氮肥施用前移对遮荫下棉花光合特性及产量的影响
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摘要
为探讨新疆南疆地区果棉间作下棉花适宜的氮肥追施模式,设置不施氮肥(N0)、氮肥追施至初花期结束(N1)、氮肥追施至盛花期结束(N2)和正常追肥(N3)。结果表明:遮荫下氮肥追施至盛花期结束(N2)提高了棉花盛花期后主茎功能叶潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭系数(q P),有利于光合色素将捕获的光能以较快的效率及速度转化成化学能,为碳同化提供更加充足的能量;同时增加棉花花铃期PSII开放程度和光合电子传递速率(ETR),促进实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和净光合速率的提高,降低了初花期非辐射能的耗散,可将捕获的光能更充分地进行光合生产,提高了花铃后期非辐射能的耗散,可为棉铃输送较多的光合产物,增加了单株铃数和铃重,提高了产量。
To determine a suitable nitrogen topdressing mode for fruiting cotton and cotton intercropping in southern Xinjiang,China, the effects of four nitrogen topdressing modes were examined: no nitrogen(N0), nitrogen topdressing at the initial flowering stage(N1), nitrogen topdressing at the full flowering stage(N2), and normal topdressing(N3). Improvements in Fv/Fo(potential activity), Fv/Fm(maximum photochemical efficiency), and q P(photochemical quenching coefficient) were observed for main-stem leaf function with N2 under shade conditions. N2 also proved more efficient when examining photosynthetic pigment capturing of light energy efficiency and conversion, carbon assimilation, photosystem II(PSII) openness, and the electron transport rate at the flower and boll stage. Additionally, ΦPSII and the net photosynthetic rate were promoted, non-radiant energy dissipation was reduced at the initial flowering stage, and photosynthetic yield was higher under N2 conditions. In addition, we observed higher non-radiant energy dissipation at the late flower and boll stage and more photosynthetic product conveyed to cotton bolls, as well as higher boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and yield. These data suggest that nitrogen topdressing of cotton plants at the full flowering stage merits further attention.
To determine a suitable nitrogen topdressing mode for fruiting cotton and cotton intercropping in southern Xinjiang,China, the effects of four nitrogen topdressing modes were examined: no nitrogen(N0), nitrogen topdressing at the initial flowering stage(N1), nitrogen topdressing at the full flowering stage(N2), and normal topdressing(N3). Improvements in Fv/Fo(potential activity), Fv/Fm(maximum photochemical efficiency), and q P(photochemical quenching coefficient) were observed for main-stem leaf function with N2 under shade conditions. N2 also proved more efficient when examining photosynthetic pigment capturing of light energy efficiency and conversion, carbon assimilation, photosystem II(PSII) openness, and the electron transport rate at the flower and boll stage. Additionally, ΦPSII and the net photosynthetic rate were promoted, non-radiant energy dissipation was reduced at the initial flowering stage, and photosynthetic yield was higher under N2 conditions. In addition, we observed higher non-radiant energy dissipation at the late flower and boll stage and more photosynthetic product conveyed to cotton bolls, as well as higher boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and yield. These data suggest that nitrogen topdressing of cotton plants at the full flowering stage merits further attention.
引文
[1]张旺锋,勾玲,王振林,等.氮肥对新疆高产棉花叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(8):893-898.Zhang Wangfeng,Gou Ling,Wang Zhenlin,et al.Effect of nitrogen on chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves of high-yielding cotton in Xinjiang[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2003,36(8):893-898.
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[6]王娇,徐文修,殷志峰,等.不同施氮时期对陆地棉叶片光合特性及产量构成的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):177-181.Wang Jiao,Xu Wenxiu,Yin Zhifeng,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization time on photosynthetic characteristics and yield com ponents of land cotton[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(4):177-181.
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[8]武文明,陈洪俭,李金才,等.氮肥运筹对孕穗期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光与籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1088-1096.Wu Wenming,Chen Hongjian,Li Jincai,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaf and grain filling in winter wheat suffered waterlogging at booting stage[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012,38(6):1088-1096.
[9]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):339-347.Wang Yilun,Li Chaohai,Tan Jinfang,et al.Effect of postponing N application on yield,nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(2):339-347.
[10]于振文,田奇卓,潘庆民,等.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践[J].作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585.Yu Zhenwen,Tian Qizhuo,Pan Qingmin,et al.Theory and practice on cultivation of super high yield of winter wheat in thewheat fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River Districts[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2002,28(5):577-585.
[11]祝珍珍.棉花氮肥分次施用比例效应研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.Zhu Zhenzhen.Effects of different nitrogen ratio on cotton[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.
[12]Pettigrew W T.Environmental effects on cotton fiber carbohydrate concentration andquality[J].Crop Science,2001,41(4):1108-1113.
[13]段云佳,谭玲,张巨松,等.施氮量对枣棉间作系统棉花干物质和氮素积累的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1441-1448.Duan Yunjia,Tan Ling,Zhang Jusong,et al.Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on dry matter and N accumulation of cotton under jujube and cotton intercropping[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(6):1441-1448.
[14]郑剑超,唐亚楠,闫曼曼,等.光胁迫下氮肥运筹对棉花生长发育与产量的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2014,37(1):1-6.Zheng Jianchao,Tang Yanan,Yan Manman,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on cotton growth and yield under light stress[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agriculture University,2014,37(1):1-6.
[15]Yang Guozheng,Tang Haoyue,Nie Yichun,et al.Responses of cotton growth,yield,and biomass to nitrogen split application ratio[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2011,35(3):164-170.
[16]张旺锋,王振林,余松烈,等.氮肥对新疆高产棉花群体光合性能和产量形成的影响[J].作物学报,2002,28(6):789-796.Zhang Wangfeng,Wang Zhenlin,Yu Songlie,et al.Effect of nitrogen on canopy photosynthesis and yield formation in high-yielding cotton of Xinjiang[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2002,28(6):789-796.
[17]Adrienn G,Irma T,Agnes G,et al.Comparison of the droughtstress responses of tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars during grain filing:changes in flag leaf photosynthetic activity ABA levels,and gain yield[J].Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,2009,28(2):167-176.
[18]Shangguan Zhouping,Shao Mingan,Dyckmans J.Effects of nitrogen nutrition and water deficit on net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence in winter wheat[J].Plant Physiology,2000,156(1):46-51.
[19]李伶俐,马宗斌,谭金芳,等.控释氮肥对棉花产量的影响及光合特性的研究[J].棉花学报,2005,17(5):275-279.Li Lingli,Ma Zongbin,Tan Jinfang,et al.Effects of controlled release N fertilizer on photosynthesis property and yield of cotton[J].Cotton Science,2005,17(5):275-279.
[20]陈静,刘连涛,孙红春,等.氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(5):403-409.Chen Jing,Liu Liantao,Sun Hongchun,et al.Effects of nitrogen concentrations on cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)seedling growth and photosynthetic characteristic[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(5):403-409.
[21]陈亮.氮肥分次施用比例对棉花生长发育、干物质和氮素累积的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.Chen Liang.Effect of N split ratio on cotton growth,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.
[2]董合林,李鹏程,刘爱忠,等.河南植棉区施氮量对麦棉两熟产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].棉花学报,2014,26(1):73-80.Dong Helin,Li Pengcheng,Liu Aizhong,et al.Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat-cotton double cropping in the Henan cotton region[J].Cotton Science,2014,26(1):73-80.
[3]李学刚,孙学振,宋宪亮,等.控释氮肥对不同部位棉铃素质及纤维品质的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(4):316-322.Li Xuegang,Sun Xuezhen,Song Xianliang,et al.Effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on quality of cotton bolls and fiber in different fruiting branches[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(4):316-322.
[4]马东辉,赵长星,王月福,等.施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(10):4896-4901.Ma Donghui,Zhao Zhangxing,Wang Yuefu,et al.Effects ofnitrogen fertilizer rate and post-anthesis soilwater content on photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaves and yield of wheat[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(10):4896-4901.
[5]汪玲,朱靖蓉,杨涛,等.氮肥施用策略对膜下滴灌棉花叶片叶绿素含量变化的影响[J].棉花学报,2010,22(5):454-459.Wang Ling,Zhu Jingrong,Yang Tao,et al.Effects of N fertilize strategies on chlorophyll content in leaf of cotton under mulch-film drip irrigation[J].Cotton Science,2010,22(5):454-459.
[6]王娇,徐文修,殷志峰,等.不同施氮时期对陆地棉叶片光合特性及产量构成的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):177-181.Wang Jiao,Xu Wenxiu,Yin Zhifeng,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization time on photosynthetic characteristics and yield com ponents of land cotton[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(4):177-181.
[7]鞠正春,于振文.追施氮肥时期对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(3):395-398.Ju Zhengchun,Yu Zhenwen.Effects of nitrogen topdressing at different growth stage on chlorophyll fluorescence of winter wheat flogleaves[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(3):395-398.
[8]武文明,陈洪俭,李金才,等.氮肥运筹对孕穗期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光与籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1088-1096.Wu Wenming,Chen Hongjian,Li Jincai,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaf and grain filling in winter wheat suffered waterlogging at booting stage[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012,38(6):1088-1096.
[9]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):339-347.Wang Yilun,Li Chaohai,Tan Jinfang,et al.Effect of postponing N application on yield,nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(2):339-347.
[10]于振文,田奇卓,潘庆民,等.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践[J].作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585.Yu Zhenwen,Tian Qizhuo,Pan Qingmin,et al.Theory and practice on cultivation of super high yield of winter wheat in thewheat fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River Districts[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2002,28(5):577-585.
[11]祝珍珍.棉花氮肥分次施用比例效应研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.Zhu Zhenzhen.Effects of different nitrogen ratio on cotton[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.
[12]Pettigrew W T.Environmental effects on cotton fiber carbohydrate concentration andquality[J].Crop Science,2001,41(4):1108-1113.
[13]段云佳,谭玲,张巨松,等.施氮量对枣棉间作系统棉花干物质和氮素积累的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1441-1448.Duan Yunjia,Tan Ling,Zhang Jusong,et al.Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on dry matter and N accumulation of cotton under jujube and cotton intercropping[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(6):1441-1448.
[14]郑剑超,唐亚楠,闫曼曼,等.光胁迫下氮肥运筹对棉花生长发育与产量的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2014,37(1):1-6.Zheng Jianchao,Tang Yanan,Yan Manman,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on cotton growth and yield under light stress[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agriculture University,2014,37(1):1-6.
[15]Yang Guozheng,Tang Haoyue,Nie Yichun,et al.Responses of cotton growth,yield,and biomass to nitrogen split application ratio[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2011,35(3):164-170.
[16]张旺锋,王振林,余松烈,等.氮肥对新疆高产棉花群体光合性能和产量形成的影响[J].作物学报,2002,28(6):789-796.Zhang Wangfeng,Wang Zhenlin,Yu Songlie,et al.Effect of nitrogen on canopy photosynthesis and yield formation in high-yielding cotton of Xinjiang[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2002,28(6):789-796.
[17]Adrienn G,Irma T,Agnes G,et al.Comparison of the droughtstress responses of tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars during grain filing:changes in flag leaf photosynthetic activity ABA levels,and gain yield[J].Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,2009,28(2):167-176.
[18]Shangguan Zhouping,Shao Mingan,Dyckmans J.Effects of nitrogen nutrition and water deficit on net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence in winter wheat[J].Plant Physiology,2000,156(1):46-51.
[19]李伶俐,马宗斌,谭金芳,等.控释氮肥对棉花产量的影响及光合特性的研究[J].棉花学报,2005,17(5):275-279.Li Lingli,Ma Zongbin,Tan Jinfang,et al.Effects of controlled release N fertilizer on photosynthesis property and yield of cotton[J].Cotton Science,2005,17(5):275-279.
[20]陈静,刘连涛,孙红春,等.氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响[J].棉花学报,2013,25(5):403-409.Chen Jing,Liu Liantao,Sun Hongchun,et al.Effects of nitrogen concentrations on cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)seedling growth and photosynthetic characteristic[J].Cotton Science,2013,25(5):403-409.
[21]陈亮.氮肥分次施用比例对棉花生长发育、干物质和氮素累积的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.Chen Liang.Effect of N split ratio on cotton growth,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.