Spatial Distribution Assessment and Source Apportionment of Land-Based Pollutant Yield from Qingdao, China
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摘要
The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.
The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.
The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.
引文
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Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning(CAEP),2003.National Water Environmental Capacity Verification Manual.Chinese Environmental Science Press,Beijing,45pp.
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Huang,J.L.,Li,Q.S.,Huang,L.,Zhang,Z.F.,Mu,J.L.,and Huang,Y.L.,2013a.Watershed-scale evaluation for landbased nonpoint source nutrients management in the Bohai Sea Bay,China.Ocean&Coastal Management,71:314-325.
Huang,J.L.,Li,Q.S.,Tu,Z.S.,Pan,C.M.,Zhang,L.P.,Ndokoye,P.,Lin,J.,and Hong,H.S.,2013b.Quantifying land-based pollutant loads in coastal area with sparse data:Methodology and application in China.Ocean and Coastal Management,81:14-28.
Jacobson,A.,Milman,A.D.,and Kammen,D.M.,2005.Letting the(energy)Gini out of the bottle:Lorenz curves of cumulative electricity consumption and Gini coefficients as metrics of energy distribution and equity.Energy Policy,33:1825-1832.
Jia,N.F.,Duan,J.N.,Li,B.G.,Li,X.L.,and Chen,H.W.,2006.Soil erosion quantitative evaluation of small watershed in Loess Plateau based on Anna AGNNPS model.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,22:23-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang,S.K.,Pearson,S.,Wu,W.,Ma,Y.J.,Qiao,L.L.,Wang,X.H.,Li,J.M.,and Wang,X.L.,2015.Research and integrated coastal zone management in rapidly developing estuarine harbours:A review to inform sustainment of functions in Jiaozhou Bay,China.Ocean&Coastal Management,116:470-477.
Lu,D.L.,Li,K.Q.,Liang,S.K.,Lin,G.H.,and Wang,X.L.,2017.A coastal three-dimensional water quality model of nitrogen in Jiaozhou Bay linking field experiments with modelling.Marine Pollution Bulletin,114(1):53-63.
Ongley,E.D.,Zhang,X.L.,and Yu,T.,2010.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China.Environmental Pollution,158(5):1159-1168.
Ord,J.K.,and Getis,A.,1995.Local spatial autocorrelation statistics:Distributional issues and an application.Geographical Analysis,27(4):286-306.
State Council Leading Group for the First National Pollution Source Survey(SCLGFNPSS),2008.The Manual of First National Pollution General Survey-Pollution Source Agricultural Fertilizer Loss Coefficient(Unpublished data,in Chinese).
Su,Y.,2014.Calculation of land-based pollutant allocated capacity of Shandong Province,A three-dimensional water quality simulation model-based programming methodology.Ph D thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Su,Y.,Wang,X.L.,Li,K.Q.,Liang,S.K.,Qian,G.D.,Jin,H.,and Dai,A.Q.,2014.Estimation methods and monitoring network issues in the quantitative estimation of land-based COD and TN loads entering the sea:A case study in Qingdao City,China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,21(17):10067-10082.
Takeoka,H.,2002.Progress in Seto Inland Sea research.Journal of Oceanography,58:93-107.
Tuncer,G.,Karakas,T.,Balkas,T.I.,G?k?ay.,C.F.,Aygnn,S.,Yurteri,C.,and Tuncel,G.,1998.Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coast of Turkey:Concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea.Marine Pollution Bulletin,36:409-423.
Wang,J.N.,Lu,Y.T.,Zhou,J.S.,Li,Y.,and Cao,D.,2006.China resource Gini coefficient analysis based on GDP.China Environmental Science,26:111-115(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,L.,Zhang,L.,Duan,X.J.,Dong,Y.W.,and Qin,X.H.,2011.Water-environment effects of industry structure in Taihu Lake Basin in Jiangsu Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31:6832-6844(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,X.L.,Li,K.Q.,and Shi,X.Y.,2006.The Marine Environmental Capacity of the Main Chemical Pollutants in the Jiaozhou Bay.Science Press,Beijing,8-34.
Wang,X.Y.,2012.Study on the structural abatement of pollutants of Qingdao based on the total pollutant load control.PhDthesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Zhao,W.L.,Yang,S.Y.,Wang,J.,Xiao,J.M.,Lu,X.X.,Lin,J.,Huang,P.,and Cai,M.G.,2015.Load estimation and assessment of land-based pollution for Quanzhou Bay and their relevance to the total quantity control of pollutants discharged into the sea(TQCPS)program in China.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,166 B:230-239.
Boesch,D.F.,2001.Science and integrated drainage basin coastal management.Chesapeake Bay and Mississippi Delta.In:Science and Integrated Coastal Management.von Bodungen,B.,and Turner,R.K.,eds.,Dahlem University Press,Berlin,37-50.
Brenner,J.,Jimenez,J.A.,and Sardá,R.,2006.Definition of homogeneous environmental management units for the Catalan coast.Environmental Management,38:993-1005.
Blumberg,A.F.,and Herring,H.J.,1987.Circulation modelling using orthogonal curvilinear coordinates.Elsevier Oceanography Series,45:55-88.
Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning(CAEP),2003.National Water Environmental Capacity Verification Manual.Chinese Environmental Science Press,Beijing,45pp.
Davenport,T.E.,Phillips,N.J.,Kirschner,B.A.,and Kirschner,L.T.,1996.The watershed protection approach:A framework for ecosystem protection.Water Science and Technology,33:23-26.
GESAMP,1990.IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEPJoint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution.The State of the Marine Environment,Nairobi,1-22.
Helmer,R.,1977.Pollutants from land-based sources in the Mediterranean.Ambio,6:312-316.
Hettige,H.,Martin,P.,Singh,M.,and Wheeler,D.,1995.Policy research working paper No.1431 part 1 and 2.In:The Industrial Pollution Projection System(IPPS).The World Bank,Washington,DC,1-8.
Huang,J.L.,Li,Q.S.,Huang,L.,Zhang,Z.F.,Mu,J.L.,and Huang,Y.L.,2013a.Watershed-scale evaluation for landbased nonpoint source nutrients management in the Bohai Sea Bay,China.Ocean&Coastal Management,71:314-325.
Huang,J.L.,Li,Q.S.,Tu,Z.S.,Pan,C.M.,Zhang,L.P.,Ndokoye,P.,Lin,J.,and Hong,H.S.,2013b.Quantifying land-based pollutant loads in coastal area with sparse data:Methodology and application in China.Ocean and Coastal Management,81:14-28.
Jacobson,A.,Milman,A.D.,and Kammen,D.M.,2005.Letting the(energy)Gini out of the bottle:Lorenz curves of cumulative electricity consumption and Gini coefficients as metrics of energy distribution and equity.Energy Policy,33:1825-1832.
Jia,N.F.,Duan,J.N.,Li,B.G.,Li,X.L.,and Chen,H.W.,2006.Soil erosion quantitative evaluation of small watershed in Loess Plateau based on Anna AGNNPS model.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,22:23-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang,S.K.,Pearson,S.,Wu,W.,Ma,Y.J.,Qiao,L.L.,Wang,X.H.,Li,J.M.,and Wang,X.L.,2015.Research and integrated coastal zone management in rapidly developing estuarine harbours:A review to inform sustainment of functions in Jiaozhou Bay,China.Ocean&Coastal Management,116:470-477.
Lu,D.L.,Li,K.Q.,Liang,S.K.,Lin,G.H.,and Wang,X.L.,2017.A coastal three-dimensional water quality model of nitrogen in Jiaozhou Bay linking field experiments with modelling.Marine Pollution Bulletin,114(1):53-63.
Ongley,E.D.,Zhang,X.L.,and Yu,T.,2010.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China.Environmental Pollution,158(5):1159-1168.
Ord,J.K.,and Getis,A.,1995.Local spatial autocorrelation statistics:Distributional issues and an application.Geographical Analysis,27(4):286-306.
State Council Leading Group for the First National Pollution Source Survey(SCLGFNPSS),2008.The Manual of First National Pollution General Survey-Pollution Source Agricultural Fertilizer Loss Coefficient(Unpublished data,in Chinese).
Su,Y.,2014.Calculation of land-based pollutant allocated capacity of Shandong Province,A three-dimensional water quality simulation model-based programming methodology.Ph D thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Su,Y.,Wang,X.L.,Li,K.Q.,Liang,S.K.,Qian,G.D.,Jin,H.,and Dai,A.Q.,2014.Estimation methods and monitoring network issues in the quantitative estimation of land-based COD and TN loads entering the sea:A case study in Qingdao City,China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,21(17):10067-10082.
Takeoka,H.,2002.Progress in Seto Inland Sea research.Journal of Oceanography,58:93-107.
Tuncer,G.,Karakas,T.,Balkas,T.I.,G?k?ay.,C.F.,Aygnn,S.,Yurteri,C.,and Tuncel,G.,1998.Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coast of Turkey:Concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea.Marine Pollution Bulletin,36:409-423.
Wang,J.N.,Lu,Y.T.,Zhou,J.S.,Li,Y.,and Cao,D.,2006.China resource Gini coefficient analysis based on GDP.China Environmental Science,26:111-115(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,L.,Zhang,L.,Duan,X.J.,Dong,Y.W.,and Qin,X.H.,2011.Water-environment effects of industry structure in Taihu Lake Basin in Jiangsu Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31:6832-6844(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,X.L.,Li,K.Q.,and Shi,X.Y.,2006.The Marine Environmental Capacity of the Main Chemical Pollutants in the Jiaozhou Bay.Science Press,Beijing,8-34.
Wang,X.Y.,2012.Study on the structural abatement of pollutants of Qingdao based on the total pollutant load control.PhDthesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Zhao,W.L.,Yang,S.Y.,Wang,J.,Xiao,J.M.,Lu,X.X.,Lin,J.,Huang,P.,and Cai,M.G.,2015.Load estimation and assessment of land-based pollution for Quanzhou Bay and their relevance to the total quantity control of pollutants discharged into the sea(TQCPS)program in China.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,166 B:230-239.