基于热管技术的动力电池热管理系统研究现状及展望
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摘要
电池热管理是发展高性能动力电池系统的关键技术之一,也是工程热物理领域研究前沿和热点.本文介绍锂离子动力电池热特性,阐述热管理对动力电池的重要性.介绍动力电池热管理主要技术手段,重点介绍热管技术应用于电池热管理的研究现状,从电池运行工况对系统传热的影响研究、热管传热特性分析与设计、热管理系统散热结构设计与传热分析及采用热管的电池加热研究4个方面阐述当前基于热管技术的电池热管理研究现状.最后,总结当前研究存在的不足及需要突破的关键问题,以期促进先进动力电池热管理系统开发.
The lithium-ion battery, a key technology for electric vehicles, is an electrochemical power source with complex ion flow and heat transfer processes. Temperature is one of the main parameters affecting the performance of these battery systems, as high temperatures may accelerate the degradation rate of a battery cell and shorten its lifespan. Low temperatures can also reduce the battery efficiency and affect its discharge capacity, and subsequently, its life cycle. In addition, uneven temperature distribution within a battery pack could exacerbate the inconsistency between cells and cause life cycle decay. A suitable working temperature window for the lithium-ion battery is usually between 25°C to 40°C, and the temperature difference among the cells should be maintained below 5°C to ensure the cells' performance and durability. Therefore, battery thermal management(BTM) is required to keep the battery temperature within the desirable operating range and maintain temperature uniformity. This paper provides a review of two aspects: The significance of BTM and current BTM strategies, and the research status of heat pipe-based BTM systems. Firstly, the thermal characteristics of the lithium-ion power battery are introduced, and the significance of BTM are expounded. Then, the advantages of heat pipe technology are introduced, and the research status of BTM based on heat pipes is evaluated in detail. In this study, the heat transferred in a heat pipe-based thermal management system was divided into three processes: The heat generation process, which is determined by the operating condition; the heat transfer process of a heat pipe, which is related to its structural design and its arrangement in the system; and the heat dissipation strategy on the condensation section. With respect to heat generation, researchers have studied the effect of operating conditions on the heat generation characteristics of the system. Results show that the temperature is closely related to the dynamic operating conditions. Further research should be combined with the actual vehicle operating conditions to formulate effective real-time control strategies to achieve a high efficiency and low energy consumption BTM system. Researchers have evaluated various factors that affect heat transfer performance. This study concludes that both the internal structure of heat pipe and its arrangement in the battery pack should be considered in the design of the BTM system to achieve optimum heat transfer performance. Future studies should focus on the analysis and optimization of flat plate heat pipes, which have good application prospects in BTM systems. Concerning heat dissipation enhancement, air cooling, direct liquid cooling, and indirect liquid cooling are the most common strategies for heat pipe cooling. However, most designs aim to reduce the temperature rise and temperature difference, and the system parameters are seldom taken into consideration. Further investigation into the heat dissipation enhancement of heat pipes should focus on the multi-objective optimization of the system including, synthesizing the thermal and electrical characteristics, improving energy consumption, and making the system lightweight. In addition, the heat pipe is also a highly efficient heat transfer element for battery heating. Current research has verified its heating rate and heating efficiency. Notably, the heating strategies are now in the pilot testing stage and have not been used in battery pack productions. One of the key elements for future research may involve the heating characteristics of a BTM based on heat pipes in different operating environments. Another aspect could be researching the heating strategy in low temperature environments.
The lithium-ion battery, a key technology for electric vehicles, is an electrochemical power source with complex ion flow and heat transfer processes. Temperature is one of the main parameters affecting the performance of these battery systems, as high temperatures may accelerate the degradation rate of a battery cell and shorten its lifespan. Low temperatures can also reduce the battery efficiency and affect its discharge capacity, and subsequently, its life cycle. In addition, uneven temperature distribution within a battery pack could exacerbate the inconsistency between cells and cause life cycle decay. A suitable working temperature window for the lithium-ion battery is usually between 25°C to 40°C, and the temperature difference among the cells should be maintained below 5°C to ensure the cells' performance and durability. Therefore, battery thermal management(BTM) is required to keep the battery temperature within the desirable operating range and maintain temperature uniformity. This paper provides a review of two aspects: The significance of BTM and current BTM strategies, and the research status of heat pipe-based BTM systems. Firstly, the thermal characteristics of the lithium-ion power battery are introduced, and the significance of BTM are expounded. Then, the advantages of heat pipe technology are introduced, and the research status of BTM based on heat pipes is evaluated in detail. In this study, the heat transferred in a heat pipe-based thermal management system was divided into three processes: The heat generation process, which is determined by the operating condition; the heat transfer process of a heat pipe, which is related to its structural design and its arrangement in the system; and the heat dissipation strategy on the condensation section. With respect to heat generation, researchers have studied the effect of operating conditions on the heat generation characteristics of the system. Results show that the temperature is closely related to the dynamic operating conditions. Further research should be combined with the actual vehicle operating conditions to formulate effective real-time control strategies to achieve a high efficiency and low energy consumption BTM system. Researchers have evaluated various factors that affect heat transfer performance. This study concludes that both the internal structure of heat pipe and its arrangement in the battery pack should be considered in the design of the BTM system to achieve optimum heat transfer performance. Future studies should focus on the analysis and optimization of flat plate heat pipes, which have good application prospects in BTM systems. Concerning heat dissipation enhancement, air cooling, direct liquid cooling, and indirect liquid cooling are the most common strategies for heat pipe cooling. However, most designs aim to reduce the temperature rise and temperature difference, and the system parameters are seldom taken into consideration. Further investigation into the heat dissipation enhancement of heat pipes should focus on the multi-objective optimization of the system including, synthesizing the thermal and electrical characteristics, improving energy consumption, and making the system lightweight. In addition, the heat pipe is also a highly efficient heat transfer element for battery heating. Current research has verified its heating rate and heating efficiency. Notably, the heating strategies are now in the pilot testing stage and have not been used in battery pack productions. One of the key elements for future research may involve the heating characteristics of a BTM based on heat pipes in different operating environments. Another aspect could be researching the heating strategy in low temperature environments.
引文
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2 Abada S,Marlair G,Lecocq A,et al.Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries:A review.J Power Sources,2016,306:178-192
3 Capasso C,Veneri O.Experimental analysis on the performance of lithium based batteries for road full electric and hybrid vehicles.Appl Energ,2014,136:921-930
4 Gross O,Clark S.Optimizing electric vehicle battery life through battery thermal management.SAE Int J Engines,2011,4:1928-1943
5 Ritchie A,Howard W.Recent developments and likely advances in lithium-ion batteries.J Power Sources,2006,162:809-812
6 Pesaran A A.Battery thermal management in EVs and HEVs:Issues and solutions.Battery Man,2001,43:34-49
7 Rao Z,Wang S.A review of power battery thermal energy management.Renew Sustain Energy Rev,2011,15:4554-4571
8 Lu L,Han X,Li J,et al.A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles.J Power Sources,2013,226:272-288
9 Feng X,Ouyang M,Liu X,et al.Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles:A review.Energ Storage Mater,2018,10:246-267
10 Li P,An F Q,Zhang J B,et al.Temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion battery:A review(in Chinese).J Automot Saf Energy,2014,5:224-237[李平,安富强,张剑波,等.电动汽车用锂离子电池的温度敏感性研究综述.汽车安全与节能学报,2014,5:224-237]
11 Hu Y L.Analysis and study on the effects of the low temperature performance for lithium-ion battery(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Changsha:Hunan University,2013[胡悦丽.锂离子电池低温性能影响因素的分析与研究.博士学位论文.长沙:湖南大学,2013]
12 Hamenu L,Lee H S,Latifatu M,et al.Lithium-silica nanosalt as a low-temperature electrolyte additive for lithium-ion batteries.Curr Appl Phys,2016,16:611-617
13 Hannan M A,Lipu M S H,Hussain A,et al.A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications:Challenges and recommendations.Renw Sust Energ Rev,2017,78:834-854
14 Sato N.Thermal behavior analysis of lithium-ion batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles.J Power Sources,2010,99:70-77
15 Ramadass P,Haran B,White R,et al.Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures:Part II.Capacity fade analysis.J Power Sources,2002,112:606-613
16 Zhang S S,Xu K,Jow T R.The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries.J Power Sources,2003,115:137-140
17 Wu M S,Chiang P C J.High-rate capability of lithium-ion batteries after storing at elevated temperature.Electrochim Acta,2007,52:3719-3725
18 Liu Z M.Simulation of cell to cell variations and thermal management in lithium-ion battery packs(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014[刘仲明.锂离子电池组不一致性及热管理的模拟研究.博士学位论文.天津:天津大学,2014]
19 Zheng Y J.Study on cell variations of lithium-ion power battery packs in electric vehicles(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Beijing:Tsinghua University,2014[郑岳久.车用锂离子动力电池组的一致性研究.博士学位论文.北京:清华大学,2014]
20 An Z J,Jia L,Li X J,et al.Experimental investigation on lithium-ion battery thermal management based on flow boiling in mini-channel.Appl Therm Eng,2017,117:534-543
21 Xu X M,Tang W,Fu J Q,et al.The forced air cooling heat dissipation performance of different battery pack bottom duct.Int J Energ Res,2018,42:3823-3836
22 Park H.A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles.J Power Sources,2013,239:30-36
23 Liu Z,Wang Y,Zhang J,et al.Shortcut computation for the thermal management of a large air-cooled battery pack.Appl Therm Eng,2014,66:445-452
24 He F,Li X,Lin M.Combined experimental and numerical study of thermal management of battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells.Int J Heat Mass Tran,2014,72:622-629
25 Yang N,Zhang X,Li G,et al.Assessment of the forced air-cooling performance for cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs:A comparative analysis between aligned and staggered cell arrangements.Appl Therm Eng,2015,80:55-65
26 Mahamud R,Park C.Reciprocating airflow for Li-ion battery thermal management to improve temperature uniformity.J Power Sources,2011,196:5685-5696
27 Wu M S,Liu K H,Wang Y Y,et al.Heat dissipation design for lithium-ion batteries.J Power Sources,2002,109:160-166
28 Sabbah R,Kizilel R,Selman J R,et al.Active(air-cooled)vs.passive(phase change material)thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs:Limitation of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution.J Power Sources,2008,182:630-638
29 Huo Y,Rao Z,Liu X,et al.Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate.Energ Convers Manage,2015,89:387-395
30 Jarrett A,Kim I Y.Design optimization of electric vehicle battery cooling plates for thermal performance.J Power Sources,2011,196:10359-10368
31 Qian Z,Li Y,Rao Z.Thermal performance of lithium-ion battery thermal management system by using mini-channel cooling.Energy Convers Manage,2016,126:622-631
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