Timing and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer supply to increase crop yield and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in a wheat–peanut relay intercropping system in China
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摘要
Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping systems are a mainstay of economic and food security in China. We performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of N fertilizer on N recovery efficiency, crop yield, and N loss rate in wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China during 2015–2017. The N was applied on the day before sowing, the jointing stage(G30) or the booting stage(G40) of winter wheat, and the anthesis stage(R1) of peanut in the following percentage splits: 50-50-0-0(N1), 35-35-0-30(N2), and 35-0-35-30(N3), using 300 kg N ha-1, with 0 kg N ha-1(N0) as control. ~(15)N-labeled(20.14 atom %) urea was used to trace the fate of N in microplots. The yields of wheat and peanut increased by 12.4% and 15.4% under the N2 and N3 treatments, relative to those under the N1 treatment. The ~(15)N recovery efficiencies( ~(15)NRE) were 64.9% and 58.1% for treatments N2 and N3, significantly greater than that for the N1 treatment(45.3%). The potential N loss rates for the treatments N2 and N3 were23.7% and 7.0%, significantly lower than that for treatment N1(30.1%). Withholding N supply until the booting stage(N3) did not reduce the wheat grain yield; however, it increased the N content derived from ~(15)N-labeled urea in peanuts, promoted the distribution of ~(15)N to pods, and ultimately increased pod yields in comparison with those obtained by topdressing N at jointing stage(N2). In comparison with N2, the N uptake and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of N3 was increased by 12.0% and 24.1%,respectively, while the apparent N loss decreased by 16.7%. In conclusion, applying N fertilizer with three splits and delaying topdressing fertilization until G40 of winter wheat increased total grain yields and NRE and reduced N loss. This practice could be an environment-friendly N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.
Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping systems are a mainstay of economic and food security in China. We performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of N fertilizer on N recovery efficiency, crop yield, and N loss rate in wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China during 2015–2017. The N was applied on the day before sowing, the jointing stage(G30) or the booting stage(G40) of winter wheat, and the anthesis stage(R1) of peanut in the following percentage splits: 50-50-0-0(N1), 35-35-0-30(N2), and 35-0-35-30(N3), using 300 kg N ha-1, with 0 kg N ha-1(N0) as control. ~(15)N-labeled(20.14 atom %) urea was used to trace the fate of N in microplots. The yields of wheat and peanut increased by 12.4% and 15.4% under the N2 and N3 treatments, relative to those under the N1 treatment. The ~(15)N recovery efficiencies( ~(15)NRE) were 64.9% and 58.1% for treatments N2 and N3, significantly greater than that for the N1 treatment(45.3%). The potential N loss rates for the treatments N2 and N3 were23.7% and 7.0%, significantly lower than that for treatment N1(30.1%). Withholding N supply until the booting stage(N3) did not reduce the wheat grain yield; however, it increased the N content derived from ~(15)N-labeled urea in peanuts, promoted the distribution of ~(15)N to pods, and ultimately increased pod yields in comparison with those obtained by topdressing N at jointing stage(N2). In comparison with N2, the N uptake and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of N3 was increased by 12.0% and 24.1%,respectively, while the apparent N loss decreased by 16.7%. In conclusion, applying N fertilizer with three splits and delaying topdressing fertilization until G40 of winter wheat increased total grain yields and NRE and reduced N loss. This practice could be an environment-friendly N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.
Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping systems are a mainstay of economic and food security in China. We performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of N fertilizer on N recovery efficiency, crop yield, and N loss rate in wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China during 2015–2017. The N was applied on the day before sowing, the jointing stage(G30) or the booting stage(G40) of winter wheat, and the anthesis stage(R1) of peanut in the following percentage splits: 50-50-0-0(N1), 35-35-0-30(N2), and 35-0-35-30(N3), using 300 kg N ha-1, with 0 kg N ha-1(N0) as control. ~(15)N-labeled(20.14 atom %) urea was used to trace the fate of N in microplots. The yields of wheat and peanut increased by 12.4% and 15.4% under the N2 and N3 treatments, relative to those under the N1 treatment. The ~(15)N recovery efficiencies( ~(15)NRE) were 64.9% and 58.1% for treatments N2 and N3, significantly greater than that for the N1 treatment(45.3%). The potential N loss rates for the treatments N2 and N3 were23.7% and 7.0%, significantly lower than that for treatment N1(30.1%). Withholding N supply until the booting stage(N3) did not reduce the wheat grain yield; however, it increased the N content derived from ~(15)N-labeled urea in peanuts, promoted the distribution of ~(15)N to pods, and ultimately increased pod yields in comparison with those obtained by topdressing N at jointing stage(N2). In comparison with N2, the N uptake and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of N3 was increased by 12.0% and 24.1%,respectively, while the apparent N loss decreased by 16.7%. In conclusion, applying N fertilizer with three splits and delaying topdressing fertilization until G40 of winter wheat increased total grain yields and NRE and reduced N loss. This practice could be an environment-friendly N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.
引文
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[22]M.Yousaf,X.Li,Z.Zhi,R.Tao,R.Cong,S.T.Ataulkarim,S.Fahad,A.N.Shah,J.W.Lu,Nitrogen fertilizer management for enhancing crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in a rice-oilseed rape rotation system in China,Front.Plant Sci.7(2016)1496.
[23]I.Cavoski,Z.Al Chami,M.Jarrar,D.Mondelli,Solutions for soil fertility management to overcome the challenges of the Mediterranean organic agriculture:tomato plant case study,Soil Res.54(2016)125-133.
[24]C.A.Grant,R.Wu,F.Selles,K.N.Harker,G.W.Clayton,S.Bittman,B.J.Zebarth,N.Z.Lupwayi,Crop yield and nitrogen concentration with controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared to non-coated urea applied at seeding,Field Crop Res.127(2012)170-180.
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[26]C.B.Wang,Optimum rates of nitrogen fertilizer in cropping system of wheat(winter)and groundnut in Shandong province,China,Int.Arachis Newsl.17(1997)70-71.
[27]X.D.Li,G.Y.Zhang,Y.S.Wan,A.R.Wu,D.G.Kong,D.P.Gao,Y.X.Qin,H.Y.Wang,Studies on integrated manuring practices for double high-yield of wheat and peanut,Chin.J.Oil Crop Sci.18(1996)22-26(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]FAO,WRD world reference base for soil resources,http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf,Accessed date:20 December 2017.
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[30]D.R.Huggins,W.L.Pan,Nitrogen efficiency component analysis:an evaluation of cropping system differences in productivity,Agron.J.85(1993)898-905.
[31]Z.Y.Chen,X.F.Wen,G.H.Hu,Nuclear Technology and Its Use in Agriculture Science,Science Press,Beijing,China,1983466-484(in Chinese).
[32]Y.Shi,Z.W.Yv,Y.Q.Li,X.Wang,Study on the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and ratio of base and topdressing on winter wheat yield and fate of fertilizer nitrogen by15N,Sci.Agric.Sin.40(2007)54-62(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]Z.Shi,Q.Jing,J.Cai,D.Jiang,W.Cao,T.Dai,The fates of15Nfertilizer in relation to root distributions of winter wheat under different N splits,Eur.J.Agron.40(2012)86-93(in Chinese with English abstract).
[34]C.B.Wang,B.Cheng,X.S.Sun,Y.P.Zheng,D.X.Chen,Effect of distribution modes of nitrogenous fertilizer on wheat and peanut yields and the nitrogenous fertilizer utilization ratio under the wheat peanut cropping system,Acta Agric.Nucl.Sin.16(2002)98-102(in Chinese with English abstract).
[35]X.Zhang,J.W.Mao,X.Z.Si,L.Li,G.P.Li,Z.Y.Guo,Effect of integrated fertilization on the yield and quality of peanut and soil fertility under wheat-peanut planting system,J.Peanut Sci.45(2016)24-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
[36]N.K.Fageria,V.C.Baligar,Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants,Adv.Agron.88(2005)97-185.
[37]S.G.Pan,S.Q.Huang,Z.Jing,J.P.Wang,C.G.Cao,M.L.Cai,M.Zhang,X.R.Tang,Effects of N management on yield and Nuptake of rice in central China,J.Integr.Agric.11(2012)1993-2000.
[38]H.Sun,S.X.Li,Y.F.Wang,M.L.Wang,Effects of nitrogen application on source of nitrogen accumulation and yields of different peanut cultivars,Plant Nutr.Fert.Sci.16(2010)153-157(in Chinese with English abstract).
[39]Y.Shi,Z.W.Yv,D.Wang,Y.Q.Li,X.Wang,Effects of nitrogen rate and ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing on uptake,translocation of nitrogen and yield in wheat,Acta Agron.Sin.12(2006)142-148(in Chinese with English abstract).
[40]G.A.Divito,V.O.Sadras,How do phosphorus,potassium and sulphur affect plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation in crop and pasture legumes?A meta-analysis,Field Crop Res.156(2014)161-171.
[41]J.Timsina,G.Panaullah,M.Saleque,M.Ishaque,A.Pathan,M.Quayyum,Nutrient uptake and apparent balances for ricewheat sequences.I.Nitrogen,J.Plant Nutr.29(2006)137-155.
[42]A.Andersson,E.Johansson,P.Oscarson,Post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation and distribution among grains in spring wheat spikes,J.Agric.Sci.142(2004)525-533.
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[2]A.Inal,A.Gunes,F.Zhang,I.Cakmak,Peanut/maize intercropping induced changes in rhizosphere and nutrient concentrations in shoots,Plant Physiol.Biochem.45(2007)350-356.
[3]K.V.Dhima,A.S.Lithourgidis,I.B.Vasilakoglou,C.A.Dordas,Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio,Field Crop Res.100(2007)249-256.
[4]L.Li,L.Zhang,F.Zhang,Crop mixtures and the mechanisms of overyielding,in:S.A.Levin(Ed.),Encyclopedia of Biodiversity,Second edition Academic Press,Waltham,UK 2013,pp.382-395.
[5]L.Echarte,A.D.Maggiora,D.Cerrudo,V.H.Gonzalez,P.Abbate,A.Cerrudo,V.O.Sadras,P.Calvino,Yield response to plant density of maize and sunflower intercropped with soybean,Field Crop Res.121(2011)423-429.
[6]F.Wang,Z.He,K.Sayre,S.Li,J.H.Si,B.Feng,L.G.Kong,Wheat cropping systems and technologies in China,Field Crop Res.111(2009)181-188.
[7]H.H.Guo,L.P.Yang,X.H.Li,P.Yang,S.B.Wan,Characteristics of production and quality of peanut in Huang-Huai-Hai region,Chin.J.Eco-Agric.18(2010)1233-1238(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]G.H.Elkan,J.C.Wynne,T.J.Schneeweis,T.G.Isleib,Nodulation and nitrogenase activity of peanuts inoculated with single strain isolates of rhizobium,Peanut Sci.7(1980)95-97.
[9]H.Hauggaard-Nielsen,M.Gooding,P.Ambus,G.CorreHellou,Y.Crozat,C.Dahlmann,A.Dibet,P.vonFragstein,A.Pristeri,M.Monti,E.S.Jensen,Pea-barley intercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation,soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems,Field Crop Res.113(2009)64-71.
[10]K.A.Moyer-Henry,J.W.Burton,D.W.Israel,T.W.Rufty,Nitrogen transfer between plants:a15N natural abundance study with crop and weed species,Plant Soil 282(2006)7-20.
[11]S.Fukai,B.R.Trenbath,Processes determining intercrop productivity and yields of component crops,Field Crop Res.34(1993)247-271.
[12]M.L.Wells,H.R.Pappu,A.K.Culbreath,J.W.Todd,S.L.Brown,Field survey of impatiens necrotic spot virus in Georgia peanut,Peanut Sci.28(2010)34-37.
[13]D.Tilman,C.Balzer,J.Hill,B.L.Befort,Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.108(2011)20260-20264.
[14]J.K.Ladha,T.J.Krupnik,J.Six,C.V.Kessel,H.Pathak,Efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen in cereal production:retrospects and prospects,Adv.Agron.87(2005)85-156.
[15]D.Tilman,K.G.Cassman,P.A.Matson,R.Naylor,S.Polasky,Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices,Nature 418(2002)671-677.
[16]X.T.Ju,C.L.Kou,F.S.Zhang,P.Christie,Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain,Environ.Pollut.143(2006)117-125.
[17]V.Smil,Nitrogen in crop production:an account of global flows,Glob.Biogeochem.Cycles 13(1999)647-662.
[18]E.A.Davidson,The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860,Nat.Geosci.2(2009)659-662.
[19]E.Stehfest,L.Bouwman,N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation:summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions,Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.74(2006)207-228.
[20]J.Guo,X.Liu,Y.Zhang,J.Shen,W.Han,W.Zhang,P.Christie,K.W.Goulding,P.M.Vitousek,F.S.Zhang,Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands,Science 327(2010)1008-1010.
[21]Z.P.Peng,Y.N.Liu,Y.C.Li,Y.Abawi,Y.Q.Wang,M.X.Men,D.A.Anvo,Responses of nitrogen utilization and apparent nitrogen loss to different control measures in the wheat and maize rotation system,Front.Plant Sci.8(2017)160.
[22]M.Yousaf,X.Li,Z.Zhi,R.Tao,R.Cong,S.T.Ataulkarim,S.Fahad,A.N.Shah,J.W.Lu,Nitrogen fertilizer management for enhancing crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in a rice-oilseed rape rotation system in China,Front.Plant Sci.7(2016)1496.
[23]I.Cavoski,Z.Al Chami,M.Jarrar,D.Mondelli,Solutions for soil fertility management to overcome the challenges of the Mediterranean organic agriculture:tomato plant case study,Soil Res.54(2016)125-133.
[24]C.A.Grant,R.Wu,F.Selles,K.N.Harker,G.W.Clayton,S.Bittman,B.J.Zebarth,N.Z.Lupwayi,Crop yield and nitrogen concentration with controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared to non-coated urea applied at seeding,Field Crop Res.127(2012)170-180.
[25]C.B.Wang,Nitrogen effects and balancing application for wheat and peanut in two cropping system,Chin.J.Oil Crop Sci.21(1999)64-66(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]C.B.Wang,Optimum rates of nitrogen fertilizer in cropping system of wheat(winter)and groundnut in Shandong province,China,Int.Arachis Newsl.17(1997)70-71.
[27]X.D.Li,G.Y.Zhang,Y.S.Wan,A.R.Wu,D.G.Kong,D.P.Gao,Y.X.Qin,H.Y.Wang,Studies on integrated manuring practices for double high-yield of wheat and peanut,Chin.J.Oil Crop Sci.18(1996)22-26(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]FAO,WRD world reference base for soil resources,http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf,Accessed date:20 December 2017.
[29]R.H.Moll,E.J.Kamprath,W.A.Jackson,Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization,Agron.J.74(1982)562-564.
[30]D.R.Huggins,W.L.Pan,Nitrogen efficiency component analysis:an evaluation of cropping system differences in productivity,Agron.J.85(1993)898-905.
[31]Z.Y.Chen,X.F.Wen,G.H.Hu,Nuclear Technology and Its Use in Agriculture Science,Science Press,Beijing,China,1983466-484(in Chinese).
[32]Y.Shi,Z.W.Yv,Y.Q.Li,X.Wang,Study on the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and ratio of base and topdressing on winter wheat yield and fate of fertilizer nitrogen by15N,Sci.Agric.Sin.40(2007)54-62(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]Z.Shi,Q.Jing,J.Cai,D.Jiang,W.Cao,T.Dai,The fates of15Nfertilizer in relation to root distributions of winter wheat under different N splits,Eur.J.Agron.40(2012)86-93(in Chinese with English abstract).
[34]C.B.Wang,B.Cheng,X.S.Sun,Y.P.Zheng,D.X.Chen,Effect of distribution modes of nitrogenous fertilizer on wheat and peanut yields and the nitrogenous fertilizer utilization ratio under the wheat peanut cropping system,Acta Agric.Nucl.Sin.16(2002)98-102(in Chinese with English abstract).
[35]X.Zhang,J.W.Mao,X.Z.Si,L.Li,G.P.Li,Z.Y.Guo,Effect of integrated fertilization on the yield and quality of peanut and soil fertility under wheat-peanut planting system,J.Peanut Sci.45(2016)24-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
[36]N.K.Fageria,V.C.Baligar,Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants,Adv.Agron.88(2005)97-185.
[37]S.G.Pan,S.Q.Huang,Z.Jing,J.P.Wang,C.G.Cao,M.L.Cai,M.Zhang,X.R.Tang,Effects of N management on yield and Nuptake of rice in central China,J.Integr.Agric.11(2012)1993-2000.
[38]H.Sun,S.X.Li,Y.F.Wang,M.L.Wang,Effects of nitrogen application on source of nitrogen accumulation and yields of different peanut cultivars,Plant Nutr.Fert.Sci.16(2010)153-157(in Chinese with English abstract).
[39]Y.Shi,Z.W.Yv,D.Wang,Y.Q.Li,X.Wang,Effects of nitrogen rate and ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing on uptake,translocation of nitrogen and yield in wheat,Acta Agron.Sin.12(2006)142-148(in Chinese with English abstract).
[40]G.A.Divito,V.O.Sadras,How do phosphorus,potassium and sulphur affect plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation in crop and pasture legumes?A meta-analysis,Field Crop Res.156(2014)161-171.
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