Characterizing nitric oxide emissions from two typical alpine ecosystems
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摘要
portion of alpine meadows has been and will continue to be cultivated due to the concurrent increasing demands for animal-and crop-oriented foods and global warming.However, it remains unclear how these long-term changes in land use will affect nitric oxide(NO) emission. At a field site with a calcareous soil on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the authors measured the year-round NO fluxes and related variables in a typically wintergrazed natural alpine meadow(NAM) and its adjacent forage oat field(FOF). The results showed that long-term plow tillage, fertilization and growing forage oats significantly yielded ca. 2.7 times more(p < 0.01) NO emissions from the FOF than the NAM(conservatively 208 vs. 56 g N/(ha·year) on average). The spring freeze–thaw period and non-growing season accounted for 17%-35% of the annual emissions, respectively. The Q10 of surface soil temperature(Ts) was 8.9 in the NAM(vs. 3.8 in the FOF), indicating increases of 24%–93% in NO emissions per 1–3 °C increase. However, the warming-induced increases could be smaller than those due to land use change and management practices. The Tsand concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and water-extractable organic carbon jointly explained 69% of the variance in daily NO fluxes from both fields during the annual period(p < 0.001). This result indicates that temporally and/or spatially distributed NO fluxes from landscapes with calcareous soils across native alpine meadows and/or fields cultivated with forage oats can be predicted by simultaneous observations of these four soil variables.
portion of alpine meadows has been and will continue to be cultivated due to the concurrent increasing demands for animal-and crop-oriented foods and global warming.However, it remains unclear how these long-term changes in land use will affect nitric oxide(NO) emission. At a field site with a calcareous soil on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the authors measured the year-round NO fluxes and related variables in a typically wintergrazed natural alpine meadow(NAM) and its adjacent forage oat field(FOF). The results showed that long-term plow tillage, fertilization and growing forage oats significantly yielded ca. 2.7 times more(p < 0.01) NO emissions from the FOF than the NAM(conservatively 208 vs. 56 g N/(ha·year) on average). The spring freeze–thaw period and non-growing season accounted for 17%-35% of the annual emissions, respectively. The Q10 of surface soil temperature(Ts) was 8.9 in the NAM(vs. 3.8 in the FOF), indicating increases of 24%–93% in NO emissions per 1–3 °C increase. However, the warming-induced increases could be smaller than those due to land use change and management practices. The Tsand concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and water-extractable organic carbon jointly explained 69% of the variance in daily NO fluxes from both fields during the annual period(p < 0.001). This result indicates that temporally and/or spatially distributed NO fluxes from landscapes with calcareous soils across native alpine meadows and/or fields cultivated with forage oats can be predicted by simultaneous observations of these four soil variables.
portion of alpine meadows has been and will continue to be cultivated due to the concurrent increasing demands for animal-and crop-oriented foods and global warming.However, it remains unclear how these long-term changes in land use will affect nitric oxide(NO) emission. At a field site with a calcareous soil on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the authors measured the year-round NO fluxes and related variables in a typically wintergrazed natural alpine meadow(NAM) and its adjacent forage oat field(FOF). The results showed that long-term plow tillage, fertilization and growing forage oats significantly yielded ca. 2.7 times more(p < 0.01) NO emissions from the FOF than the NAM(conservatively 208 vs. 56 g N/(ha·year) on average). The spring freeze–thaw period and non-growing season accounted for 17%-35% of the annual emissions, respectively. The Q10 of surface soil temperature(Ts) was 8.9 in the NAM(vs. 3.8 in the FOF), indicating increases of 24%–93% in NO emissions per 1–3 °C increase. However, the warming-induced increases could be smaller than those due to land use change and management practices. The Tsand concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and water-extractable organic carbon jointly explained 69% of the variance in daily NO fluxes from both fields during the annual period(p < 0.001). This result indicates that temporally and/or spatially distributed NO fluxes from landscapes with calcareous soils across native alpine meadows and/or fields cultivated with forage oats can be predicted by simultaneous observations of these four soil variables.
引文
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Cao,G.,Xu,X.,Long,R.,Wang,Q.,Wang,C.,Du,Y.,et al.,2008.Methane emissions by alpine plant communities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Biol.Lett.4,681-684.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0373.
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Civerolo,K.L.,Dickerson,R.R.,1998.Nitric oxide soil emissions from tilled and untilled cornfields.Agric.For.Meteorol.90,307-311.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00056-2.
Cui,F.,Yan,G.,Zhou,Z.,Zheng,X.,Deng,J.,2012.Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheatmaize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain.Soil Biol.Biochem.48,10-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.007.
Davidson,E.A.,Kingerlee,W.,1997.A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.48,37-50.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009738715891.
Deng,J.,Zhou,Z.,Zheng,X.,Liu,C.,Xie,B.,Yao,Z.,et al.,2012.Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from ricewheat rotation and vegetable fields:a case study in the TaiLake region,China.Plant Soil 360,37-53.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6.
Du,T.,2002.Ecological environment of control and sustainable developing of pasture animal husbandry in Qinghai province.Qinghai Prataculture 11(1),10-15(in Chinese).
Fang,S.,Mu,Y.,2007.NOxfluxes from three kinds of agricultural lands in the Yangtze Delta,China.Atmos.Environ.41,4766-4772.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.02.015.
Filippa,G.,Freppaz,M.,Williams,M.W.,Helmig,D.,Liptzin,D.,Seok,B.,et al.,2009.Winter and summer nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow at Niwot Ridge,Colorado.Biogeochemistry 95,131-149.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9304-1.
Gao,Y.,Ma,X.,Cooper,D.J.,2016.Short-term effect of nitrogen addition on nitric oxide emissions from an alpine meadow in the Tibetan Plateau.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.23,12474-12479.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6763-5.
Holst,J.,Liu,C.,Brüggemann,N.,Butterbach-Bahl,K.,Zheng,X.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2007.Microbial N turnover and N-Oxide(N2O/NO/NO2)fluxes in semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia.Ecosystems 10,623-634.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9043-x.
Hu,H.,Xu,Z.,He,J.,2014.Ammonia-oxidizing archaea play a predominant role in acid soil nitrification.Adv.Agron.125,261-302.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800137-0.00006-6.
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Katayanagi,N.,Hatano,R.,2012.N2O emissions during the freezing and thawing periods from six fields in a livestock farm,southern Hokkaido,Japan.Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.58,261-271.https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2012.670810.
Koponen,H.T.,Duran,C.E.,Maljanen,M.,Hytonen,J.,Martikainen,P.J.,2006.Temperature responses of NO and N2O emissions from boreal organic soil.Soil Biol.Biochem.38,1779-1787.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.004.
Liu,C.,Holst,J.,Yao,Z.,Brüggemann,N.,Butterbach-Bahl,K.,Han,S.,et al.,2009.Sheepfolds as“hotspots”of nitric oxide(NO)emission in an Inner Mongolian steppe.Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.134,136-142.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.06.007.
Liu,C.,Zheng,X.,Zhou,Z.,Han,S.,Wang,Y.,Wang,K.,et al.,2010.Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from an irrigated cotton field in Northern China.Plant Soil 332,123-134.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0278-5.
Liu,C.,Yao,Z.,Wang,K.,Zheng,X.,2015.Effects of increasing fertilization rates on nitric oxide emission and nitrogen use efficiency in low carbon calcareous soil.Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.203,83-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.025.
Martin,R.E.,Scholes,M.C.,Mosier,A.R.,Ojima,D.S.,Holland,E.A.,Parton,W.J.,1998.Controls on annual emissions of nitric oxide from soils of the Colorado shortgrass steppe.Glob.Biogeochem.Cycles 12,81-91.https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB03501.
Matzner,E.,Borken,W.,2008.Do freeze-thaw events enhance Cand N losses from soils of different ecosystems?A review.Eur.J.Soil Sci.59,274-284.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00992.x.
Mei,B.,Zheng,X.,Xie,B.,Dong,H.,Zhou,Z.,Wang,R.,et al.,2009.Nitric oxide emissions from conventional vegetable fields in southeastern China.Atmos.Environ.43,2762-2769.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.040.
Mukumbuta,I.,Shimizu,M.,Jin,T.,Nagatake,A.,Hata,H.,Kondo,S.,et al.,2017.Nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from a cornfield and managed grassland:11 years of continuous measurement with manure and fertilizer applications,and land-use change.Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.63,185-199.https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1291265.
Ni,J.,2002.Carbon storage in grasslands of China.J.Arid Environ.50,205-218.https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2001.0902.
Papen,H.,Berg,R.V.,Hinkel,I.,Thoene,B.,Rennenberg,H.,1989.Heterotrophic nitrification by alcaligenes faecalis:NO2-,NO3-,N2O,and NO production in exponentially growing cultures.Appl.Environ.Microb.55(8),2068-2072.
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Butterbach-Bahl,K.,Baggs,E.M.,Dannenmann,M.,Kiese,R.,Zechmeister-Boltenstern,S.,2013.Nitrous oxide emissions from soils:how well do we understand the processes and their controls?Philos.Trans.R.Soc.B 368,20130122.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122.
Cao,G.,Xu,X.,Long,R.,Wang,Q.,Wang,C.,Du,Y.,et al.,2008.Methane emissions by alpine plant communities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Biol.Lett.4,681-684.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0373.
Chen,H.,Zhu,Q.,Peng,C.,Wu,N.,Wang,Y.,Fang,X.,et al.,2013.The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Glob.Chang.Biol.19,2940-2955.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12277.
Civerolo,K.L.,Dickerson,R.R.,1998.Nitric oxide soil emissions from tilled and untilled cornfields.Agric.For.Meteorol.90,307-311.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00056-2.
Cui,F.,Yan,G.,Zhou,Z.,Zheng,X.,Deng,J.,2012.Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheatmaize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain.Soil Biol.Biochem.48,10-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.007.
Davidson,E.A.,Kingerlee,W.,1997.A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.48,37-50.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009738715891.
Deng,J.,Zhou,Z.,Zheng,X.,Liu,C.,Xie,B.,Yao,Z.,et al.,2012.Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from ricewheat rotation and vegetable fields:a case study in the TaiLake region,China.Plant Soil 360,37-53.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1223-6.
Du,T.,2002.Ecological environment of control and sustainable developing of pasture animal husbandry in Qinghai province.Qinghai Prataculture 11(1),10-15(in Chinese).
Fang,S.,Mu,Y.,2007.NOxfluxes from three kinds of agricultural lands in the Yangtze Delta,China.Atmos.Environ.41,4766-4772.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.02.015.
Filippa,G.,Freppaz,M.,Williams,M.W.,Helmig,D.,Liptzin,D.,Seok,B.,et al.,2009.Winter and summer nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow at Niwot Ridge,Colorado.Biogeochemistry 95,131-149.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9304-1.
Gao,Y.,Ma,X.,Cooper,D.J.,2016.Short-term effect of nitrogen addition on nitric oxide emissions from an alpine meadow in the Tibetan Plateau.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.23,12474-12479.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6763-5.
Holst,J.,Liu,C.,Brüggemann,N.,Butterbach-Bahl,K.,Zheng,X.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2007.Microbial N turnover and N-Oxide(N2O/NO/NO2)fluxes in semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia.Ecosystems 10,623-634.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9043-x.
Hu,H.,Xu,Z.,He,J.,2014.Ammonia-oxidizing archaea play a predominant role in acid soil nitrification.Adv.Agron.125,261-302.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800137-0.00006-6.
Huang,Y.,Li,D.,2014.Soil nitric oxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems in China:a synthesis of modeling and measurements.Sci.Rep.4(7406).https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07406.
IPCC,2007.Climate Change 2007:the Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK.
Joergensen,R.G.,1996.The fumigation-extraction method to estimate soil microbial biomass:Calibration of the k(EC)value.Soil Biol.Biochem.28,25-31.https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00102-6.
Katayanagi,N.,Hatano,R.,2012.N2O emissions during the freezing and thawing periods from six fields in a livestock farm,southern Hokkaido,Japan.Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.58,261-271.https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2012.670810.
Koponen,H.T.,Duran,C.E.,Maljanen,M.,Hytonen,J.,Martikainen,P.J.,2006.Temperature responses of NO and N2O emissions from boreal organic soil.Soil Biol.Biochem.38,1779-1787.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.004.
Liu,C.,Holst,J.,Yao,Z.,Brüggemann,N.,Butterbach-Bahl,K.,Han,S.,et al.,2009.Sheepfolds as“hotspots”of nitric oxide(NO)emission in an Inner Mongolian steppe.Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.134,136-142.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.06.007.
Liu,C.,Zheng,X.,Zhou,Z.,Han,S.,Wang,Y.,Wang,K.,et al.,2010.Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from an irrigated cotton field in Northern China.Plant Soil 332,123-134.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0278-5.
Liu,C.,Yao,Z.,Wang,K.,Zheng,X.,2015.Effects of increasing fertilization rates on nitric oxide emission and nitrogen use efficiency in low carbon calcareous soil.Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.203,83-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.025.
Martin,R.E.,Scholes,M.C.,Mosier,A.R.,Ojima,D.S.,Holland,E.A.,Parton,W.J.,1998.Controls on annual emissions of nitric oxide from soils of the Colorado shortgrass steppe.Glob.Biogeochem.Cycles 12,81-91.https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB03501.
Matzner,E.,Borken,W.,2008.Do freeze-thaw events enhance Cand N losses from soils of different ecosystems?A review.Eur.J.Soil Sci.59,274-284.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00992.x.
Mei,B.,Zheng,X.,Xie,B.,Dong,H.,Zhou,Z.,Wang,R.,et al.,2009.Nitric oxide emissions from conventional vegetable fields in southeastern China.Atmos.Environ.43,2762-2769.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.040.
Mukumbuta,I.,Shimizu,M.,Jin,T.,Nagatake,A.,Hata,H.,Kondo,S.,et al.,2017.Nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from a cornfield and managed grassland:11 years of continuous measurement with manure and fertilizer applications,and land-use change.Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.63,185-199.https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1291265.
Ni,J.,2002.Carbon storage in grasslands of China.J.Arid Environ.50,205-218.https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2001.0902.
Papen,H.,Berg,R.V.,Hinkel,I.,Thoene,B.,Rennenberg,H.,1989.Heterotrophic nitrification by alcaligenes faecalis:NO2-,NO3-,N2O,and NO production in exponentially growing cultures.Appl.Environ.Microb.55(8),2068-2072.
Piao,S.,Fang,J.,Zhou,L.,Tan,K.,Tao,S.,2007.Changes in biomass carbon stocks in China's grasslands between 1982 and1999.Glob.Biogeochem.Cycles 21.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002634 GB2002.
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics(QPBS),1993.Qinghai Statistical Yearbook.
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics(QPBS),1997.Qinghai Statistical Yearbook.
Skiba,U.,Fowler,D.,Smith,K.,1997.Nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils in temperate and tropical climates:sources,controls and mitigation options.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.48,139-153.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009734514983.
Stehfest,E.,Bouwman,L.,2006.N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation:summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.74,207-228.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9000-7.
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