清代海南海患的防御措施
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摘要
清政府对海南海患所采取的防御措施是一个不断完善强化的过程。前期主要为对水师结构、装备与巡防体系的初步设置以及填充调整;中期针对跨国跨省的海盗问题,主要为跨国、跨区域的联合缉捕,同时强化乡勇防御的作用,建设起完整的巡防体系;晚期在海盗与西方列强并存的态势下,官方与民间双管齐下,同时加强守备,通过新式兵器以及军队等改革,海南岛此时的防卫已然是达到巅峰,逐步迈向近代化海防的大门。
The defensive measures taken by the Qing government for Hainan marine catastrophe are a process of continuous improvement and strength. In the early Qing Dynasty,they mainly aim at the preliminary setting of the navy's structure,equipment and patrol system adjustment. In the middle of Qing Dynasty,for the transnational cross-provincial piracy problem,they are mainly for transnational and cross-regional joint arrest,and at the same time for strengthening the role of township defense and the construction of a complete patrol system. In the late Qing Dynasty,under the situation of the coexistence of pirates and Western powers,the government and citizens are two-pronged to strengthen the guard,and through the weapon and military reform,the local government obtains the strongest defense power and even modernized marine defense.
The defensive measures taken by the Qing government for Hainan marine catastrophe are a process of continuous improvement and strength. In the early Qing Dynasty,they mainly aim at the preliminary setting of the navy's structure,equipment and patrol system adjustment. In the middle of Qing Dynasty,for the transnational cross-provincial piracy problem,they are mainly for transnational and cross-regional joint arrest,and at the same time for strengthening the role of township defense and the construction of a complete patrol system. In the late Qing Dynasty,under the situation of the coexistence of pirates and Western powers,the government and citizens are two-pronged to strengthen the guard,and through the weapon and military reform,the local government obtains the strongest defense power and even modernized marine defense.
引文
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[2]广东海防史编委会.广东海防史[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2010.
[3]穆黛安.华南海盗[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997.
[4]林日举.海南史[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2002:268-271.
[5]周伟民,唐玲玲.海南通史:清代卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2017.
[6]何永涛.试析张之洞与晚清海南海防事业的发展[J].西安文理学院学报(社会科学版),2017(3):76-79.
[7]董茜茜.晚清时期海南岛海防建设研究[D].海口:海南师范大学研究生学院,2018.
[8]王宏斌.论两次鸦片战争期间海患与水师巡洋制度之恢复[J].近代史研究,2018(2):82-99.
[9]司徒尚纪.中国南海海洋文化史[M].广州:广东省出版集团广东经济出版社,2013:225.
[10]明谊,张岳崧.道光琼州府志[M].海口:海南出版社,2006.
[11]谢贵安,谢盛.从《清实录》看海南的航海和海盗问题[J].新东方,2011(3):15-16.
[12]佚名.清高宗乾隆实录[M].影印本.北京:中华书局,1986:517.
[13]佚名.清宣宗道光实录[M].影印本.北京:中华书局,1986:505.
[14]张霈,林燕典.咸丰文昌县志[M].海口:海南出版社,2004.
[15]聂缉庆,张延,桂文炽,汪6,等.光绪临高县志[M].海口:海南出版社,2004.
[16]赵尔巽.清史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1977.
[17]卢坤,邓廷桢.广东海防汇览[G].王宏斌,点校.石家庄:河北人民出版社,2009.
[18]龙朝诩.光绪澄迈县志[M].陈所能,纂修.海口:海南出版社,2004.
[19]朱为潮,徐淦.民国琼山县志[M].海口:海南出版社,2004:525.
[20]钟元棣,张嶲.光绪崖州志[M].海口:海南出版社,2006.
[21]周伟民,唐玲玲.张之洞经略琼崖史料汇编[G].海口:海南出版社,2015.
(1)本文所涉及的清代分期,为便于总结各阶段所采取的防御措施,粗略将顺治、康熙、雍正三朝归为清前期,即1644年至1735年;清中期则为乾隆、嘉庆两朝以及1840年鸦片战争之前的道光时期,即1736年至1840年;清后期为1840年至1911年。
[2]广东海防史编委会.广东海防史[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2010.
[3]穆黛安.华南海盗[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997.
[4]林日举.海南史[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2002:268-271.
[5]周伟民,唐玲玲.海南通史:清代卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2017.
[6]何永涛.试析张之洞与晚清海南海防事业的发展[J].西安文理学院学报(社会科学版),2017(3):76-79.
[7]董茜茜.晚清时期海南岛海防建设研究[D].海口:海南师范大学研究生学院,2018.
[8]王宏斌.论两次鸦片战争期间海患与水师巡洋制度之恢复[J].近代史研究,2018(2):82-99.
[9]司徒尚纪.中国南海海洋文化史[M].广州:广东省出版集团广东经济出版社,2013:225.
[10]明谊,张岳崧.道光琼州府志[M].海口:海南出版社,2006.
[11]谢贵安,谢盛.从《清实录》看海南的航海和海盗问题[J].新东方,2011(3):15-16.
[12]佚名.清高宗乾隆实录[M].影印本.北京:中华书局,1986:517.
[13]佚名.清宣宗道光实录[M].影印本.北京:中华书局,1986:505.
[14]张霈,林燕典.咸丰文昌县志[M].海口:海南出版社,2004.
[15]聂缉庆,张延,桂文炽,汪6,等.光绪临高县志[M].海口:海南出版社,2004.
[16]赵尔巽.清史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1977.
[17]卢坤,邓廷桢.广东海防汇览[G].王宏斌,点校.石家庄:河北人民出版社,2009.
[18]龙朝诩.光绪澄迈县志[M].陈所能,纂修.海口:海南出版社,2004.
[19]朱为潮,徐淦.民国琼山县志[M].海口:海南出版社,2004:525.
[20]钟元棣,张嶲.光绪崖州志[M].海口:海南出版社,2006.
[21]周伟民,唐玲玲.张之洞经略琼崖史料汇编[G].海口:海南出版社,2015.
(1)本文所涉及的清代分期,为便于总结各阶段所采取的防御措施,粗略将顺治、康熙、雍正三朝归为清前期,即1644年至1735年;清中期则为乾隆、嘉庆两朝以及1840年鸦片战争之前的道光时期,即1736年至1840年;清后期为1840年至1911年。