Long-term monitoring of the individual self-feeding behavior of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
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摘要
Self-feeding device is extensively used in aquaculture farms, but for salmonids the individual feeding behavior has seldom been continuously observed. In this article, the individual self-feeding behavior of 10 rainbow trout was continuously monitored with a PIT tag record for 50 days with three replicates. The?sh fell into three categories according to their feeding behavior, i.e. high triggering ?sh(trigger behavior more than 25% of the group, HT), low triggering ?sh(1%–25%, LT) and zero triggering ?sh(less than1%). The results showed that in a group of 10 individual 1–2 HT ?sh accounted for most of the self-feeding behavior(78.19%–89.14%), which was far more than they could consume. The trigger frequency of the?sh was signi?cantly correlated with the initial body weight( P <0.01), however, no signi?cant dif ference in growth rate among the HT, LT, and ZT ?sh was observed( P >0.05). Cosinor analysis showed that the two HT ?sh in the same group had similar acrophase. Though some of the HT ?sh could be active for 50 d, there were also HT ?sh decreased triggering behavior around 40 d and the high trigger status was then replaced by other ?sh, which was ?rst discovered in salimonds. Interestingly, the growth of the group was not af fected by the alternation triggering ?sh. These results provide evidence that in the self-feeding system the HT ?sh didn't gain much advantage by their frequent self-feeding behavior, and high trigger status of the HT ?sh is not only an individual character but also driven by the demand of the group. In the self-feeding system, the critical individual should be closely monitored.
Self-feeding device is extensively used in aquaculture farms, but for salmonids the individual feeding behavior has seldom been continuously observed. In this article, the individual self-feeding behavior of 10 rainbow trout was continuously monitored with a PIT tag record for 50 days with three replicates. The?sh fell into three categories according to their feeding behavior, i.e. high triggering ?sh(trigger behavior more than 25% of the group, HT), low triggering ?sh(1%–25%, LT) and zero triggering ?sh(less than1%). The results showed that in a group of 10 individual 1–2 HT ?sh accounted for most of the self-feeding behavior(78.19%–89.14%), which was far more than they could consume. The trigger frequency of the?sh was signi?cantly correlated with the initial body weight( P <0.01), however, no signi?cant dif ference in growth rate among the HT, LT, and ZT ?sh was observed( P >0.05). Cosinor analysis showed that the two HT ?sh in the same group had similar acrophase. Though some of the HT ?sh could be active for 50 d, there were also HT ?sh decreased triggering behavior around 40 d and the high trigger status was then replaced by other ?sh, which was ?rst discovered in salimonds. Interestingly, the growth of the group was not af fected by the alternation triggering ?sh. These results provide evidence that in the self-feeding system the HT ?sh didn't gain much advantage by their frequent self-feeding behavior, and high trigger status of the HT ?sh is not only an individual character but also driven by the demand of the group. In the self-feeding system, the critical individual should be closely monitored.
Self-feeding device is extensively used in aquaculture farms, but for salmonids the individual feeding behavior has seldom been continuously observed. In this article, the individual self-feeding behavior of 10 rainbow trout was continuously monitored with a PIT tag record for 50 days with three replicates. The?sh fell into three categories according to their feeding behavior, i.e. high triggering ?sh(trigger behavior more than 25% of the group, HT), low triggering ?sh(1%–25%, LT) and zero triggering ?sh(less than1%). The results showed that in a group of 10 individual 1–2 HT ?sh accounted for most of the self-feeding behavior(78.19%–89.14%), which was far more than they could consume. The trigger frequency of the?sh was signi?cantly correlated with the initial body weight( P <0.01), however, no signi?cant dif ference in growth rate among the HT, LT, and ZT ?sh was observed( P >0.05). Cosinor analysis showed that the two HT ?sh in the same group had similar acrophase. Though some of the HT ?sh could be active for 50 d, there were also HT ?sh decreased triggering behavior around 40 d and the high trigger status was then replaced by other ?sh, which was ?rst discovered in salimonds. Interestingly, the growth of the group was not af fected by the alternation triggering ?sh. These results provide evidence that in the self-feeding system the HT ?sh didn't gain much advantage by their frequent self-feeding behavior, and high trigger status of the HT ?sh is not only an individual character but also driven by the demand of the group. In the self-feeding system, the critical individual should be closely monitored.
引文
Alan?r?A,Br?nn?s E.1996.Dominance in demand-feeding behaviour in Arctic charr and rainbow trout:the ef fect of stocking density.Journal of Fish Biology,48(2):242-254.
Attia J,Millot S,Di-Po?C,Bégout M L,Noble C,SanchezVazquez F J,Terova G,Saroglia M,Damsg?rd B.2012.Demand feeding and welfare in farmed?sh.Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,38(1):107-118.
Brown J L.1964.The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems.The Wilson Bulletin,76(2):160-169.
Bureau D P,Hua K,Cho C Y.2006.Ef fect of feeding level on growth and nutrient deposition in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)growing from 150 to600.Aquaculture Research,37(11):1 090-1 098.
Chen W M,Naruse M,Tabata M.2002.Circadian rhythms and individual variability of self-feeding activity in groups of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum).Aquaculture Research,33(7):491-500.
Covès D,Beauchaud M,Attia J,Dutto G,Bouchut C,Bégout M L.2006.Long-term monitoring of individual?sh triggering activity on a self-feeding system:an example using European sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax).Aquaculture,253(1-4):385-392.
Cubitt K F,Winberg S,Huntingford F A,Kadri S,Crampton VO,?verli?.2008.Social hierarchies,growth and brain serotonin metabolism in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)kept under commercial rearing conditions.Physiology&Behavior,94(4):529-535.
Di-Po?C,Attia J,Bouchut C,Dutto G,Covès D,Beauchaud M.2007.Behavioral and neurophysiological responses of European sea bass groups reared under food constraint.Physiology&Behavior,90(4):559-566.
Di-Poi C,Beauchaud M,Bouchut C,Dutto G,Covès D,Attia J.2008.Ef fects of high food-demand?sh removal in groups of juvenile sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax).Canadian Journal of Zoology,86(9):1 015-1 023.
Ferrari S,Benha?m D,Colchen T,Chatain B,Bégout M L.2014.First links between self-feeding behaviour and personality traits in European seabass,Dicentrarchus labrax.Applied Animal Behaviour Science,161:131-141.
Heydarnejad M S,Purser J.2013.Demand-feeding activity of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)in Raceways.World Journal of Zoology,8(1):36-46.
Jobling M.1995.Simple indices for the assessment of the in?uences of social environment on growth performance,exempli?ed by studies on Arctic charr.Aquaculture International,3(1):60-65.
Millot S,Bégout M L,Person-Le Ruyet J,Breuil G,Di-Po?C,Fievet J,Pineau P,RouéM,Sévère A.2008.Feed demand behavior in sea bass juveniles:Ef fects on individual speci?c growth rate variation and health(inter-individual and inter-group variation).Aquaculture,274(1):87-95.
Millot S,Bégout M L.2009.Individual?sh rhythm directs group feeding:a case study with sea bass juveniles(Dicentrarchus labrax)under self-demand feeding conditions.Aquatic Living Resources,22(3):363-370.
Millot S,Nilsson J,Fosseidengen J E,Bégout M L,Fern?A,Braithwaite V A,Kristiansen T S.2014.Innovative behaviour in?sh:Atlantic cod can learn to use an external tag to manipulate a self-feeder.Animal Cognition,17(3):779-785.
Re?netti R,Cornélissen G,Halberg F.2007.Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms.Biological Rhythm Research,38(4):275-325.
Sunuma T,Amano M,Yamanome T,Yamamori K.2009.Individual variability of self-feeding activity in groupreared bar?n?ounder.Fisheries Science,75(5):1 295-1 300.
Attia J,Millot S,Di-Po?C,Bégout M L,Noble C,SanchezVazquez F J,Terova G,Saroglia M,Damsg?rd B.2012.Demand feeding and welfare in farmed?sh.Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,38(1):107-118.
Brown J L.1964.The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems.The Wilson Bulletin,76(2):160-169.
Bureau D P,Hua K,Cho C Y.2006.Ef fect of feeding level on growth and nutrient deposition in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)growing from 150 to600.Aquaculture Research,37(11):1 090-1 098.
Chen W M,Naruse M,Tabata M.2002.Circadian rhythms and individual variability of self-feeding activity in groups of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum).Aquaculture Research,33(7):491-500.
Covès D,Beauchaud M,Attia J,Dutto G,Bouchut C,Bégout M L.2006.Long-term monitoring of individual?sh triggering activity on a self-feeding system:an example using European sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax).Aquaculture,253(1-4):385-392.
Cubitt K F,Winberg S,Huntingford F A,Kadri S,Crampton VO,?verli?.2008.Social hierarchies,growth and brain serotonin metabolism in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)kept under commercial rearing conditions.Physiology&Behavior,94(4):529-535.
Di-Po?C,Attia J,Bouchut C,Dutto G,Covès D,Beauchaud M.2007.Behavioral and neurophysiological responses of European sea bass groups reared under food constraint.Physiology&Behavior,90(4):559-566.
Di-Poi C,Beauchaud M,Bouchut C,Dutto G,Covès D,Attia J.2008.Ef fects of high food-demand?sh removal in groups of juvenile sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax).Canadian Journal of Zoology,86(9):1 015-1 023.
Ferrari S,Benha?m D,Colchen T,Chatain B,Bégout M L.2014.First links between self-feeding behaviour and personality traits in European seabass,Dicentrarchus labrax.Applied Animal Behaviour Science,161:131-141.
Heydarnejad M S,Purser J.2013.Demand-feeding activity of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)in Raceways.World Journal of Zoology,8(1):36-46.
Jobling M.1995.Simple indices for the assessment of the in?uences of social environment on growth performance,exempli?ed by studies on Arctic charr.Aquaculture International,3(1):60-65.
Millot S,Bégout M L,Person-Le Ruyet J,Breuil G,Di-Po?C,Fievet J,Pineau P,RouéM,Sévère A.2008.Feed demand behavior in sea bass juveniles:Ef fects on individual speci?c growth rate variation and health(inter-individual and inter-group variation).Aquaculture,274(1):87-95.
Millot S,Bégout M L.2009.Individual?sh rhythm directs group feeding:a case study with sea bass juveniles(Dicentrarchus labrax)under self-demand feeding conditions.Aquatic Living Resources,22(3):363-370.
Millot S,Nilsson J,Fosseidengen J E,Bégout M L,Fern?A,Braithwaite V A,Kristiansen T S.2014.Innovative behaviour in?sh:Atlantic cod can learn to use an external tag to manipulate a self-feeder.Animal Cognition,17(3):779-785.
Re?netti R,Cornélissen G,Halberg F.2007.Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms.Biological Rhythm Research,38(4):275-325.
Sunuma T,Amano M,Yamanome T,Yamamori K.2009.Individual variability of self-feeding activity in groupreared bar?n?ounder.Fisheries Science,75(5):1 295-1 300.