Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes
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摘要
Biochar is considered as a beneficial soil amendment for crop production. However, limited information is available on the effects of continuous applications of biochar on rice. In this study, a fixed field experiment was conducted in the early and late rice-growing seasons from 2015 to 2017. Grain yield and yield attributes with a widely-grown rice cultivar Zhongzao 39 were compared, with and without applications of biochar in each season. The results showed that grain yield initially decreased with biochar applications in the first three seasons due to decreases in grain weight and harvest index. Although there were further relative decreases in grain weight and harvest index for rice that was supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons, grain yield was increased(by 4–10%) because of increases in sink size(spikelets per m2) and total biomass. The increased sink size in rice whose soil had been supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons was achieved by increasing panicle size(spikelets per panicle) or number of panicles, or both. Our study suggests that the positive effects of biochar application on rice yield and yield attributes depend on the duration of biochar application. Further investigations are needed to determine what are the soil and physiological processes for producing yield responses associated with ongoing applications of biochar. Also, it should be evaluated the performance of biochar application combined with other management practices, especially those can increase the grain weight and harvest index in rice production.
Biochar is considered as a beneficial soil amendment for crop production. However, limited information is available on the effects of continuous applications of biochar on rice. In this study, a fixed field experiment was conducted in the early and late rice-growing seasons from 2015 to 2017. Grain yield and yield attributes with a widely-grown rice cultivar Zhongzao 39 were compared, with and without applications of biochar in each season. The results showed that grain yield initially decreased with biochar applications in the first three seasons due to decreases in grain weight and harvest index. Although there were further relative decreases in grain weight and harvest index for rice that was supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons, grain yield was increased(by 4–10%) because of increases in sink size(spikelets per m2) and total biomass. The increased sink size in rice whose soil had been supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons was achieved by increasing panicle size(spikelets per panicle) or number of panicles, or both. Our study suggests that the positive effects of biochar application on rice yield and yield attributes depend on the duration of biochar application. Further investigations are needed to determine what are the soil and physiological processes for producing yield responses associated with ongoing applications of biochar. Also, it should be evaluated the performance of biochar application combined with other management practices, especially those can increase the grain weight and harvest index in rice production.
Biochar is considered as a beneficial soil amendment for crop production. However, limited information is available on the effects of continuous applications of biochar on rice. In this study, a fixed field experiment was conducted in the early and late rice-growing seasons from 2015 to 2017. Grain yield and yield attributes with a widely-grown rice cultivar Zhongzao 39 were compared, with and without applications of biochar in each season. The results showed that grain yield initially decreased with biochar applications in the first three seasons due to decreases in grain weight and harvest index. Although there were further relative decreases in grain weight and harvest index for rice that was supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons, grain yield was increased(by 4–10%) because of increases in sink size(spikelets per m2) and total biomass. The increased sink size in rice whose soil had been supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons was achieved by increasing panicle size(spikelets per panicle) or number of panicles, or both. Our study suggests that the positive effects of biochar application on rice yield and yield attributes depend on the duration of biochar application. Further investigations are needed to determine what are the soil and physiological processes for producing yield responses associated with ongoing applications of biochar. Also, it should be evaluated the performance of biochar application combined with other management practices, especially those can increase the grain weight and harvest index in rice production.
引文
Akhter A,Hage-Ahmed K,Soja G,Steinkellner S.2015Compost and biochar alter mycorrhization,tomato roo exudation,and development of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici.Frontiers in Plant Science,6,529.
Blum A.1993.Selection for sustained production in water-defici environments.In:Shibles R,Forsberg R A,Blad B L,Asay K H,Paulsen G M,Wilson R F,eds.,International Crop Science.vol.1.Crop Science Society of America,Madison WI,USA.pp.343-347.
Evans L T,Fischer R A.1999.Yield potential:Its definition measurement,and significance.Crop Science,391544-1551.
Fan M,Shen J,Yuan L,Jiang R,Chen X,Davies W J,Zhang F.2012.Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China.Journal Experimental Botany,63,13-24.
Glaser B,Wiedner K,Seelig S,Schmidt H P,Gerber H.2014Biochar organic fertilizers from natural resources as substitute for mineral fertilizers.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,35,667-678.
Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,Shen J L,Han W X,Zhang W FChristie P,Goulding K W T,Vitousek P M,Zhang F S2010.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands Science,327,1008-1010.
Huang M,Chen J,Cao F,Jiang L,Zou Y,Deng G.2016Improving physiological N-use efficiency by increasing harvest index in rice:A case in super-hybrid cultivar Guiliangyou 2.Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,62,725-743.
Huang M,Jiang L,Xia B,Zou Y,Jiang P,Ao H.2013a.Yield gap analysis of super hybrid rice between two subtropical environments.Australian Journal of Crop Science,7,600-608.
Huang M,Yang L,Qin H,Jiang L,Zou Y.2013b.Quantifying the effect of biochar amendment on soil quality and crop productivity in Chinese rice paddies.Field Crops Research,154,172-177.
Huang M,Yin X,Jiang L,Zou Y,Deng G.2015.Raising potential yield of short-duration rice cultivars is possible by increasing harvest index.Biotechnologie,Agronomie,Sociétéet Environnement,19,153-159.
Huang M,Zou Y,Feng Y,Cheng Z,Mo Y,Ibrahim M,Xia B,Jiang P.2011a.No-tillage and direct seeding for super hybrid rice production in rice-oilseed rape cropping system.European Journal of Agronomy,34,278-286.
Huang M,Zou Y,Jiang P,Xia B,Ibrahim M,Ao H.2011b.Relationship between grain yield and yield components in super hybrid rice.Agricultural Sciences in China,10,1537-1544.
Kropff M J,Cassman K G,Peng S,Matthews R B,Setter TL.1994.Quantitative understanding of yield potential.In:Cassman K G,ed.,Breaking the Yield Barrier.International Rice Research Institute,Los Ba?os,The Philippines.pp.21-38.
Le C,Zha Y,Li Y,Sun D,Lu H,Yin B.2010.Eutrophication of lake waters in China:Cost,causes,and control.Environmental Management,45,662-668.
Lehmann J,Joseph S.2009.Biochar for environmental management:an introduction.In:Lehmann J,Joseph S,eds.,Biochar for Environmental Management,Science and Technology.Earthscan,London,UK.pp.1-12.
Liu X,Qu J,Li L,Zhang A,Zheng J,Zheng J,Pan G.2012.Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-Across site field experiment from South China.Ecological Engineering,42,168-173.
Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,Tang A,Shen J,Cui Z,Vitousek P,Erisman J W,Goulding K,Christie P,Fangmeier A,Zhang F.2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China.Nature,494,459-462.
Olmo M,Villar R,Salazar P,Alburquerque J.2016.Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development.Plant and Soil,399,333-343.
Peng S,Cassman K G,Virmani S S,Sheehy J E,Khush G S.1999.Yield potential trends of tropical rice since the release of IR8 and the challenge of increasing rice yield potential.Crop Science,39,1552-1559.
Peng S,Khush G S,Virk P,Tang Q,Zou Y.2008.Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential.Field Crops Research,108,32-38.
Peng S,Tang Q,Zou Y.2009.Current status and challenges of rice production in China.Plant Production Science,12,3-8.
Singh B,Singh B P,Cowie A L.2010.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment.Soil Research,48,516-525.
Slafer G A,Calderini D F,Miralles D J.1996.Generation of yield components and compensation in wheat:Opportunities for further increasing yield potential.In:Reynolds M P,Rajaram S,McNab A,eds.,Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat:Breaking the Barriers.International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,Mexico.pp.110-133.
Woolf D,Amonette J E,Street-Perrott F A,Lehmann J,Joseph S.2010.Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change.Nature Communication,1,56.
Yang J,Peng S,Zhang Z,Wang Z,Visperas R M,Zhu Q.2002.Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in Japonica/Indica hybrid rice.Crop Science,42,766-772.
Yang J,Zhang J.2006.Grain filling of cereals under soil drying.New Phytologist,169,223-236.
Yang J,Zhang J.2010.Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice.Journal of Experimental Botany,61,3177-3189.
Yang W,Peng S,Laza R C,Visperas R M,Dionisio-Sese M L.2008.Yield gap analysis between dry and wet season rice crop grown under high-yielding management conditions.Agronomy Journal,100,1390-1395.
Ying J,Peng S,He Q,Yang H,Yang C,Visperas R M,Cassman K G.1998.Comparison of high-yield rice in tropical and subtropical environments I.Determinants of grain and dry matter yields.Field Crop Research,57,71-84.
Yuan L.1994.Increasing yield potential in rice by exploitation of heterosis.In:Virmani S S,ed.,Hybrid Rice Technology,Developments and Future Prospects.International Rice Research Institute,Los Ba?os,The Philippines.pp.1-6.
Yuan L.2014.Development of hybrid rice to ensure food security.Rice Science,22,1-2.
Yuan S,Nie L,Wang F,Huang J,Peng S.2016.Agronomic performance of inbred and hybrid rice cultivars under simplified and reduced-input practices.Field Crops Research,210,129-135.
Zhang A,Bian R,Pan G,Cui L,Hussain Q,Li L,Zheng J,Zheng J,Zhang X,Han X,Yu X.2012.Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality,crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy:A field study of 2consecutive rice growing cycles.Field Crops Research,127,153-160.
Zhang A,Cui L,Pan G,Li L,Hussain Q,Zhang X,Zheng J,Crowley D.2010.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,139,469-475.
Blum A.1993.Selection for sustained production in water-defici environments.In:Shibles R,Forsberg R A,Blad B L,Asay K H,Paulsen G M,Wilson R F,eds.,International Crop Science.vol.1.Crop Science Society of America,Madison WI,USA.pp.343-347.
Evans L T,Fischer R A.1999.Yield potential:Its definition measurement,and significance.Crop Science,391544-1551.
Fan M,Shen J,Yuan L,Jiang R,Chen X,Davies W J,Zhang F.2012.Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China.Journal Experimental Botany,63,13-24.
Glaser B,Wiedner K,Seelig S,Schmidt H P,Gerber H.2014Biochar organic fertilizers from natural resources as substitute for mineral fertilizers.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,35,667-678.
Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,Shen J L,Han W X,Zhang W FChristie P,Goulding K W T,Vitousek P M,Zhang F S2010.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands Science,327,1008-1010.
Huang M,Chen J,Cao F,Jiang L,Zou Y,Deng G.2016Improving physiological N-use efficiency by increasing harvest index in rice:A case in super-hybrid cultivar Guiliangyou 2.Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,62,725-743.
Huang M,Jiang L,Xia B,Zou Y,Jiang P,Ao H.2013a.Yield gap analysis of super hybrid rice between two subtropical environments.Australian Journal of Crop Science,7,600-608.
Huang M,Yang L,Qin H,Jiang L,Zou Y.2013b.Quantifying the effect of biochar amendment on soil quality and crop productivity in Chinese rice paddies.Field Crops Research,154,172-177.
Huang M,Yin X,Jiang L,Zou Y,Deng G.2015.Raising potential yield of short-duration rice cultivars is possible by increasing harvest index.Biotechnologie,Agronomie,Sociétéet Environnement,19,153-159.
Huang M,Zou Y,Feng Y,Cheng Z,Mo Y,Ibrahim M,Xia B,Jiang P.2011a.No-tillage and direct seeding for super hybrid rice production in rice-oilseed rape cropping system.European Journal of Agronomy,34,278-286.
Huang M,Zou Y,Jiang P,Xia B,Ibrahim M,Ao H.2011b.Relationship between grain yield and yield components in super hybrid rice.Agricultural Sciences in China,10,1537-1544.
Kropff M J,Cassman K G,Peng S,Matthews R B,Setter TL.1994.Quantitative understanding of yield potential.In:Cassman K G,ed.,Breaking the Yield Barrier.International Rice Research Institute,Los Ba?os,The Philippines.pp.21-38.
Le C,Zha Y,Li Y,Sun D,Lu H,Yin B.2010.Eutrophication of lake waters in China:Cost,causes,and control.Environmental Management,45,662-668.
Lehmann J,Joseph S.2009.Biochar for environmental management:an introduction.In:Lehmann J,Joseph S,eds.,Biochar for Environmental Management,Science and Technology.Earthscan,London,UK.pp.1-12.
Liu X,Qu J,Li L,Zhang A,Zheng J,Zheng J,Pan G.2012.Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-Across site field experiment from South China.Ecological Engineering,42,168-173.
Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,Tang A,Shen J,Cui Z,Vitousek P,Erisman J W,Goulding K,Christie P,Fangmeier A,Zhang F.2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China.Nature,494,459-462.
Olmo M,Villar R,Salazar P,Alburquerque J.2016.Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development.Plant and Soil,399,333-343.
Peng S,Cassman K G,Virmani S S,Sheehy J E,Khush G S.1999.Yield potential trends of tropical rice since the release of IR8 and the challenge of increasing rice yield potential.Crop Science,39,1552-1559.
Peng S,Khush G S,Virk P,Tang Q,Zou Y.2008.Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential.Field Crops Research,108,32-38.
Peng S,Tang Q,Zou Y.2009.Current status and challenges of rice production in China.Plant Production Science,12,3-8.
Singh B,Singh B P,Cowie A L.2010.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment.Soil Research,48,516-525.
Slafer G A,Calderini D F,Miralles D J.1996.Generation of yield components and compensation in wheat:Opportunities for further increasing yield potential.In:Reynolds M P,Rajaram S,McNab A,eds.,Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat:Breaking the Barriers.International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,Mexico.pp.110-133.
Woolf D,Amonette J E,Street-Perrott F A,Lehmann J,Joseph S.2010.Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change.Nature Communication,1,56.
Yang J,Peng S,Zhang Z,Wang Z,Visperas R M,Zhu Q.2002.Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in Japonica/Indica hybrid rice.Crop Science,42,766-772.
Yang J,Zhang J.2006.Grain filling of cereals under soil drying.New Phytologist,169,223-236.
Yang J,Zhang J.2010.Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice.Journal of Experimental Botany,61,3177-3189.
Yang W,Peng S,Laza R C,Visperas R M,Dionisio-Sese M L.2008.Yield gap analysis between dry and wet season rice crop grown under high-yielding management conditions.Agronomy Journal,100,1390-1395.
Ying J,Peng S,He Q,Yang H,Yang C,Visperas R M,Cassman K G.1998.Comparison of high-yield rice in tropical and subtropical environments I.Determinants of grain and dry matter yields.Field Crop Research,57,71-84.
Yuan L.1994.Increasing yield potential in rice by exploitation of heterosis.In:Virmani S S,ed.,Hybrid Rice Technology,Developments and Future Prospects.International Rice Research Institute,Los Ba?os,The Philippines.pp.1-6.
Yuan L.2014.Development of hybrid rice to ensure food security.Rice Science,22,1-2.
Yuan S,Nie L,Wang F,Huang J,Peng S.2016.Agronomic performance of inbred and hybrid rice cultivars under simplified and reduced-input practices.Field Crops Research,210,129-135.
Zhang A,Bian R,Pan G,Cui L,Hussain Q,Li L,Zheng J,Zheng J,Zhang X,Han X,Yu X.2012.Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality,crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy:A field study of 2consecutive rice growing cycles.Field Crops Research,127,153-160.
Zhang A,Cui L,Pan G,Li L,Hussain Q,Zhang X,Zheng J,Crowley D.2010.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,139,469-475.