The ignored emission of volatile organic compounds from iron ore sinter process
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摘要
Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.
Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.
Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.
引文
Chen,Y.C.,Tsai,P.J.,Mou,J.L.,2009.Reducing PAH emissions from the iron ore sintering process by optimizing its operation parameters.Environ.Sci.Technol.43(12),4459-4465.
Chen,Y.C.,Kuo,Y.C.,Chen,M.R.,Wang,Y.F.,Chen,C.H.,Lin,M.Y.,et al.,2016.Reducing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/F)emissions from a real-scale iron ore sinter plant by adjusting its sinter raw mix.J.Clean.Prod.112,1184-1189.
Ciaparra,D.,Aries,E.,Booth,M.J.,Anderson,D.R.,Almeida,S.M.,Harrad,S.,2009.Characterisation of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of steelworks.Atmos.Environ.43,2070-2079.
Cieplik,M.K.,Carbonell,J.P.,Mu?oz,C.,Baker,S.,Krüger,S.,Liljelind,P.,et al.,2003.On dioxin formation in iron ore sintering.Environ.Sci.Technol.37(15),3323-3331.
de Castro,J.A.,Pereira,J.L.,Guilherme,V.S.,da Rocha,E.P.,Fran?a,A.B.,2013.Model predictions of PCDD and PCDF emissions on the iron ore sintering process based on alternative gaseous fuels.J.Mater.Res.2(4),323-331.
Fan,X.H.,Yu,Z.Y.,Gan,M.,Chen,X.L.,Chen,Q.,Liu,S.,et al.,2015.Elimination behaviors of NOxin the sintering process with flue gas recirculation.ISIJ Int.55(10),2074-2081.
Fan,X.,Ji,Z.,Gan,M.,Li,Q.,Chen,X.,Jiang,T.,2016.Participating patterns of trace elements in PM2.5formation during iron ore sintering process.Ironmak.Steelmak.45(3),1-7.
Fernández-González,D.,Ruiz-Bustinza,I.,Mochón,J.,GonzálezGasca,C.,Verdeja,L.F.,2017.Iron ore sintering:environment,automatic,and control techniques.Miner.Process.Extr.M.38(4),238-249.
Gan,M.,Fan,X.H.,Lv,W.,Chen,X.L.,Ji,Z.Y.,Jiang,T.,et al.,2016a.Fuel pre-granulation for reducing NOxemissions from the iron ore sintering process.Powder Technol.301,478-485.
Gan,M.,Fan,X.H.,Yu,Z.Y.,Chen,X.L.,Ji,Z.,Lv,W.,et al.,2016b.A laboratory-based investigation into the catalytic reduction of NOxin iron ore sintering with flue gas recirculation.Ironmak.Steelmak.43(6),442-449.
He,H.,Wang,Y.S.,Ma,Q.X.,Ma,J.Z.,Chu,B.W.,Ji,D.S.,et al.,2014.Mineral dust and NOxpromote the conversion of SO2to sulfate in heavy pollution days.Sci.Rep.4,4172.
Helfand,W.H.,Lazarus,J.,Theerman,P.,2001.Donora,Pennsylvania:an environmental disaster of the 20th century.Am.J.Public Health 91(4),553.
Huang,R.J.,Zhang,Y.,Bozzetti,C.,Ho,K.F.,Cao,J.J.,Han,Y.,et al.,2014.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature 514,218-222.
Jia,F.R.,Wang,E.G.,He,J.C.,Dong,H.,2015.Integrated design for SO2reduction with waste heat recycling during the iron ore sintering process.Ironmak.Steelmak.42(8),561-569.
Li,S.M.,Liu,G.R.,Zheng,M.H.,Liu,W.B.,Li,J.H.,Wang,M.,Li,C.,et al.,2017.Unintentional production of persistent chlorinated and brominated organic pollutants during iron ore sintering processes.J.Hazard.Mater.331,63-70.
Liu,X.L.,Ye,M.,Wang,X.,Liu,W.,Zhu,T.Y.,2017.Gas-phase and particle-phase PCDD/F congener distributions in the flue gas from an iron ore sintering plant.J.Environ.Sci.54,239-245.
Pahlevaninezhad,M.,Emami,M.D.,Panjepour,M.,2016.Identifying major zones of an iron ore sintering bed.Appl.Math.Model.40,8475-8492.
Qian,L.X.,Chun,T.J.,Long,H.M.,Li,J.X.,Di,Z.X.,Meng,Q.M.,Wang,P.,2018.Emission reduction research and development of PCDD/Fs in the iron ore sintering.Process Saf.Environ.117,82-91.
Sheng,G.H.,Huang,P.,Mou,Y.Q.,Zhou,C.H.,2012.Characteristics of fly ash from the dry flue gas desulfurization system for iron ore sintering plants.Environ.Technol.33(7),837-844.
Sudalma,S.,Purwanto,P.,Santoso,W.H.,2015.The effect of SO2and NO2from transportation and stationary emissions sources to SO42-and NO3-in rain Water in Semarang.Procedia Environ Sci 23,247-252.
Sun,J.,Wu,F.K.,Hu,B.,Tang,G.Q.,Zhang,J.K.,Wang,Y.S.,2016a.VOC characteristics,emissions and contributions to SOAformation during hazy episodes.Atmos.Environ.141,560-570.
Sun,Y.F.,Liu,L.N.,Fu,X.,Zhu,T.L.,Buekens,A.,Yang,X.Y.,Wang,Q.,2016b.Mechanism of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant formation in iron ore sintering.J.Hazard.Mater.306,41-49.
Suopaj?rvi,H.,Kemppainen,A.,Haapakangas,J.,Fabritius,T.,2017.Extensive review of the opportunities to use biomassbased fuels in iron and steelmaking processes.J.Clean.Prod.148,709-734.
Tian,B.,Huang,J.,Wang,B.,Deng,S.B.,Yu,G.,2012.Emission characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants from iron ore sintering process in China.Chemosphere 89,409-415.
Wang,F.Y.,Wang,S.X.,Zhang,L.,Yang,H.,Gao,W.,Wu,Q.R.,Hao,J.M.,2016a.Mercury mass flow in iron and steel production process and its implications for mercury emission control.J.Environ.Sci.43,293-301.
Wang,G.H.,Zhang,R.Y.,Gomez,M.E.,Yang,L.X.,Levy Zamora,M.,Hu,M.,et al.,2016b.Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze.Proc.Natl Acad.Sci.113(48),13630-13635.
Wang,G.,Wen,Z.,Lou,G.F.,Dou,R.F.,Li,X.W.,Liu,X.L.,Su,F.Y.,2016c.Mathematical modeling of and parametric studies on flue gas recirculation iron ore sintering.Appl.Therm.Eng.102,648-660.
Wang,H.F.,Zhang,C.X.,Qie,J.M.,Zhou,J.C.,Liu,Y.,Li,X.P.,et al.,2017a.Development trends of environmental protection technologies for Chinese steel industry.J.Iron Steel Res.Int.24,235-242.
Wang,S.J.,Zhang,Q.,Zhang,G.,Wang,Z.Y.,Zhu,P.,2017b.Effects of sintering flue gas properties on simultaneous removal of SO2and NO by ammonia-Fe(II)EDTA absorption.J.Energy Inst.90,522-527.
Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,Hao,Y.F.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,Xie,S.D.,2016.Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing,China.Sci.Total Environ.560-561,62-72.
Xu,W.Q.,Shao,M.P.,Yang,Y.,Liu,R.H.,Wu,Y.H.,Zhu,T.Y.,2017.Mercury emission from sintering process in the iron and steel industry of China.Fuel Process.Technol.159,340-344.
Yu,H.,Zhang,C.X.,Wang,H.F.,2015.SO2absorption in the Sinter Bed during the sintering process.ISIJ Int.55(9),1876-1881.
Yuan,Q.,Li,W.J.,Zhou,S.Z.,Yang,L.X.,Chi,J.W.,Sui,X.,Wang,W.X.,2015.Integrated evaluation of aerosols during haze-fog episodes at one regional background site in North China Plain.Atmos.Res.156,102-110.
Zhou,H.,Zhou,M.X.,Liu,Z.H.,Cheng,M.,Chen,J.Z.,2016.Modeling NOxemission of coke combustion in iron ore sintering process and its experimental validation.Fuel 179,322-331.
Zhuang,X.L.,Wang,Y.S.,He,H.,Liu,J.G.,Wang,X.M.,Zhu,T.Y.,et al.,2014.Haze insights and mitigation in China:an overview.J.Environ.Sci.26,2-12.
Chen,Y.C.,Kuo,Y.C.,Chen,M.R.,Wang,Y.F.,Chen,C.H.,Lin,M.Y.,et al.,2016.Reducing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/F)emissions from a real-scale iron ore sinter plant by adjusting its sinter raw mix.J.Clean.Prod.112,1184-1189.
Ciaparra,D.,Aries,E.,Booth,M.J.,Anderson,D.R.,Almeida,S.M.,Harrad,S.,2009.Characterisation of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of steelworks.Atmos.Environ.43,2070-2079.
Cieplik,M.K.,Carbonell,J.P.,Mu?oz,C.,Baker,S.,Krüger,S.,Liljelind,P.,et al.,2003.On dioxin formation in iron ore sintering.Environ.Sci.Technol.37(15),3323-3331.
de Castro,J.A.,Pereira,J.L.,Guilherme,V.S.,da Rocha,E.P.,Fran?a,A.B.,2013.Model predictions of PCDD and PCDF emissions on the iron ore sintering process based on alternative gaseous fuels.J.Mater.Res.2(4),323-331.
Fan,X.H.,Yu,Z.Y.,Gan,M.,Chen,X.L.,Chen,Q.,Liu,S.,et al.,2015.Elimination behaviors of NOxin the sintering process with flue gas recirculation.ISIJ Int.55(10),2074-2081.
Fan,X.,Ji,Z.,Gan,M.,Li,Q.,Chen,X.,Jiang,T.,2016.Participating patterns of trace elements in PM2.5formation during iron ore sintering process.Ironmak.Steelmak.45(3),1-7.
Fernández-González,D.,Ruiz-Bustinza,I.,Mochón,J.,GonzálezGasca,C.,Verdeja,L.F.,2017.Iron ore sintering:environment,automatic,and control techniques.Miner.Process.Extr.M.38(4),238-249.
Gan,M.,Fan,X.H.,Lv,W.,Chen,X.L.,Ji,Z.Y.,Jiang,T.,et al.,2016a.Fuel pre-granulation for reducing NOxemissions from the iron ore sintering process.Powder Technol.301,478-485.
Gan,M.,Fan,X.H.,Yu,Z.Y.,Chen,X.L.,Ji,Z.,Lv,W.,et al.,2016b.A laboratory-based investigation into the catalytic reduction of NOxin iron ore sintering with flue gas recirculation.Ironmak.Steelmak.43(6),442-449.
He,H.,Wang,Y.S.,Ma,Q.X.,Ma,J.Z.,Chu,B.W.,Ji,D.S.,et al.,2014.Mineral dust and NOxpromote the conversion of SO2to sulfate in heavy pollution days.Sci.Rep.4,4172.
Helfand,W.H.,Lazarus,J.,Theerman,P.,2001.Donora,Pennsylvania:an environmental disaster of the 20th century.Am.J.Public Health 91(4),553.
Huang,R.J.,Zhang,Y.,Bozzetti,C.,Ho,K.F.,Cao,J.J.,Han,Y.,et al.,2014.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature 514,218-222.
Jia,F.R.,Wang,E.G.,He,J.C.,Dong,H.,2015.Integrated design for SO2reduction with waste heat recycling during the iron ore sintering process.Ironmak.Steelmak.42(8),561-569.
Li,S.M.,Liu,G.R.,Zheng,M.H.,Liu,W.B.,Li,J.H.,Wang,M.,Li,C.,et al.,2017.Unintentional production of persistent chlorinated and brominated organic pollutants during iron ore sintering processes.J.Hazard.Mater.331,63-70.
Liu,X.L.,Ye,M.,Wang,X.,Liu,W.,Zhu,T.Y.,2017.Gas-phase and particle-phase PCDD/F congener distributions in the flue gas from an iron ore sintering plant.J.Environ.Sci.54,239-245.
Pahlevaninezhad,M.,Emami,M.D.,Panjepour,M.,2016.Identifying major zones of an iron ore sintering bed.Appl.Math.Model.40,8475-8492.
Qian,L.X.,Chun,T.J.,Long,H.M.,Li,J.X.,Di,Z.X.,Meng,Q.M.,Wang,P.,2018.Emission reduction research and development of PCDD/Fs in the iron ore sintering.Process Saf.Environ.117,82-91.
Sheng,G.H.,Huang,P.,Mou,Y.Q.,Zhou,C.H.,2012.Characteristics of fly ash from the dry flue gas desulfurization system for iron ore sintering plants.Environ.Technol.33(7),837-844.
Sudalma,S.,Purwanto,P.,Santoso,W.H.,2015.The effect of SO2and NO2from transportation and stationary emissions sources to SO42-and NO3-in rain Water in Semarang.Procedia Environ Sci 23,247-252.
Sun,J.,Wu,F.K.,Hu,B.,Tang,G.Q.,Zhang,J.K.,Wang,Y.S.,2016a.VOC characteristics,emissions and contributions to SOAformation during hazy episodes.Atmos.Environ.141,560-570.
Sun,Y.F.,Liu,L.N.,Fu,X.,Zhu,T.L.,Buekens,A.,Yang,X.Y.,Wang,Q.,2016b.Mechanism of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant formation in iron ore sintering.J.Hazard.Mater.306,41-49.
Suopaj?rvi,H.,Kemppainen,A.,Haapakangas,J.,Fabritius,T.,2017.Extensive review of the opportunities to use biomassbased fuels in iron and steelmaking processes.J.Clean.Prod.148,709-734.
Tian,B.,Huang,J.,Wang,B.,Deng,S.B.,Yu,G.,2012.Emission characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants from iron ore sintering process in China.Chemosphere 89,409-415.
Wang,F.Y.,Wang,S.X.,Zhang,L.,Yang,H.,Gao,W.,Wu,Q.R.,Hao,J.M.,2016a.Mercury mass flow in iron and steel production process and its implications for mercury emission control.J.Environ.Sci.43,293-301.
Wang,G.H.,Zhang,R.Y.,Gomez,M.E.,Yang,L.X.,Levy Zamora,M.,Hu,M.,et al.,2016b.Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze.Proc.Natl Acad.Sci.113(48),13630-13635.
Wang,G.,Wen,Z.,Lou,G.F.,Dou,R.F.,Li,X.W.,Liu,X.L.,Su,F.Y.,2016c.Mathematical modeling of and parametric studies on flue gas recirculation iron ore sintering.Appl.Therm.Eng.102,648-660.
Wang,H.F.,Zhang,C.X.,Qie,J.M.,Zhou,J.C.,Liu,Y.,Li,X.P.,et al.,2017a.Development trends of environmental protection technologies for Chinese steel industry.J.Iron Steel Res.Int.24,235-242.
Wang,S.J.,Zhang,Q.,Zhang,G.,Wang,Z.Y.,Zhu,P.,2017b.Effects of sintering flue gas properties on simultaneous removal of SO2and NO by ammonia-Fe(II)EDTA absorption.J.Energy Inst.90,522-527.
Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,Hao,Y.F.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,Xie,S.D.,2016.Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing,China.Sci.Total Environ.560-561,62-72.
Xu,W.Q.,Shao,M.P.,Yang,Y.,Liu,R.H.,Wu,Y.H.,Zhu,T.Y.,2017.Mercury emission from sintering process in the iron and steel industry of China.Fuel Process.Technol.159,340-344.
Yu,H.,Zhang,C.X.,Wang,H.F.,2015.SO2absorption in the Sinter Bed during the sintering process.ISIJ Int.55(9),1876-1881.
Yuan,Q.,Li,W.J.,Zhou,S.Z.,Yang,L.X.,Chi,J.W.,Sui,X.,Wang,W.X.,2015.Integrated evaluation of aerosols during haze-fog episodes at one regional background site in North China Plain.Atmos.Res.156,102-110.
Zhou,H.,Zhou,M.X.,Liu,Z.H.,Cheng,M.,Chen,J.Z.,2016.Modeling NOxemission of coke combustion in iron ore sintering process and its experimental validation.Fuel 179,322-331.
Zhuang,X.L.,Wang,Y.S.,He,H.,Liu,J.G.,Wang,X.M.,Zhu,T.Y.,et al.,2014.Haze insights and mitigation in China:an overview.J.Environ.Sci.26,2-12.