Mercury bioaccumulation in fish in an artificial lake used to carry out cage culture
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摘要
As a global toxic pollutant,mercury(Hg)bioaccumulation within food chain could be influenced by human disturbance.Ten typical fish species were collected from Changshou Lake,an artificial lake used to carry out cage fish culture,to investigate the C/N isotopic compositions and Hg bioaccumulation in fish.The results showed that the total Hg(THg)and methylmercury(MeHg)levels in fish muscles((56.03±43.96)and(32.35±29.57)ng/g,wet weight),comparable with those in most studies in China,were significantly lower than the international marketing limit(0.5 mg/kg).Past human input for cage culture in this lake led to abnormal~(15)N enrichment in food chain,as the quantitative trophic levels based onδ~(15)N were different with that classified by feeding behaviors.This phenomenon subsequently demonstrated that it should be considered thoughtfully with respect to the application of the traditional method for understanding Hg bioaccumulation power by the slope of log_(10)[Hg]withδ~(15)N regression in specific water body(i.e.,Changshou Lake).In addition,no significant linear correlation between Hg and body weight or length of some fish species was observed,suggesting that the fish growth in the eutrophic environment was disproportionate with Hg bioaccumulation,and fish length or weight was not the main factor affecting Hg transfer with food web.The occurrence of human disturbance in aquatic system presents a challenge to a better understanding of the Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification within the food chain.
As a global toxic pollutant,mercury(Hg)bioaccumulation within food chain could be influenced by human disturbance.Ten typical fish species were collected from Changshou Lake,an artificial lake used to carry out cage fish culture,to investigate the C/N isotopic compositions and Hg bioaccumulation in fish.The results showed that the total Hg(THg)and methylmercury(MeHg)levels in fish muscles((56.03±43.96)and(32.35±29.57)ng/g,wet weight),comparable with those in most studies in China,were significantly lower than the international marketing limit(0.5 mg/kg).Past human input for cage culture in this lake led to abnormal~(15)N enrichment in food chain,as the quantitative trophic levels based onδ~(15)N were different with that classified by feeding behaviors.This phenomenon subsequently demonstrated that it should be considered thoughtfully with respect to the application of the traditional method for understanding Hg bioaccumulation power by the slope of log_(10)[Hg]withδ~(15)N regression in specific water body(i.e.,Changshou Lake).In addition,no significant linear correlation between Hg and body weight or length of some fish species was observed,suggesting that the fish growth in the eutrophic environment was disproportionate with Hg bioaccumulation,and fish length or weight was not the main factor affecting Hg transfer with food web.The occurrence of human disturbance in aquatic system presents a challenge to a better understanding of the Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification within the food chain.
As a global toxic pollutant,mercury(Hg)bioaccumulation within food chain could be influenced by human disturbance.Ten typical fish species were collected from Changshou Lake,an artificial lake used to carry out cage fish culture,to investigate the C/N isotopic compositions and Hg bioaccumulation in fish.The results showed that the total Hg(THg)and methylmercury(MeHg)levels in fish muscles((56.03±43.96)and(32.35±29.57)ng/g,wet weight),comparable with those in most studies in China,were significantly lower than the international marketing limit(0.5 mg/kg).Past human input for cage culture in this lake led to abnormal~(15)N enrichment in food chain,as the quantitative trophic levels based onδ~(15)N were different with that classified by feeding behaviors.This phenomenon subsequently demonstrated that it should be considered thoughtfully with respect to the application of the traditional method for understanding Hg bioaccumulation power by the slope of log_(10)[Hg]withδ~(15)N regression in specific water body(i.e.,Changshou Lake).In addition,no significant linear correlation between Hg and body weight or length of some fish species was observed,suggesting that the fish growth in the eutrophic environment was disproportionate with Hg bioaccumulation,and fish length or weight was not the main factor affecting Hg transfer with food web.The occurrence of human disturbance in aquatic system presents a challenge to a better understanding of the Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification within the food chain.
引文
Arcagni,M.,Juncos,R.,Rizzo,A.,Pavlin,M.,Fajon,V.,Arribere,M.A.,et al.,2017.Species-and habitat-specific bioaccumulation of total mercury and methylmercury in the food web of a deep oligotrophic lake.Sci.Total Environ.612,1311-1319.
Azevedo-Silva,C.E.,Almeida,R.,Carvalho,D.P.,Ometto,J.P.,de Camargo,P.B.,Dorneles,P.R.,et al.,2016.Mercury biomagnification and the trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from a remote lake in the Brazilian Amazon.Environ.Res.151,286-296.
Bai,W.Y.,Zhang,C.,Zhao,Z.,Tang,Z.Y.,Wang,D.Y.,2015.Spatial distribution characteristics of different species mercury in water body of Changshou Lake in Three Gorges Reservoir Region.Environ.Sci.36,2863-2869(In Chinese with English Abstract).
Bowles,K.C.,Apte,S.C.,Maher,W.A.,Kawei,M.,Smith,R.,2001.Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in Lake Murray,Papua New Guinea.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.58,888-897.
Cabana,G.,Rasmussen,J.B.,1994.Modelling food chain structure and contaminant bioaccumulation using stable nitrogen isotopes.Nature 372,255-257.
Campbell,L.M.,Norstrom,R.J.,Hobson,K.A.,Muir,D.C.G.,Backus,S.,Fisk,A.T.,2005.Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web(Northwater Polynya,Baffin Bay).Sci.Total Environ.351,247-263.
Cheng,H.,Hu,Y.,2012.Understanding the paradox of mercury pollution in China:high concentrations in environmental Matrix yet low levels in fish on the market.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,4695-4696.
Chumchal,M.M.,Drenner,R.W.,Cross,D.R.,Hambright,K.D.,2010.Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake,Texas,USA.J.Environ.Sci.22,1158-1163.
Epa,U.,1998.Mercury in Solids and Solutions by Thermal Decomposition,Amalgamation,and Atomic Absorption Spectropho-Tometry.Environmental Protection Agency,Washington,DC.
Feng,X.,Meng,B.,Yan,H.,Fu,X.,Yao,H.,Shang,L.,2018.Bioaccumulation of mercury in aquatic food chains.Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Basin,Southwest China.Springer Singapore,Singapore,pp.339-389.
Fisk,A.T.,Hobson,K.A.,Norstrom,R.J.,2001.Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web.Environ.Sci.Technol.35,732-738.
Gandhi,N.,Tang,R.W.K.,Bhavsar,S.P.,Arhonditsis,G.B.,2014.Fish mercury levels appear to be increasing lately:a report from 40 years of monitoring in the province of Ontario,Canada.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,5404-5414.
Harris,H.H.,Pickering,I.J.,George,G.N.,2003.The chemical form of mercury in fish.Science 301,1203.
Havens,K.E.,Gu,B.,Fry,B.,Kendall,C.,2003.Stable isotope food web analysis of a large subtropical lake:alternative explanations for15N enrichment of pelagic vs.littoral fisheries.Sci.World J.3,613-622.
Hecky,R.E.,Hesslein,R.H.,1995.Contributions of benthic algae to lake food webs as revealed by stable isotope analysis.J.N.Am.Benthol.Soc.14,631-653.
Jing,M.,Lin,D.,Yan,H.Y.,Kang,J.W.,2017.Effect of environmental improvement on the accumulation of mercury in the aquatic food chain of Hongfeng Reservoir.Asian J.Ecotoxicol.12,204-211.
Khaniki,G.R.J.,Alli,I.,Nowroozi,E.,Nabizadeh,R.,2005.Mercury contamination in fish and public health aspects:a review.Pak.J.Nutr.4(5),276-281.
Kidd,K.A.,Hesslein,R.H.,Fudge,R.J.P.,Hallard,K.A.,1995.The influence of trophic level as measured byδ15N on mercury concentrations in freshwater organisms.Water Air Soil Pollut.80,1011-1015.
Kidd,K.,Clayden,M.,Jardine,T.,2011.In:Liu,G.,Cai,Y.,O'Driscoll,N.(Eds.),Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Mercury through Food Webs.John Wiley&Sons,New Jersey,pp.453-499Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury.
Lake,J.L.,McKinney,R.A.,Osterman,F.A.,Pruell,R.J.,Kiddon,J.,Ryba,S.A.,et al.,2001.Stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of anthropogenic activities in small freshwater systems.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.58,870-878.
Lavoie,R.A.,Jardine,T.D.,Chumchal,M.M.,Kidd,K.A.,Campbell,L.M.,2013.Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs:a worldwide meta-analysis.Environ.Sci.Technol.47,13385-13394.
Li,S.,Zhou,L.,Wang,H.,Liang,Y.,Chang,J.,Xiong,M.,et al.,2009.Feeding habits and habitats preferences affecting mercury bioaccumulation in 37 subtropical fish species from Wujiang River,China.Ecotoxicology 18,204.
Li,Y.B.,Mao,Y.X.,Liu,G.L.,Tachiev,G.,Roelant,D.,Feng,X.B.,et al.,2010.Degradation of methylmercury and its effects on mercury distribution and cycling in the Florida everglades.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,6661-6666.
Li,Y.B.,Yin,Y.G.,Liu,G.L.,Tachiev,G.,Roelant,D.,Jiang,G.B.,et al.,2012.Estimation of the major source and sink of methylmercury in the Florida everglades.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,5885-5893.
Liu,B.,Yan,H.,Wang,C.,Li,Q.,Guédron,S.,Spangenberg,J.E.,et al.,2012.Insights into low fish mercury bioaccumulation in a mercury-contaminated reservoir,Guizhou,China.Environ.Pollut.160,109-117.
Mason,R.P.,Reinfelder,J.R.,Morel,F.M.M.,1996.Uptake,toxicity,and trophic transfer of mercury in a coastal diatom.Environ.Sci.Technol.30,1835-1845.
Mergler,D.,Anderson,H.A.,Chan,L.H.M.,Mahaffey,K.R.,Murray,M.,Sakamoto,M.,et al.,2007.Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans:a worldwide concern.Ambio 36,3-11.
Ogawa,N.O.,Koitabashi,T.,Oda,H.,Nakamura,T.,Ohkouchi,N.,Wada,E.,2001.Fluctuations of nitrogen isotope ratio of gobiid fish(Isaza)specimens and sediments in Lake Biwa,Japan,during the 20th century.Limnol.Oceanogr.46,1228-1236.
Peng,H.Y.,Reid,M.S.,Le,X.C.,2015.Consumption of rice and fish in an electronic waste recycling area contributes significantly to total daily intake of mercury.J.Environ.Sci.38,83-86.
Perrot,V.,Epov,V.N.,Pastukhov,M.V.,Grebenshchikova,V.I.,Zouiten,C.,Sonke,J.E.,et al.,2010.Tracing sources and bioaccumulation of mercury in fish of lake Baikal-Angara River using Hg isotopic composition.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,8030-8037.
Pickhardt,P.C.,Stepanova,M.,Fisher,N.S.,2006.Contrasting uptake routes and tissue distributions of inorganic and methylmercury in mosquitofish(Gambusia affinis)and redear sunfish(Lepomis microlophus).Environ.Toxicol.Chem.25,2132-2142.
Post,D.M.,2002.Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position:models,methods,and assumptions.Ecology 83,703-718.
Senn,D.B.,Chesney,E.J.,Blum,J.D.,Bank,M.S.,Maage,A.,Shine,J.P.,2010.Stable isotope(N,C,Hg)study of methylmercury sources and trophic transfer in the northern gulf of Mexico.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,1630-1637.
Shao,J.J.,Shi,J.B.,Duo,B.,Liu,C.B.,Gao,Y.,Fu,J.J.,et al.,2016.Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau.J.Environ.Sci.39,22-28.
Stein,E.D.,Cohen,Y.,Winer,A.M.,1996.Environmental distribution and transformation of mercury compounds.Crit.Rev.Environ.Sci.Technol.26,1-43.
Tuomola,L.,Niklasson,T.,Silva,E.D.E.,Hylander,L.D.,2008.Fish mercury development in relation to abiotic characteristics and carbon sources in a six-year-old,Brazilian Reservoir.Sci.Total Environ.390,177-187.
Unep,G.M.A.,2002.United Nations Environment Programme.Chemicals,Geneva,Switzerland.
Wang,Y.Y.,Yu,X.B.,Zhang,L.,Xu,J.,2009.Food web structure of Poyang Lake during the dry season by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis.Acta Ecol.Sin.29,1181-1188.
Wang,S.F.,Li,B.,Zhang,M.M.,Xing,D.H.,Jia,Y.F.,Wei,C.Y.,2012.Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of mercury in a food web from a large,shallow,hypereutrophic lake(Lake Taihu)in China.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.19,2820-2831.
Wei,Z.Q.,Zhou,Z.H.,2014.Mercury concentrations and characterization ofδ13C andδ15N in some fish species from Lake Dianchi.Earth Environ.42,480-483.
WHO,1991.Environmental Health Criteria 118-Inorganic mercury.United Nations Environment Programme,the International Labour Organisation,and the World Health Organization.
Xu,J.,Xie,P.,2004.Studies on the food web structure of Lake Donghu using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios.J.Freshw.Ecol.19,645-650.
Xu,S.S.,Song,J.M.,Duan,L.Q.,Wu,X.D.,Xu,Y.Y.,2010.Structural changes of major fishery resources in the Bohai Sea.Mar.Sci.34,59-65.
Xu,Q.Q.,Zhao,L.,Wang,Y.M.,Xie,Q.,Yin,D.L.,Feng,X.B.,et al.,2018.Bioaccumulation characteristics of mercury in fish in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China.Environ.Pollut.243,115-126.
Yu,Y.,Wang,Y.C.,Zhou,H.D.,Gao,B.,Zhao,G.F.,2013.Mercury contents in fish and its biomagnification in the food web in Three Gorges Reservoir after 175 m impoundment.Acta Ecol.Sin.33,4059-4067.
Yuan,B.,Wang,T.,Zhu,N.L.,Zhang,K.G.,Zeng,L.X.,Fu,J.J.,et al.,2012.Short chain chlorinated paraffins in mollusks from coastal waters in the Chinese Bohai Sea.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,6489-6496.
Zhang,L.,Wong,M.H.,2007.Environmental mercury contamination in China:sources and impacts.Environ.Int.33,108-121.
Zhu,Z.J.,Xiao,J.,Gong,Y.C.,Yang,H.Y.,Zhang,X.,Shuang,Y.,et al.,2016.Trophication evolution recorded by multi-proxy evidences in Lake Changshou,Chongqing during the recent 60years.J.Earth Environ.7,292-300.
?i?ek,S.,Horvat,M.,Gibi?ar,D.,Fajon,V.,Toman,M.J.,2007.Bioaccumulation of mercury in benthic communities of a river ecosystem affected by mercury mining.Sci.Total Environ.377,407-415.
Azevedo-Silva,C.E.,Almeida,R.,Carvalho,D.P.,Ometto,J.P.,de Camargo,P.B.,Dorneles,P.R.,et al.,2016.Mercury biomagnification and the trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from a remote lake in the Brazilian Amazon.Environ.Res.151,286-296.
Bai,W.Y.,Zhang,C.,Zhao,Z.,Tang,Z.Y.,Wang,D.Y.,2015.Spatial distribution characteristics of different species mercury in water body of Changshou Lake in Three Gorges Reservoir Region.Environ.Sci.36,2863-2869(In Chinese with English Abstract).
Bowles,K.C.,Apte,S.C.,Maher,W.A.,Kawei,M.,Smith,R.,2001.Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in Lake Murray,Papua New Guinea.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.58,888-897.
Cabana,G.,Rasmussen,J.B.,1994.Modelling food chain structure and contaminant bioaccumulation using stable nitrogen isotopes.Nature 372,255-257.
Campbell,L.M.,Norstrom,R.J.,Hobson,K.A.,Muir,D.C.G.,Backus,S.,Fisk,A.T.,2005.Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web(Northwater Polynya,Baffin Bay).Sci.Total Environ.351,247-263.
Cheng,H.,Hu,Y.,2012.Understanding the paradox of mercury pollution in China:high concentrations in environmental Matrix yet low levels in fish on the market.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,4695-4696.
Chumchal,M.M.,Drenner,R.W.,Cross,D.R.,Hambright,K.D.,2010.Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake,Texas,USA.J.Environ.Sci.22,1158-1163.
Epa,U.,1998.Mercury in Solids and Solutions by Thermal Decomposition,Amalgamation,and Atomic Absorption Spectropho-Tometry.Environmental Protection Agency,Washington,DC.
Feng,X.,Meng,B.,Yan,H.,Fu,X.,Yao,H.,Shang,L.,2018.Bioaccumulation of mercury in aquatic food chains.Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury in Reservoir Systems in Wujiang River Basin,Southwest China.Springer Singapore,Singapore,pp.339-389.
Fisk,A.T.,Hobson,K.A.,Norstrom,R.J.,2001.Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web.Environ.Sci.Technol.35,732-738.
Gandhi,N.,Tang,R.W.K.,Bhavsar,S.P.,Arhonditsis,G.B.,2014.Fish mercury levels appear to be increasing lately:a report from 40 years of monitoring in the province of Ontario,Canada.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,5404-5414.
Harris,H.H.,Pickering,I.J.,George,G.N.,2003.The chemical form of mercury in fish.Science 301,1203.
Havens,K.E.,Gu,B.,Fry,B.,Kendall,C.,2003.Stable isotope food web analysis of a large subtropical lake:alternative explanations for15N enrichment of pelagic vs.littoral fisheries.Sci.World J.3,613-622.
Hecky,R.E.,Hesslein,R.H.,1995.Contributions of benthic algae to lake food webs as revealed by stable isotope analysis.J.N.Am.Benthol.Soc.14,631-653.
Jing,M.,Lin,D.,Yan,H.Y.,Kang,J.W.,2017.Effect of environmental improvement on the accumulation of mercury in the aquatic food chain of Hongfeng Reservoir.Asian J.Ecotoxicol.12,204-211.
Khaniki,G.R.J.,Alli,I.,Nowroozi,E.,Nabizadeh,R.,2005.Mercury contamination in fish and public health aspects:a review.Pak.J.Nutr.4(5),276-281.
Kidd,K.A.,Hesslein,R.H.,Fudge,R.J.P.,Hallard,K.A.,1995.The influence of trophic level as measured byδ15N on mercury concentrations in freshwater organisms.Water Air Soil Pollut.80,1011-1015.
Kidd,K.,Clayden,M.,Jardine,T.,2011.In:Liu,G.,Cai,Y.,O'Driscoll,N.(Eds.),Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Mercury through Food Webs.John Wiley&Sons,New Jersey,pp.453-499Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury.
Lake,J.L.,McKinney,R.A.,Osterman,F.A.,Pruell,R.J.,Kiddon,J.,Ryba,S.A.,et al.,2001.Stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of anthropogenic activities in small freshwater systems.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.58,870-878.
Lavoie,R.A.,Jardine,T.D.,Chumchal,M.M.,Kidd,K.A.,Campbell,L.M.,2013.Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs:a worldwide meta-analysis.Environ.Sci.Technol.47,13385-13394.
Li,S.,Zhou,L.,Wang,H.,Liang,Y.,Chang,J.,Xiong,M.,et al.,2009.Feeding habits and habitats preferences affecting mercury bioaccumulation in 37 subtropical fish species from Wujiang River,China.Ecotoxicology 18,204.
Li,Y.B.,Mao,Y.X.,Liu,G.L.,Tachiev,G.,Roelant,D.,Feng,X.B.,et al.,2010.Degradation of methylmercury and its effects on mercury distribution and cycling in the Florida everglades.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,6661-6666.
Li,Y.B.,Yin,Y.G.,Liu,G.L.,Tachiev,G.,Roelant,D.,Jiang,G.B.,et al.,2012.Estimation of the major source and sink of methylmercury in the Florida everglades.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,5885-5893.
Liu,B.,Yan,H.,Wang,C.,Li,Q.,Guédron,S.,Spangenberg,J.E.,et al.,2012.Insights into low fish mercury bioaccumulation in a mercury-contaminated reservoir,Guizhou,China.Environ.Pollut.160,109-117.
Mason,R.P.,Reinfelder,J.R.,Morel,F.M.M.,1996.Uptake,toxicity,and trophic transfer of mercury in a coastal diatom.Environ.Sci.Technol.30,1835-1845.
Mergler,D.,Anderson,H.A.,Chan,L.H.M.,Mahaffey,K.R.,Murray,M.,Sakamoto,M.,et al.,2007.Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans:a worldwide concern.Ambio 36,3-11.
Ogawa,N.O.,Koitabashi,T.,Oda,H.,Nakamura,T.,Ohkouchi,N.,Wada,E.,2001.Fluctuations of nitrogen isotope ratio of gobiid fish(Isaza)specimens and sediments in Lake Biwa,Japan,during the 20th century.Limnol.Oceanogr.46,1228-1236.
Peng,H.Y.,Reid,M.S.,Le,X.C.,2015.Consumption of rice and fish in an electronic waste recycling area contributes significantly to total daily intake of mercury.J.Environ.Sci.38,83-86.
Perrot,V.,Epov,V.N.,Pastukhov,M.V.,Grebenshchikova,V.I.,Zouiten,C.,Sonke,J.E.,et al.,2010.Tracing sources and bioaccumulation of mercury in fish of lake Baikal-Angara River using Hg isotopic composition.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,8030-8037.
Pickhardt,P.C.,Stepanova,M.,Fisher,N.S.,2006.Contrasting uptake routes and tissue distributions of inorganic and methylmercury in mosquitofish(Gambusia affinis)and redear sunfish(Lepomis microlophus).Environ.Toxicol.Chem.25,2132-2142.
Post,D.M.,2002.Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position:models,methods,and assumptions.Ecology 83,703-718.
Senn,D.B.,Chesney,E.J.,Blum,J.D.,Bank,M.S.,Maage,A.,Shine,J.P.,2010.Stable isotope(N,C,Hg)study of methylmercury sources and trophic transfer in the northern gulf of Mexico.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,1630-1637.
Shao,J.J.,Shi,J.B.,Duo,B.,Liu,C.B.,Gao,Y.,Fu,J.J.,et al.,2016.Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau.J.Environ.Sci.39,22-28.
Stein,E.D.,Cohen,Y.,Winer,A.M.,1996.Environmental distribution and transformation of mercury compounds.Crit.Rev.Environ.Sci.Technol.26,1-43.
Tuomola,L.,Niklasson,T.,Silva,E.D.E.,Hylander,L.D.,2008.Fish mercury development in relation to abiotic characteristics and carbon sources in a six-year-old,Brazilian Reservoir.Sci.Total Environ.390,177-187.
Unep,G.M.A.,2002.United Nations Environment Programme.Chemicals,Geneva,Switzerland.
Wang,Y.Y.,Yu,X.B.,Zhang,L.,Xu,J.,2009.Food web structure of Poyang Lake during the dry season by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis.Acta Ecol.Sin.29,1181-1188.
Wang,S.F.,Li,B.,Zhang,M.M.,Xing,D.H.,Jia,Y.F.,Wei,C.Y.,2012.Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of mercury in a food web from a large,shallow,hypereutrophic lake(Lake Taihu)in China.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.19,2820-2831.
Wei,Z.Q.,Zhou,Z.H.,2014.Mercury concentrations and characterization ofδ13C andδ15N in some fish species from Lake Dianchi.Earth Environ.42,480-483.
WHO,1991.Environmental Health Criteria 118-Inorganic mercury.United Nations Environment Programme,the International Labour Organisation,and the World Health Organization.
Xu,J.,Xie,P.,2004.Studies on the food web structure of Lake Donghu using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios.J.Freshw.Ecol.19,645-650.
Xu,S.S.,Song,J.M.,Duan,L.Q.,Wu,X.D.,Xu,Y.Y.,2010.Structural changes of major fishery resources in the Bohai Sea.Mar.Sci.34,59-65.
Xu,Q.Q.,Zhao,L.,Wang,Y.M.,Xie,Q.,Yin,D.L.,Feng,X.B.,et al.,2018.Bioaccumulation characteristics of mercury in fish in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China.Environ.Pollut.243,115-126.
Yu,Y.,Wang,Y.C.,Zhou,H.D.,Gao,B.,Zhao,G.F.,2013.Mercury contents in fish and its biomagnification in the food web in Three Gorges Reservoir after 175 m impoundment.Acta Ecol.Sin.33,4059-4067.
Yuan,B.,Wang,T.,Zhu,N.L.,Zhang,K.G.,Zeng,L.X.,Fu,J.J.,et al.,2012.Short chain chlorinated paraffins in mollusks from coastal waters in the Chinese Bohai Sea.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,6489-6496.
Zhang,L.,Wong,M.H.,2007.Environmental mercury contamination in China:sources and impacts.Environ.Int.33,108-121.
Zhu,Z.J.,Xiao,J.,Gong,Y.C.,Yang,H.Y.,Zhang,X.,Shuang,Y.,et al.,2016.Trophication evolution recorded by multi-proxy evidences in Lake Changshou,Chongqing during the recent 60years.J.Earth Environ.7,292-300.
?i?ek,S.,Horvat,M.,Gibi?ar,D.,Fajon,V.,Toman,M.J.,2007.Bioaccumulation of mercury in benthic communities of a river ecosystem affected by mercury mining.Sci.Total Environ.377,407-415.