现代水耕人为土形成年代探讨——以浙江为例
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摘要
以浙江省为例,基于地形特征及其形成、人口演变与土地开发、水利建设与农业技术发展等的历史变化分析,探讨了现代水耕人为土形成的年代。分析认为,虽然研究区水稻种植已有7 000 a左右的历史,但规模化水稻种植的历史基本上在2 000 a内。先秦以前,农业技术发展水平较低,难以形成大规模的稻田土壤水旱交替的环境,植稻土壤缺少现代水耕人为土的诊断特征。唐宋、明清和20世纪50—70年代是研究区水耕人为土形成的3个主要时期,水耕人为土面积迅速扩大。洪积扇和河谷平原地区可能是研究区内最早形成现代水耕人为土的主要区域。不同地貌区间大面积的水耕人为土的形成时间顺序大致为水网平原、河谷平原早于滨海平原早于丘陵山地。研究认为,稻作环境改善是现代水耕人为土形成的前提,农作技术发展和人口增加是水耕人为土面积扩大的主要动力。
In the present study, Zhejiang was selected as the study area. Based on the analysis of the topography characteristics and its formation, the histories of population evolution and land development, water conservancy construction and development of agricultural technology, the formation age of modern Stagnic Anthrosols was discussed. According to the analysis, rice cultivation in the study area had been around for 7 000 years, but the history of large-scale rice plantation was basically in 2 000 years. Before the Qin Dynasty, the development level of agricultural technology was relatively low, so it was difficult to form a large-scale flood and drought alternation soil environment, and the soils were lack of diagnostic characteristics of modern Stagnic Anthrosols. The Tang and Song, Ming and Qing dynasties and the 50 s to 70 s of 20 th Century were the three main forming stages of the Stagnic Anthrosols in the study area, and the area showed rapid expansion in these ages. Alluvial fan and valley plain might be the main distribution areas of the earliest modern Stagnic Anthrosols in the study area. The formation time of large area of Stagnic Anthrosols in the different landscapes was generally in sequence of water-net plain, river valley plain, coastal plain and hilly land. It was considered that the improvement of rice plantation environment was the precondition for the formation of the modern Stagnic Anthrosols, and the development of farming technology and the increase of population were the main motive forces for the expansion.
In the present study, Zhejiang was selected as the study area. Based on the analysis of the topography characteristics and its formation, the histories of population evolution and land development, water conservancy construction and development of agricultural technology, the formation age of modern Stagnic Anthrosols was discussed. According to the analysis, rice cultivation in the study area had been around for 7 000 years, but the history of large-scale rice plantation was basically in 2 000 years. Before the Qin Dynasty, the development level of agricultural technology was relatively low, so it was difficult to form a large-scale flood and drought alternation soil environment, and the soils were lack of diagnostic characteristics of modern Stagnic Anthrosols. The Tang and Song, Ming and Qing dynasties and the 50 s to 70 s of 20 th Century were the three main forming stages of the Stagnic Anthrosols in the study area, and the area showed rapid expansion in these ages. Alluvial fan and valley plain might be the main distribution areas of the earliest modern Stagnic Anthrosols in the study area. The formation time of large area of Stagnic Anthrosols in the different landscapes was generally in sequence of water-net plain, river valley plain, coastal plain and hilly land. It was considered that the improvement of rice plantation environment was the precondition for the formation of the modern Stagnic Anthrosols, and the development of farming technology and the increase of population were the main motive forces for the expansion.
引文
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[20] 江大勇, 杨守仁. 浙江沿海全新世海滩岩基本特征及其古地理意义[J]. 古地理学报, 1999, 1(1): 61-67.JIANG D Y, YANG S R. Basic features of holocene beachrocks along the coast in Zhejiang province and its palaeogeographic significance[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 1999, 1(1): 61-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[30] 吴林华.浅谈中国古代农业科技发展的特点及形成原因[J].中国集体经济,2015(27):64-65.WU L H. A brief talk on the characteristics and causes of the development of agricultural science and technology in ancient China[J]. China Collective Economy, 2015 (27): 64-65.(in Chinese)
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[2] 中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组. 中国土壤系统分类检索[M]. 3版. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2001: 1-50.
[3] 郑云飞, 陈旭高, 丁品. 浙江余杭茅山遗址古稻田耕作遗迹研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014, 34(1): 85-96.ZHENG Y F, CHEN X G, DING P. Studies on the archaeological paddy fields at Maoshan site in Zhejiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2014, 34(1): 85-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] 郑云飞, 蒋乐平. 上山遗址出土的古稻遗存及其意义[J]. 考古, 2007(9): 19-25, 99.ZHENG Y F, JIANG L P. Remains of ancient rice unearathed from the Shang-Shan site and their significance[J]. Archaeology, 2007(9): 19-25, 99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] 刘军. 浙江考古的世纪回顾与展望[J]. 考古, 2001(10): 3-13.LIU J. Zhejiang archaeology in retrospect and prospect at the turn of the century[J]. Archaeology, 2001(10): 3-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6] 游修龄.稻文化的历史发展和瞻望[J].农业考古,1998(1):406-408.YOU X L. Historical development and prospect of rice culture[J]. Agricultural Archaeology, 1998 (1): 406-408. (in Chinese)
[7] 刘莉, 李炅娥, 蒋乐平, 等. 关于中国稻作起源证据的讨论与商榷[J]. 南方文物, 2009(3): 25-37.LIU L, LI J E, JIANG L P, et al. The discussion and deliberation about the original evidence of Chinese rice[J]. Relics from South, 2009(3): 25-37.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] 劳国强. 探寻万年浙江史[J]. 浙江人大, 2005(9): 50-51. LAO G Q. Exploring the millennium history of Zhejiang province[J]. Zhejiang People's Congness Manazine, 2005(9): 50-51.(in Chinese)
[9] 彭世奖. 百越人与中国稻作文化[J]. 古今农业, 1991(1): 11-15.PENG S J. Baiyue people and Chinese rice culture[J]. Ancient and Modern Agriculture, 1991 (1): 11-15.(in Chinese)
[10] 中国水稻网. 我国科学家揭示水稻驯化时间点[J]. 福建稻麦科技, 2017, 35(2): 46.China Rice Network. Chinese scientists revealed the time point of rice domestication[J]. Fujian Science and Technology of Rice and Wheat, 2017, 35 (2): 46. (in Chinese)
[11] 浙江省土壤普查办公室. 浙江土壤[M]. 杭州: 浙江科学技术出版社, 1994.
[12] 吴立, 朱诚, 郑朝贵, 等. 全新世以来浙江地区史前文化对环境变化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(7): 903-916. WU L, ZHU C, ZHENG C G, et al. Response of prehistoric culture to climatic environmental changes since holocene in Zhejiang, east China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(7): 903-916.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13] 曹志洪. 中国史前灌溉稻田和古水稻土研究进展[J]. 土壤学报, 2008, 45(5): 784-791.CAO Z H. Study of prehistoric irrigated paddys and ancient paddy soils in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5): 784-791.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14] 徐建春, 郑升. 太湖-宁绍平原新石器文化遗址分布与环境变迁的关系[J]. 东南文化, 1990(5): 253-258.XU J C, ZHENG S. Neolithic cultural sites distribution and environmental changes in the Taihu-Ningshao Plain[J]. Southeast Culture, 1990 (5): 253-258.(in Chinese)
[15] 蒋乐平.钱塘江史前文明史纲要[J].南方文物,2012(2):86-97.JIANG L P. Outline of prehistoric civilization history of the Qiantang River[J]. Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2012 (2): 86-97.(in Chinese)
[16] 王宗涛. 浙江全新世古海岸线遗迹及其古地理意义[J]. 浙江国土资源, 1986(2): 20-32.WANG Z T. The old shoreline traces along the coast in Zhejiang during holocen and their paleogeographical significance[J]. Zhejiang Land & Resources, 1986(2): 20-32.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] 景存义. 鉴湖的形成演变与肖绍平原的环境变迁[J]. 南京师大学报(自然科学版), 1990, 13(2): 80-84.JING C Y. The formation and evolution of the Jianhu Lake and environment changes on the Xiaoshao Plain[J]. Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 1990, 13(2): 80-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 陈桥驿, 吕以春, 乐祖谋. 论历史时期宁绍平原的湖泊演变[J]. 地理研究, 1984, 3(3): 29-43.CHEN Q Y, Lü Y C, YUE Z M. On the lacustrine fluctuation in the regions of Ningbo-Shaoxing Plain in historic period[J]. Geographical Research, 1984, 3(3): 29-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)]
[19] 王佳琳. 明清时期杭嘉湖地区的湖泊变迁[D]. 金华: 浙江师范大学, 2017.WANG J L. Change of lakes in Hangjiahu region in Ming and Qing dynasties[D]. Jinhua: Zhejiang Normal University, 2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] 江大勇, 杨守仁. 浙江沿海全新世海滩岩基本特征及其古地理意义[J]. 古地理学报, 1999, 1(1): 61-67.JIANG D Y, YANG S R. Basic features of holocene beachrocks along the coast in Zhejiang province and its palaeogeographic significance[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 1999, 1(1): 61-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21] 江大勇, 杨守仁. 浙江沿海中全新世古气候、古环境初步分析[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 1996, 32(2): 199-205.JIANG D Y, YANG S R. A preliminary study on mid-holocene paleoclimate and paleoenvironment along the coast of Zhejiang province[J]. Acta Scicentiarum Naturalum Universitis Pekinesis, 1996, 32(2): 199-205.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22] 游修龄. 浙江人口和粮食的历史回顾和展望[J].浙江农业大学学报,1990, 16(4):337-345.YOU X L. Historical review and prospect of population-food relation in Zhejiang province[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis, 1990,16(4):337-345.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23] 肖也珍. 明清时期浙江历史上第二次人口增长高峰剖析[J].探索,1988(3):58-63.XIAN Y Z. An analysis of the second peak of population growth in Zhejiang Province during the Ming and Qing dynasties[J]. Exploration, 1988(3): 58-63. (in Chinese)
[24] 陈桥驿. 浙江古代粮食种植业的发展[J]. 中国农史, 1981(1): 33-41.CHEN Q Y. Development of ancient grain planting industry in Zhejiang province[J]. Agricultural History of China, 1981 (1): 33-41. (in Chinese)
[25] 陈桥驿. 历史时期绍兴地区聚落的形成与发展[J]. 地理学报, 1980, 35(1): 14-23.CHEN Q Y. Formation and development of the settlements of Shaoxing area in historical periods[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1980, 35(1): 14-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26] 郭松义. 清前期南方稻作区的粮食生产[J]. 中国经济史研究, 1994(1): 1-30.GUO S Y. Grain production in southern rice-growing areas in early Qing dynasty[J]. Researches in Chinese Economic History, 1994(1): 1-30.(in Chinese)
[27] 陈雄. 论古代金衢地区的土地开发及其利用[J].浙江师大学报(社会科学版),2001,26(4):35-38.CHEN X. On land development and utilization in Jinhua and Quzhou areas in ancient China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Normal University(Social Sciences), 2001, 26(4): 35-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28] 陈桥驿. 历史上浙江省的山地垦殖与山林破坏[J].中国社会科学,1983(4):207-217.CHEN Q Y. Mountain reclamation and forest destruction in Zhejiang province in history[J]. Social Sciences in China, 1983(4): 207-217.(in Chinese)
[29] 陈剑峰. 历史时期长江三角洲人地关系的调适: 以杭嘉湖地区为例[J]. 长江论坛, 2006(3): 31-35.CHEN J F. The adjustment of human-land relations in the Yangtze River Delta in historical period: taking Hangjiahu area as an example[J]. Yangtze Tribune, 2006(3): 31-35.(in Chinese)
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