir of the Lower Paleozoic in Southeast Sichuan Basin,and their effects on the gas content.Earth Science Frontiers,21:331-343(in Chinese with English abstract).
Passey,Q.R,Bohacs,K.M.,Esch,W.L.,Klimentidis,R.,and Sinha,S.,2010.From oil-prone source rock to gas-producing shale reservoir:geologic and petrophysical characterization of unconventional shale-gas reservoirs.In:International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China,Society of Petroleum Engineers,131350.
Rouquérol,F.,Rouquérol,J.,and Sing,K.,1999.Adsorption by powders and porous solids.San Diego:Academic Press,200.
Sing,K.S.W.,Everett,D.H.,Haul,R.A.W.,Moscou,L.,Pierotti,R.A.,Rouquerol,J.,and Siemieniewska,T.,2008.Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity.Pure and Applied Chemistry,57:603-619.
Loucks,R.G.,Reed,R.M.,and Ruppel,S.C.,2009.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Batnett Shale.Journal of Sedimentary Research,79:848-861.
Wang Weiji,Qiu Zhengsong,Zhong Hanyi,Huang Weian and Dai Wenhao,2017.Thermo-sensitive polymer nanospheres as a smart plugging agent for shale gas drilling operations.Petroleum Science,14(1):116-125.
Wang Anmin,Cao Daiyong,Li Jing,Jiang Ailin and Yang Chengwei,2017.A new discovery on the deformation behavior of shale gas reservoirs affecting pore morphology in the Juhugeng coal mining area of Qinghai Province,northwest China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(5):1932-1933.
Wang Feiyu,Guan Jing,Feng Weiping and Bao Linyan,2013.Evolution of overmature marine shale porosity and implication to the free gas volume.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40:764-768(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Liang,Chen Yunyan and Liu Yuxia,2014.Shale porous structural characteristics of Longmaxi Formation in Pengshui area of southeast Sichuan Basin.China Petroleum Exploration,19:80-88(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Min,Lu Shuangfang,Wang Zhiwei,Liu Yang,Huang Wenbiao,Chen Fangwen,Xu Xingyou,Li Zheng and Li Jijun,2016.Reservoir characteristics of lacustrine shale and marine shale:examples from the Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and Qiannan depression.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(3):1024-1038.
Wang Shejiao,Yang Tao,Zhang Guosheng,Li Denghua and Chen Xiaoming,2012.Shale gas enrichment factors and the selection and evaluation of the core area.Engineering Sciences,6:94-100(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xiangzeng,Zhang Lixia and Gao Chao,2016.The heterogeneity of shale gas reservoir in Yanchang Formation,Xiasiwan area,Ordos Basin.Earth Science Frontiers,23:134-145(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xiangzeng,Zhang Lixia,Li Zongtian and Fu Hai Jiao,2016.Pore type classification scheme for continental Yanchang shale in Ordos Basin and its geological significance.Oil and Gas Geology,37:1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei Mingqiang,Duan Yonggang,Fang Quantang,Cao Tingkuan and Wang Rong.2011.Current research situation of porosity and permeability characteristics and seepage mechanism of shale gas reservoir.Reservoir Evaluation and Development,4:73-77(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei Xiangfeng,Zhao Zhengbao,Wang Qingbo,Liu Zhujiang,Zhou Min and Zhang Hui,2017.Comprehensive evaluation on geological conditions of the shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Dingshan area,Qijiang,Southeastern Sichuan.Geological Review,63(1):153-164(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu Yanyan,Cao Haihong,Ding Anxu,Wang Liang and Cheng Yunyan,2015.Pore characteristics of a shale gas reservoir and its effect on gas content.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,37:231-236(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xiukun and Sheng James,2017.Gas sorption and nonDarcy flow in shale reservoirs.Petroleum Science,14(4):746-754.
Xiao Xianming,Wei Qiang,Gai Haifeng,Li Tengfei,Wang Maolin,Pan Lei,Chen Ji and Tian Hui,2015.Main controlling factors and enrichment area evaluation of shale gas of the Lower Paleozoic marine strata in south China.Petroleum Science,12:573-586.Xue Bing,Zhang Jinchuan,Tang Xuan,Yang Chao,Chen Qian,Man Xiangjie and Dang Wei,2015.Characteristics of microscopic pore and gas accumulation on shale in Longmaxi Formation,northwest Guizhou.Acta Petrologica Sinica,36:138-149(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xi Zhaodong,Tang Shuheng,Wang Jing,Zhang Zhen,Li Yanpeng,Gong Minghui and Xiao Heqi,2018.Evaluation parameters study of selecting favorable shale gas areas in southern China.Acta Geologica Sinica,92(6):1313-1323(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Chao,Zhang Jinchuan,Wang Xiangzeng,Tang Xuan,Chen Yongchang,Jiang Lulu and Gong Xue,2017.Nanoscale pore structure and fractal characteristics of a marinecontinental transitional shale:a case study from the lower Permian Shanxi Shale in the southeastern Ordos Basin,China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,88:54-68.
Ye Jun and Zeng Huasheng,2008.Pooling conditions and exploration prospect of shale gas in Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan depression,Natural Gas Industry,28:18-25,135(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan Yuan,Jiang Zhenxue,Yu Chen,Wang Pengfei,Guo Tianxu.,Zhao Ruotong and Tang Xianglu,2016.Reservoir characteristics of high abundance and low thermal stage lacustrine shale:an example from the Middle Jurassic shale in the northern Qaidam Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,90(3):541-552(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhao Jianhua,Jin Zhijun,Jin Zhenkui,Wen Xin and Geng Yikai,2016.Physical mechanism of organic matter-mineral interaction in Longmaxi Shale,Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(5):1923-1924.
Zhao Wenzhi,Li Jianzhong,Yang Tao,Wang Shufang and Huang Jinliang,2016.Geological difference and its significance of marine shale gases in South China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(4):547-559(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zou Caineng,Yang Zhi,Pan,Songqi,Chen Yanyan,Lin Senhu,Huang Jinliang,Wu Songtao,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shufang,Liang Feng,Sun Shasha,Huang Yong and Weng Dingwei,2016.Shale gas formation and occurrence in China:an overview of the current status and future potential.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(4):1249-1283.
Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,Yang Zhi,Wu Songtao,Su Ling,Dong Dazhong and Li Xingjing,2011.First discovery of nano-pore throat in oil and gas reservoir in China and its scientific value.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27:1857-1864(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ambrose,R.J.,Hartman,R.C.,Diaz-Campos,M.,Akkutlu,Y.,and Sondergeld,C.H.,2010.New pore-scale considerations for shale gas in place calculations.In:SPE Unconventional Gas Confertuobeience,Society of Petroleum Engineers,131772.
Cander,H.,2012.Sweet spots in shale gas and liquids plays:prediction of fluid composition and reservoir pressure.Search and Discovery Article 40936.
Cao Qian and Zhou Wen,2015.Characteristic and controlling factors of organic pores in continental shale gas reservoir of Chang 7th of Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(z1):1-2.
Chalmers,G.R.L.,Bustin,R.M.,and Power,I.M.,2012.Characterization of gas shale pore systems by porosimetry,pycnometry,surface area,and field emission scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy image analyses:examples from the Barnett,Woodford,Haynesville,Marcellus,and Doig units.AAPGBulletin,96(6):1099-1119.
Chen Lei,Jiang Zhenxue,Ji Wenming and Chen Weitao,2015.Characterization of microscopic pore structures and its effect on methane adsorption capacity in continental shales.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(z1):11.
Chen Lei,Jiang Zhenxue,Liu Keyu,Gao Fenglin and Wang Pengfei,2017.A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption to characterize nanopore structure of organic-rich Lower Silurian shale in the upper Yangtze Platform,South China:implications for shale gas sorption capacity.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(4):1380-1394.
Chen Shengrong,Shuai Qin,Gao Qiang,Tian Ya,Xu Shengrui and Cao Yunjie,2015.Study on shale pore structure based on scanning electron microscopy on microscopy-desorption and mercury intrusion.Rock and Mineral Analysis,6:636-642(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Xiaohong,Luo Shengyuan,Liu An and Li Hai,2018.The oldest shale gas reservoirs in southern margin of Huangling uplift,Yichang,Hubei,China,China Geology,1:158-159.
Chen,F.W.,Lu,S.F.,Ding,X.,He,X.P.,and Xing,H.L.,2018.The splicing of backscattered scanning electron microscopy method used on evaluation of microscopic pore characteristics in shale sample and compared with results from other methods.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,160(1):207-218.
Clarkson,C.R.,Jensen,J.L.,and Pedersen,P.K.,2012.Innovative methods for flow unit and pore-structure analyses in a tight siltstone and shale gas reservoir.AAPG Bulletin,96:355-374.
Cui Jingwei,Zhu Rukai,Li Shixiang and Zhang Zhongyi,2017.Oderly accumulation theory of shale system petroleum resource and its prospecting significance-a case study of Chang 7 member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(z1):265-266.
Curtis,M.E.,Ambrose,R.J.,Sondergeld,C.H.,and Rai,C.S.,2010.Structural characterization of gas shales on the microand nano-scales.In:Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference,Society of Petroleum Engineers,137693.
Feng Dongjun,Hu Zongquan,Gao Bo,Peng Yongmin and Du Wei,2016.Analysis of shale gas reservoir-forming condition of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in southeast Sichuan Basin.Geological Review,62(6):1521-1532(in Chinese with English abstract).
Feng Xiaolong,Ao Weihua and Tang Xuan,2017.Characteristics and main controlling factors of the formation of pores in continental shale gas reservoirs:a case study of Chang 7member in Ordos Basin.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),6:1-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guan Quanzhong,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shufang,Huang Jinliang,Wang Yuman and Zhang Chenchen,2016.Analyses on differences of microstructure between marine and lacustrine facies shale reservoirs.Natural Gas Geosciences,36:524(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Shaobin and Huang Lei,2013.Gas-bearing influential factors and evaluation of shale gas reservoir:a case study of Paleozoic shale gas reservoir in Upper Yangtze region.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,35:601-606(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Wei,Xiong Wei,Gao Shusheng,Hu Zhiming,Liu Honglin and Yu Rongze,2013.Impact of temperature on the isothermal adsorption/desorption characteristics of shale gas.Petroleum Exploration and Development,4:481(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Wei,Liu Zhaojun,Dong Huimin and Zhao Yujun,2004.The sequence stratigraphic characteristics of Songliao Basin and the law of hydrocarbon accumulation.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2:216-221(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Wangshui,LüBingquan,Zhang Wenjun,Mao Zhiguo,Leng Jun and Guan Dayong,2005.An approach to tectonic evolution and dynamics of the Songliao Basin.Chinese Journal of Geology,1:16-31(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang Jinliang,Dong Dazhong,Li Jianzhong,Hu Junwen,Wang Yuman,Li Denghua and Wang Shufang,2016.Reservoir characteristics and its influence on continental shale:an example from Triassic Xujiahe Formation shale,Sichuan Basin.Earth Science Frontiers,23:158-866(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang Zhenkai,Chen Jianping,Xue Haitao,WangYijun,Wang Min and Deng Chunpeng,2013.Microstructural characteristics of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation shale,Songliao Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development 40:58-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jarvie,D.M.,Hill,R.J,Ruble,T.E.,and Pollastro,R.M.,2007.Unconventional shale-gas systems:the Mississippian Barnett shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment.AAPG Bulletin,91:475-499.
Javier,S.A.C.,Boris,I.K.,Thelma,E.S.Q.,and Toma′s,C.H.G.,2017.Micro-and nanoporous materials capable of absorbing solvents and oils reversibly:the state of the art.Petroleum Science,14(1):84-104.
Jiu Kai,Ding Weilong,Wang Zhe,Huang Yong,Zhu Baocun,Zhang Zhenhua,Zeng Weite and Wang Ruyue,2016.Reservoir space and evolution on process of Longmaxi shale in the Fenggang area of northern Guizhou.Earth Science Frontiers,23:195-205(in Chinese with English abstract).
Johan,C.G.,Louk A,A.P.,and Javier,P.R,2003.Pore size determination in modified micro-and mesoporous materials.Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis.Microporous Mesoporous Materials,60:1-17.
Li,Y.,Tang,D.Z.,Wu,P.,Niu,X.L.,Wang,K.,Qiao,P.,and Wang,Z.S,2016.Continuous unconventional natural gas accumulations of Carboniferous-Permian coal-bearing strata in the Linxing area,northeastern Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,36:314-327.
Li,Y.,Tang,D.Z.,Derek,E.,and Xu,H.,2014.Characterization of coalbed methane reservoirs at multiple length scales:a cross-section from southeastern Ordos Basin,China.Energy and Fuels 28:5587-5595.
Li,Y.,Zhang,C.,Tang,D.Z.,Gan,Q.,Niu,X.L.,Wang,K.,and Shen,R.Y.,2017.Coal pore size distributions controlled by the coalification process:an experimental study of coals from the Junggar,Ordos and Qinshui basins in China.Fuel,206:352-363.
Liu Bo,LüYanfang,Ran Qingchang,Dai Chunlei,Li Mei and Wang Meng,2014.Geological conditions and exploration potential of shale oil in Qingshankou Formation,northern Songliao Basin.Oil and Gas Geology,2:280-285(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Shugen,Ma Wenxin,Lubomir Jansa,Huang Wenming,Zeng Xianliang and Zhang Changjun,2011.Characteristics of the shale gas reservoir rocks in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,east Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(8):2239-2252(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Shichao,Zhang Jinyou,Gong Fanhao,Zhu Heng and Bai Yunfei,2017.The Seven Properties Characteristics of Mudstone in the First and Second Member of Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation and Favorable Area Optimization of Shale Oil in the North of Songliao Basin.Geological Review,63(supp.):71-72(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Xiandong,Lu Xiancai,Hou Qingfeng,Cui Juqing,Lu Zhijun,Sun Yan and Xu Shijin,2005.A feasible method for fractal study using gas adsorption isotherm and its application in earth sciences.Advances in Earth Science,20:201-206(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Shuangfang,Huang Wenbiao,Li Wenhao,Xue Haitao,Xiao Dianshi,Li Jijun,Wang Min,Wang Weiming,Chen Fangwen,Zhang Jun,Deng Shouwei and Tang Zhenxing,2017.Lower limits and grading evaluation criteria of tight oil source rocks of southern Songliao Basin,NE China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,44:505-512(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao Xiaoxiao,Zhao Difei,Lu Chengang,Li Gang,Guo Xiaoyu and Guo Yinghai,2016.The application of argon ion polishing field emission scanning electron microscopy to the research on coal nanopores.Journal of Chinese Electron Microscopy Society,l:90-96(in Chinese with English abstract).
Milner,M.,Mc Lin,R.,and Petriello,J.,2010.Imaging texture and porosity in mudstones and shales:comparison of secondary and ion-milled backscatter SEM methods in Canadian Unconventional Resources.Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas CUSG/SSPE:963-975.
Mosher,K.,He,J.J.,Liu,Y.Y.,Rupp,E.,and Wilcox,J.,2013.Molecular simulation of methane adsorption in micro-and mesoporous carbons with applications to coal and gas shale systems.International Journal of Coal Geology,109-110:36-44.
Nie Haikuan and Jin Zhijun,2016.Source rock and cap rock controls on the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas accumulation in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(3):1059-1060.
Nie Haikuan,Bian Ruikang,Zhang Peixian and Gao Bo,2014.Micro-types and characteristics of shale reservoir of the Lower Paleozoic in Southeast Sichuan Basin,and their effects on the gas content.Earth Science Frontiers,21:331-343(in Chinese with English abstract).
Passey,Q.R,Bohacs,K.M.,Esch,W.L.,Klimentidis,R.,and Sinha,S.,2010.From oil-prone source rock to gas-producing shale reservoir:geologic and petrophysical characterization of unconventional shale-gas reservoirs.In:International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China,Society of Petroleum Engineers,131350.
Rouquérol,F.,Rouquérol,J.,and Sing,K.,1999.Adsorption by powders and porous solids.San Diego:Academic Press,200.
Sing,K.S.W.,Everett,D.H.,Haul,R.A.W.,Moscou,L.,Pierotti,R.A.,Rouquerol,J.,and Siemieniewska,T.,2008.Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity.Pure and Applied Chemistry,57:603-619.
Loucks,R.G.,Reed,R.M.,and Ruppel,S.C.,2009.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Batnett Shale.Journal of Sedimentary Research,79:848-861.
Wang Weiji,Qiu Zhengsong,Zhong Hanyi,Huang Weian and Dai Wenhao,2017.Thermo-sensitive polymer nanospheres as a smart plugging agent for shale gas drilling operations.Petroleum Science,14(1):116-125.
Wang Anmin,Cao Daiyong,Li Jing,Jiang Ailin and Yang Chengwei,2017.A new discovery on the deformation behavior of shale gas reservoirs affecting pore morphology in the Juhugeng coal mining area of Qinghai Province,northwest China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(5):1932-1933.
Wang Feiyu,Guan Jing,Feng Weiping and Bao Linyan,2013.Evolution of overmature marine shale porosity and implication to the free gas volume.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40:764-768(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Liang,Chen Yunyan and Liu Yuxia,2014.Shale porous structural characteristics of Longmaxi Formation in Pengshui area of southeast Sichuan Basin.China Petroleum Exploration,19:80-88(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Min,Lu Shuangfang,Wang Zhiwei,Liu Yang,Huang Wenbiao,Chen Fangwen,Xu Xingyou,Li Zheng and Li Jijun,2016.Reservoir characteristics of lacustrine shale and marine shale:examples from the Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and Qiannan depression.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(3):1024-1038.
Wang Shejiao,Yang Tao,Zhang Guosheng,Li Denghua and Chen Xiaoming,2012.Shale gas enrichment factors and the selection and evaluation of the core area.Engineering Sciences,6:94-100(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xiangzeng,Zhang Lixia and Gao Chao,2016.The heterogeneity of shale gas reservoir in Yanchang Formation,Xiasiwan area,Ordos Basin.Earth Science Frontiers,23:134-145(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xiangzeng,Zhang Lixia,Li Zongtian and Fu Hai Jiao,2016.Pore type classification scheme for continental Yanchang shale in Ordos Basin and its geological significance.Oil and Gas Geology,37:1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei Mingqiang,Duan Yonggang,Fang Quantang,Cao Tingkuan and Wang Rong.2011.Current research situation of porosity and permeability characteristics and seepage mechanism of shale gas reservoir.Reservoir Evaluation and Development,4:73-77(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei Xiangfeng,Zhao Zhengbao,Wang Qingbo,Liu Zhujiang,Zhou Min and Zhang Hui,2017.Comprehensive evaluation on geological conditions of the shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Dingshan area,Qijiang,Southeastern Sichuan.Geological Review,63(1):153-164(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu Yanyan,Cao Haihong,Ding Anxu,Wang Liang and Cheng Yunyan,2015.Pore characteristics of a shale gas reservoir and its effect on gas content.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,37:231-236(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xiukun and Sheng James,2017.Gas sorption and nonDarcy flow in shale reservoirs.Petroleum Science,14(4):746-754.
Xiao Xianming,Wei Qiang,Gai Haifeng,Li Tengfei,Wang Maolin,Pan Lei,Chen Ji and Tian Hui,2015.Main controlling factors and enrichment area evaluation of shale gas of the Lower Paleozoic marine strata in south China.Petroleum Science,12:573-586.Xue Bing,Zhang Jinchuan,Tang Xuan,Yang Chao,Chen Qian,Man Xiangjie and Dang Wei,2015.Characteristics of microscopic pore and gas accumulation on shale in Longmaxi Formation,northwest Guizhou.Acta Petrologica Sinica,36:138-149(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xi Zhaodong,Tang Shuheng,Wang Jing,Zhang Zhen,Li Yanpeng,Gong Minghui and Xiao Heqi,2018.Evaluation parameters study of selecting favorable shale gas areas in southern China.Acta Geologica Sinica,92(6):1313-1323(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Chao,Zhang Jinchuan,Wang Xiangzeng,Tang Xuan,Chen Yongchang,Jiang Lulu and Gong Xue,2017.Nanoscale pore structure and fractal characteristics of a marinecontinental transitional shale:a case study from the lower Permian Shanxi Shale in the southeastern Ordos Basin,China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,88:54-68.
Ye Jun and Zeng Huasheng,2008.Pooling conditions and exploration prospect of shale gas in Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan depression,Natural Gas Industry,28:18-25,135(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan Yuan,Jiang Zhenxue,Yu Chen,Wang Pengfei,Guo Tianxu.,Zhao Ruotong and Tang Xianglu,2016.Reservoir characteristics of high abundance and low thermal stage lacustrine shale:an example from the Middle Jurassic shale in the northern Qaidam Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,90(3):541-552(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhao Jianhua,Jin Zhijun,Jin Zhenkui,Wen Xin and Geng Yikai,2016.Physical mechanism of organic matter-mineral interaction in Longmaxi Shale,Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(5):1923-1924.
Zhao Wenzhi,Li Jianzhong,Yang Tao,Wang Shufang and Huang Jinliang,2016.Geological difference and its significance of marine shale gases in South China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(4):547-559(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zou Caineng,Yang Zhi,Pan,Songqi,Chen Yanyan,Lin Senhu,Huang Jinliang,Wu Songtao,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shufang,Liang Feng,Sun Shasha,Huang Yong and Weng Dingwei,2016.Shale gas formation and occurrence in China:an overview of the current status and future potential.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(4):1249-1283.
Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,Yang Zhi,Wu Songtao,Su Ling,Dong Dazhong and Li Xingjing,2011.First discovery of nano-pore throat in oil and gas reservoir in China and its scientific value.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27:1857-1864(in Chinese with English abstract).