祁连山中部祁连圆柏林线树木生长与积雪响应关系研究
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摘要
对青海省东北部祁连县周边的冰沟、青羊沟和扎麻什林线地区的祁连圆柏进行了树芯采集,建立了祁连山中部3个样点林线处祁连圆柏的树轮宽度年表.相关分析显示,树轮宽度与前一年积雪深度和当年3-6月积雪面积呈显著负相关.同时,建立了树轮宽度与前一年9月份积雪深度的转换函数方程,解释方差为35.9%,树轮-雪深重建数据能较好的反映积雪深度变化.重建序列显示,自1740年以来,研究区共有3个积雪深度高值时段,分别为1740-1780年、1825-1880年和1910-1980年.并且,在长时间尺度上,积雪深度变化与祁连山地区以及中国西部其他地区的冰川进退有较好的对应关系.另外,积雪深度在年际变化和长期变化上都与温度变化表现为负相关.
Three tree-ring width chronologies were established by using the samples of Sabina przewalskii from the timberlines in the Middle Qilian Mountains. Correlation analysis and response analysis show ed a significant negative correlation betw een tree-ring width and snow depth or snow cover area. After identifying the relationship betw een snow depth and tree grow th,the maximum snow depth in September in the previous year is able to be reconstructed using tree-ring width data. The reconstruction reflects the snow depth variation well. And there have been three high snow depth periods in the study area in the last 270 years: 1740-1780,1825-1880 and1910-1980. Moreover,in the long term,variation of snow depth keeps pace with glacier variation in the Qilian Mountains and other parts of western China. In addition,snow depth has an obvious negative relationship with temperature.
Three tree-ring width chronologies were established by using the samples of Sabina przewalskii from the timberlines in the Middle Qilian Mountains. Correlation analysis and response analysis show ed a significant negative correlation betw een tree-ring width and snow depth or snow cover area. After identifying the relationship betw een snow depth and tree grow th,the maximum snow depth in September in the previous year is able to be reconstructed using tree-ring width data. The reconstruction reflects the snow depth variation well. And there have been three high snow depth periods in the study area in the last 270 years: 1740-1780,1825-1880 and1910-1980. Moreover,in the long term,variation of snow depth keeps pace with glacier variation in the Qilian Mountains and other parts of western China. In addition,snow depth has an obvious negative relationship with temperature.
引文
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[2]Wang Zhilan,Wang Xiaoping,Li Yaohui.Analyses of snow cover based on passive microw ave remote sensing data and observed data over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):783-792.[王芝兰,王小平,李耀辉.青藏高原积雪被动微波遥感资料与台站观测资料的对比分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):783-792.]
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[4]Stokes M A,Smiley T L.An introduction to tree-ring dating[M].Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1996.
[5]Hu Yicheng,Wei Wenshou,Yuan Yujiang,et al.Reconstruction and analysis of January-February snow fall in the Altay Prefecture during 1818-2006[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):319-327.[胡义成,魏文寿,袁玉江,等.基于树轮的阿勒泰地区1818-2006年1-2月降雪量重建与分析[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):319-327.]
[6]Li Jiangfeng,Yuan Yujiang.Effect of snow in the tree-ring[J].Journal of Xinjiang University(Natural Science Edition),1984(2):87-94.[李江风,袁玉江.雪在年轮生长中的作用[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版),1984(2):87-94.]
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[8]Lan Yongru,Liu Gaohuan,Shao Xuemei.Variation of Melang Glacier in M ount Kaw a Karpo in the past 40 years,based on dendrochronologies[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(6):1229-1234.[蓝永如,刘高焕,邵雪梅.近40a来基于树轮年代学的梅里雪山明永冰川变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1229-1234.]
[9]Liu Xiaohong,Zhao Liangju,Chen Tuo,et al.Combined treering w idth andδ13C to reconstruct snow pack depth:A pilot study in the Gongga M ountain,w est China[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2010,103(1/2):133-144.
[10]Wu Xiangding.Tree ring and climatic change[M].Beijing:Meteorology Press,1990.[吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.]
[11]Chen Tuo,Chen Fahu,An Lizhe,et al.Variations of tree-ring and foliarδ13C values of Sabina przewalsii w ith altitude[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(6):767-771.[陈拓,陈发虎,安黎哲,等.不同海拔祁连圆柏树轮和叶片δ13C值的变化[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(6):767-771.]
[12]Yang Shuli,Gao Xianliang,Chen Litong,et al.Variations in leaf functional trait of Sabina przewalsii near the timberline in Qaidam Basin,Qinghai[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):80-86.[杨淑丽,高贤良,陈立同,等.青海柴达木盆地林线附近祁连圆柏叶片功能性状的变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):80-86.]
[13]Fritts H C.Tree rings and climate[M].London,New York,San Francisco:Academic Press,2012.
[14]Holmes R.Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement[J].Tree-ring Bulletin,1983,43(1):69-78.
[15]Rinn F.TSAP-Win:Time series analysis and presentation for dendrochronology and related applications Version 0.55 User Reference[S].Heidelberg,Germany:Frank Rinn Co.,2003.
[16]Cook E R.A time series analysis approach to tree ring standardization(dendrochronology,forestry,dendroclimatology,autoregressive process)[D].Arizona,USA:The University of Arizona,1985.
[17]Cook E R,Holmes R L.Users manual for program ARSTAN[S].Tucson,USA:Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research,University of Arizona,1986.
[18]Robinson D A,Estilow T.NOAA Cdr Program:NOAA Climate date record(CDR)of Northern Hemisphere(NH)snow cover extent(SCE),version 1.Indicate subset used[M].NOAA:National Climatic Data Center,2012.
[19]Cook E R,Kairiukstis L A.Methods of dendrochronology:Applications in the environmental sciences[M].Dordrecht,Boston,London:Kluw er Academic Publishers,1990.
[20]Blasing T J,Solomon A M,Duvick D N.Response functions revisited[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,1984(44):1-15.
[21]Biondi F,Waikul K.DENDROCLIM2002:A C++program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies[J].Computers&Geosciences,2004,30(3):303-311.
[22]Fu Qiang,Ma Xiaosong,Wang Zilong,et al.Characteristics and numerical simulation of moisture in seasonal frozen soil under the stable snow cover[J].South-to-North Water Transfer and Water Science&Technology,2013,11(1):151-154.[付强,马效松,王子龙,等.稳定积雪覆盖下的季节性冻土水分特征及其数值模拟[J].南水北调与水利科技,2013,11(1):151-154.]
[23]Guo Lingpeng,Li Lanhai,Xu Junrong,et al.Experimental study on simultaneous observation of snow melt and soil moisture content under air temperature increase[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(5):890-897.[郭玲鹏,李兰海,徐俊荣,等.气温变化条件下融雪速率和土壤水分变化的同步观测试验[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(5):890-897.]
[24]Yu Shulong,Yuan Yujiang,Wei Wenshou,et al.Technique of tree-ring w idth data acquisition for dendroclimatological research and quality control[J].Desert and Oasis M eteorology,2012,6(1):49-55.[喻树龙,袁玉江,魏文寿,等.用于气候分析的树轮宽度资料获取技术方法与质量控制[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2012,6(1):49-55.]
[25]Wang Zongtai.The glacier and environment in the middle sector of Tianshan and the eastern sector of Qilianshan since the Little Ice Age[J].Acta Geographic Sinca,1991,46(2):160-168.[王宗太.天山中段及祁连山东段小冰期以来的冰川及环境[J].地理学报,1991,46(2):160-168.]
[26]Zhao Weijun,Liu Xiande,Zhang Xuelong,et al.Relationship betw een soil organic carbon content and chemical properties of Picea crassifolia forest in the Qilian M ountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1565-1571.[赵维俊,刘贤德,张学龙,等.祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林土壤有机碳与化学性质的相互关系[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1565-1571.]
[27]Jing Zhefan.Movement and variation of several typical glaciers in China under the background of climate change[D].Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.[井哲帆.气候变化背景下中国若干典型冰川的运动及其变化[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2007.]
[28]He Yuanqing,Zhang Zhonglin,Theakstone W H,et al.Changing features of the climate and glaciers in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984 2012),2003,108(D17).doi:10.1029/2002JD003365.
[29]Li Zongxing,He Yuanqing,Pu Tao,et al.Changes of climate,glaciers and runoff in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region during the last several decades[J].Quaternary International,2010,218(1/2):13-28.
[30]Li Jijun,Su Zhen.Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.[李吉均,苏珍.横断山区冰川[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.]
[31]Shen Yongping,Su Hongchao,Wang Guoya,et al.The responses of glaciers and snow cover to climate change in Xinjiang(I):Hydrological effect[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocrylogy,2013,35(3):513-527.[沈永平,苏宏超,王国亚,等.新疆冰川、积雪对气候变化的响应(I):水文效应[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):513-527.]
[2]Wang Zhilan,Wang Xiaoping,Li Yaohui.Analyses of snow cover based on passive microw ave remote sensing data and observed data over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):783-792.[王芝兰,王小平,李耀辉.青藏高原积雪被动微波遥感资料与台站观测资料的对比分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):783-792.]
[3]Wang Wei,Feng Qisheng,Zhang Xuetong,et al.Accuracy analysis of snow cover based on M ODIS and AM SR-E in the Qinghai Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(1):88-100.[王玮,冯琦胜,张学通,等.基于M ODIS和AM SR-E资料的青海省旬合成雪被图像精度评价[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(1):88-100.]
[4]Stokes M A,Smiley T L.An introduction to tree-ring dating[M].Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1996.
[5]Hu Yicheng,Wei Wenshou,Yuan Yujiang,et al.Reconstruction and analysis of January-February snow fall in the Altay Prefecture during 1818-2006[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):319-327.[胡义成,魏文寿,袁玉江,等.基于树轮的阿勒泰地区1818-2006年1-2月降雪量重建与分析[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):319-327.]
[6]Li Jiangfeng,Yuan Yujiang.Effect of snow in the tree-ring[J].Journal of Xinjiang University(Natural Science Edition),1984(2):87-94.[李江风,袁玉江.雪在年轮生长中的作用[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版),1984(2):87-94.]
[7]Zhang Tongwen,Yuan Yujiang,Wei Wenshou,et al.Reconstructed number of snow cover depth≥0cm days changes in the w estern Aletai Prefecture,using tree-ring w idth chronologies[J].Desert and Oasis Meteorology,2010,4(3):6-11.[张同文,袁玉江,魏文寿,等.使用树轮资料重建阿勒泰西部年积雪深度≥0 cm日数的长期变化[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2010,4(3):6-11.]
[8]Lan Yongru,Liu Gaohuan,Shao Xuemei.Variation of Melang Glacier in M ount Kaw a Karpo in the past 40 years,based on dendrochronologies[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(6):1229-1234.[蓝永如,刘高焕,邵雪梅.近40a来基于树轮年代学的梅里雪山明永冰川变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1229-1234.]
[9]Liu Xiaohong,Zhao Liangju,Chen Tuo,et al.Combined treering w idth andδ13C to reconstruct snow pack depth:A pilot study in the Gongga M ountain,w est China[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2010,103(1/2):133-144.
[10]Wu Xiangding.Tree ring and climatic change[M].Beijing:Meteorology Press,1990.[吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.]
[11]Chen Tuo,Chen Fahu,An Lizhe,et al.Variations of tree-ring and foliarδ13C values of Sabina przewalsii w ith altitude[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(6):767-771.[陈拓,陈发虎,安黎哲,等.不同海拔祁连圆柏树轮和叶片δ13C值的变化[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(6):767-771.]
[12]Yang Shuli,Gao Xianliang,Chen Litong,et al.Variations in leaf functional trait of Sabina przewalsii near the timberline in Qaidam Basin,Qinghai[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):80-86.[杨淑丽,高贤良,陈立同,等.青海柴达木盆地林线附近祁连圆柏叶片功能性状的变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):80-86.]
[13]Fritts H C.Tree rings and climate[M].London,New York,San Francisco:Academic Press,2012.
[14]Holmes R.Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement[J].Tree-ring Bulletin,1983,43(1):69-78.
[15]Rinn F.TSAP-Win:Time series analysis and presentation for dendrochronology and related applications Version 0.55 User Reference[S].Heidelberg,Germany:Frank Rinn Co.,2003.
[16]Cook E R.A time series analysis approach to tree ring standardization(dendrochronology,forestry,dendroclimatology,autoregressive process)[D].Arizona,USA:The University of Arizona,1985.
[17]Cook E R,Holmes R L.Users manual for program ARSTAN[S].Tucson,USA:Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research,University of Arizona,1986.
[18]Robinson D A,Estilow T.NOAA Cdr Program:NOAA Climate date record(CDR)of Northern Hemisphere(NH)snow cover extent(SCE),version 1.Indicate subset used[M].NOAA:National Climatic Data Center,2012.
[19]Cook E R,Kairiukstis L A.Methods of dendrochronology:Applications in the environmental sciences[M].Dordrecht,Boston,London:Kluw er Academic Publishers,1990.
[20]Blasing T J,Solomon A M,Duvick D N.Response functions revisited[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,1984(44):1-15.
[21]Biondi F,Waikul K.DENDROCLIM2002:A C++program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies[J].Computers&Geosciences,2004,30(3):303-311.
[22]Fu Qiang,Ma Xiaosong,Wang Zilong,et al.Characteristics and numerical simulation of moisture in seasonal frozen soil under the stable snow cover[J].South-to-North Water Transfer and Water Science&Technology,2013,11(1):151-154.[付强,马效松,王子龙,等.稳定积雪覆盖下的季节性冻土水分特征及其数值模拟[J].南水北调与水利科技,2013,11(1):151-154.]
[23]Guo Lingpeng,Li Lanhai,Xu Junrong,et al.Experimental study on simultaneous observation of snow melt and soil moisture content under air temperature increase[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(5):890-897.[郭玲鹏,李兰海,徐俊荣,等.气温变化条件下融雪速率和土壤水分变化的同步观测试验[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(5):890-897.]
[24]Yu Shulong,Yuan Yujiang,Wei Wenshou,et al.Technique of tree-ring w idth data acquisition for dendroclimatological research and quality control[J].Desert and Oasis M eteorology,2012,6(1):49-55.[喻树龙,袁玉江,魏文寿,等.用于气候分析的树轮宽度资料获取技术方法与质量控制[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2012,6(1):49-55.]
[25]Wang Zongtai.The glacier and environment in the middle sector of Tianshan and the eastern sector of Qilianshan since the Little Ice Age[J].Acta Geographic Sinca,1991,46(2):160-168.[王宗太.天山中段及祁连山东段小冰期以来的冰川及环境[J].地理学报,1991,46(2):160-168.]
[26]Zhao Weijun,Liu Xiande,Zhang Xuelong,et al.Relationship betw een soil organic carbon content and chemical properties of Picea crassifolia forest in the Qilian M ountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1565-1571.[赵维俊,刘贤德,张学龙,等.祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林土壤有机碳与化学性质的相互关系[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1565-1571.]
[27]Jing Zhefan.Movement and variation of several typical glaciers in China under the background of climate change[D].Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.[井哲帆.气候变化背景下中国若干典型冰川的运动及其变化[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2007.]
[28]He Yuanqing,Zhang Zhonglin,Theakstone W H,et al.Changing features of the climate and glaciers in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984 2012),2003,108(D17).doi:10.1029/2002JD003365.
[29]Li Zongxing,He Yuanqing,Pu Tao,et al.Changes of climate,glaciers and runoff in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region during the last several decades[J].Quaternary International,2010,218(1/2):13-28.
[30]Li Jijun,Su Zhen.Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.[李吉均,苏珍.横断山区冰川[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.]
[31]Shen Yongping,Su Hongchao,Wang Guoya,et al.The responses of glaciers and snow cover to climate change in Xinjiang(I):Hydrological effect[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocrylogy,2013,35(3):513-527.[沈永平,苏宏超,王国亚,等.新疆冰川、积雪对气候变化的响应(I):水文效应[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):513-527.]