文献编目:从数字化到数据化
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摘要
近十年来,文献编目领域从理论模型、标准规范到实践应用,均发生了自机读目录问世以来的最大变化。这个变化与关联数据技术的应用直接相关,可以概括为从数字化到数据化,也就是书目数据由机器可读走向机器可操作,进而融入互联网全球数据库。在此过程中,编目界经历了观念上的重要变更(从记录到数据),厘清了混淆的概念(实体及其名称与描述),重新对书目数据建模,并展开了一系列实践。其中,作为应用的重要组成部分,数据基础设施在数据化中发挥着重要作用。图1。参考文献43。
In the past decade, the great change has taken place in the field of cataloging from theoretical models and standards to applications since the invention of Machine Readable Cataloging(MARC). This change is directly related to linked data technology and can be summarized as cataloging from digitization to datafication, i.e., bibliographic data from machine-readable to machine-actionable for integrating into the Web. Cataloging community experienced important changes in concepts(from records to data), clarified confused concepts(entities and their names and descriptions), re-modeled bibliographic data, and engaged in various experiments and programs. First, the focus of cataloging transforms from records to data. In the theoretical model, IFLA paid attention to "the basic level national bibliographic record" in Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records(FRBR). But Functional Requirements for Authority Data(FRAD) "focuses on data, regardless of how it may be packaged". A recordless environment is gradually being formed. In cataloging rules, Resource Description & Access(RDA) emphasized the core elements, but the new RDA(Toolkit Beta Site) abandons the core elements. In metadata format, BIBFRAME and RDA vocabularies clearly identify different data which are confused in MARC. Second, concepts between entities and their names and descriptions are clearly distinguished. IFLA Library Reference Model(LRM) defines Nomen as an entity. Authority control becomes entity management and no longer relies on the uniform form of a name. To distinguish between entities(Real World Objects) and their descriptions(such as authority records), MARC21 adds new subfield $1 that records the identity of the entity itself. Third, data are modeled as RDF vocabularies. Different vocabularies have different classes and properties. Although BIBFRAME vocabulary and RDA vocabulary are very different in class or entity identification, BIBFRAME can use with RDA as a content standard. Finally, datafication is in practice. Library of Congress(LC)'s Bibliographic Framework Initiative is in its final stage after several rounds of pilots. The Swedish National Library launched LibrisXL in June 2018, which is the first linked data system to replace the core cataloging model in integrated library system. Consumption of existing linked data is a very important part of practice. Casalini, LC's Providers vocabulary, and the LD4 Community Working Group on Reconciliation are all committed to this. MARC 21's new 758 field is also for this. At the same time, the library community participates in the construction of linked data infrastructure to facilitate data sharing and consumption. Programs include LC's linked data service(id.loc.gov), Virtual International Authority File(VIAF), RDA Reference Vocabulary and LD4's extension of BIBFRAME vocabulary, etc. 1 fig. 43 refs.
In the past decade, the great change has taken place in the field of cataloging from theoretical models and standards to applications since the invention of Machine Readable Cataloging(MARC). This change is directly related to linked data technology and can be summarized as cataloging from digitization to datafication, i.e., bibliographic data from machine-readable to machine-actionable for integrating into the Web. Cataloging community experienced important changes in concepts(from records to data), clarified confused concepts(entities and their names and descriptions), re-modeled bibliographic data, and engaged in various experiments and programs. First, the focus of cataloging transforms from records to data. In the theoretical model, IFLA paid attention to "the basic level national bibliographic record" in Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records(FRBR). But Functional Requirements for Authority Data(FRAD) "focuses on data, regardless of how it may be packaged". A recordless environment is gradually being formed. In cataloging rules, Resource Description & Access(RDA) emphasized the core elements, but the new RDA(Toolkit Beta Site) abandons the core elements. In metadata format, BIBFRAME and RDA vocabularies clearly identify different data which are confused in MARC. Second, concepts between entities and their names and descriptions are clearly distinguished. IFLA Library Reference Model(LRM) defines Nomen as an entity. Authority control becomes entity management and no longer relies on the uniform form of a name. To distinguish between entities(Real World Objects) and their descriptions(such as authority records), MARC21 adds new subfield $1 that records the identity of the entity itself. Third, data are modeled as RDF vocabularies. Different vocabularies have different classes and properties. Although BIBFRAME vocabulary and RDA vocabulary are very different in class or entity identification, BIBFRAME can use with RDA as a content standard. Finally, datafication is in practice. Library of Congress(LC)'s Bibliographic Framework Initiative is in its final stage after several rounds of pilots. The Swedish National Library launched LibrisXL in June 2018, which is the first linked data system to replace the core cataloging model in integrated library system. Consumption of existing linked data is a very important part of practice. Casalini, LC's Providers vocabulary, and the LD4 Community Working Group on Reconciliation are all committed to this. MARC 21's new 758 field is also for this. At the same time, the library community participates in the construction of linked data infrastructure to facilitate data sharing and consumption. Programs include LC's linked data service(id.loc.gov), Virtual International Authority File(VIAF), RDA Reference Vocabulary and LD4's extension of BIBFRAME vocabulary, etc. 1 fig. 43 refs.
引文
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[5] Wikipedia.Digitization [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitization.
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[10] Oury C.ISSN register as linked data:using Bibframe for serials and other continuing resources[EB/OL].(2017-09-27)[2019-02-20].https://wiki.dnb.de/download/attachments/125433008/BibframeWorkshop_ISSNPortal_OURY.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1507209493000&api=v2.
[11] PCC (Program for Cooperative Cataloging) Strategic Directions:January 2018-December 2021 [EB/OL].(2018-02-23)[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/about/PCC-Strategic-Directions-2018-2021.pdf.
[12] 国家图书馆《中国文献编目规则》修订组.中国文献编目规则(第二版)[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2005:5-6.(National Library of China's Revision Group of Chinese literature cataloging rules.Chinese literature cataloging rules,2nd edition[M].Beijing :National Library of China Publisher,2005:5-6.)
[13] 国际图联书目记录的功能需求研究组.书目记录的功能需求:最终报告[EB/OL].王绍平,等,译.[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr/frbr-zh.pdf.(IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.Functional requirements for bibliographic records[EB/OL].Wang Saoping,et al,trans.[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr/frbr-zh.pdf.)
[14] IFLA.ISBD:international standard bibliographic description,consolidated edition [M/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/isbd/isbd-cons_20110321.pdf.
[15] Riva P,Le B?uf P,?umer M.IFLA library reference model:a conceptual model for bibliographic information [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr-lrm/ifla-lrm-august-2017_rev201712.pdf.
[16] 编目精灵.IFLA图书馆参考模型中的Nomen实体(附LRM成为IFLA标准)[EB/OL].(2017-08-25)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20170825110949.html.(Catwizard.Nomenentity in IFLA-LRM[EB/OL].(2017-08-25)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20170825110949.html.)
[17] Glennan K.Recording names and access points[C/OL].Preconference to ALA Midwinter meeting in Denver,Colorado,RDA Toolkit Redesign Update and Preview(2018-02-09)[2019-02-20].http://www.rda-rsc.org/sites/all/files/Recording%20names%20and%20access%20points.pdf.
[18] 胡小菁.规范控制:从名称选择到实体管理[J].数字图书馆论坛,2018(1):2-7.(Hu Xiaojing.Authority control:from selection of a name to entity management[J].Digital Library Forum,2018(1):2-7.)
[19] MARC PROPOSAL .Use of subfields $0 and $1 to capture uniform resource identifiers (URIs) in the MARC 21 Formats [OL].(2017-05-16)[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/marc/mac/2017/2017-08.html.
[20] Zeng M L,Qin J.Metadata [M].Neal-Schuman Publishers,2008:15.
[21] 编目精灵.Bibframe.org的类与属性发布[EB/OL].(2014-01-27) [2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20140127230619.html(Catwizard.Classes and properties in Bibframe.org issued[EB/OL].(2014-01-27) [2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20140127230619.html.)
[22] 编目精灵.BIBFRAME2.0类的变化[EB/OL].(2016-05-22)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20160502220754.html.(Catwizard.Change of Classes in BIBFRAME 2.0.[EB/OL].(2016-05-22)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20160502220754.html.)
[23] BIBFRAME 2.0 RDF Conventions [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/bibframe2-rdf-conventions.html.
[24] Report to the PCC BIBFRAME task group:final report of the CONSER CSR to BIBFRAME mapping task group[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/bibframe/TaskGroups/CSR-PDF/FinalReportCONSERToPCCBIBFRAMETaskGroup.pdf.
[25] The codex metadata model [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.folio.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=1415393.
[26] Denenberg R.Re:BIBFRAME 2.0 question[EB/OL].(2017-01-27)[2019-02-20].https://listserv.loc.gov/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1701&L=BIBFRAME&P=45806.
[27] RDA Steering Comittee.Implementation of the LRM in RDA [EB/OL].(2017-02-03)[2019-02-20].http://rda-rsc.org/ImplementationLRMinRDA.
[28] Williamschen J.The Library of Congress BIBFRAME editor[EB/OL].(2018-09-17)[2019-02-20].https://www.casalini.it/EBW2018/web_content/2018/presentations/Williamschen_1.pdf.
[29] Bibliographic framework initiative [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/.
[30] McCallum S.Expanding the Pilot[EB/OL].(2019-01-27) [2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/source/alamw2019-lc-mccallum.pptx.
[31] BIBFRAME in production:Libris XL:linked data:the Swedish union catalogue [EB/OL].(2018-09-18)[2019-02-20].https://www.casalini.it/EBW2018/web_content/2018/presentations/Lindstrom_2.pdf.
[32] Smith M,Stahmer C G,Li Xiaoli,et al.BIBFLOW:a roadmap for library linked data transition (Prepared 14 March,2017) [EB/OL].[2019-03-10].https://bibflow.library.ucdavis.edu/roadmap/.
[33] LD4P 2.Cohort Meeting #1,Oct 15,2018 [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/LD4P2/Cohort+Meeting+%231%2C+Oct+15%2C+2018.
[34] Possemato T.From MARC to BIBFRAME in the SHARE-VDE project[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/pdf/share-vde-alaal2018.pdf.
[35] Possemato T.The mapping and the conversion workflow from MARC to BIBFRAME [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.casalini.it/EBW2018/web_content/2018/presentations/Possemato_1.pdf.
[36] Ford K.Anonymous resources,blank nodes,and providers,oh my! [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/source/alamw2019-lc-ford.pptx.
[37] LD4 community working group on reconciliation,2017-2018 work plan [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://github.com/LD4/ld4-community-recon/blob/master/WORKPLAN.md.
[38] MARC PROPOSAL NO.2017-09 [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/marc/mac/2017/2017-09.html.
[39] 胡小菁,李恺.MARC四十年的发展及其未来[J].中国图书馆学报,2010,36(2):83-89.(Hu Xiaojing,Li Kai.MARC:forty years of development and its future[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2010,36(2):83-89.)
[40] Wikipedia.Data infrastructure[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_infrastructure.
[41] Program for Cooperative Cataloging Task Group on URIs in MARC.Formulating and obtaining uris:a guide to commonly used vocabularies and reference sources [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/bibframe/TaskGroups/formulate_obtain_URI_guide.pdf.
[42] LD4P outputs[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/LD4P/LD4P+Outputs.
[43] Lindhard L J.BIBFRAME considerations-from an RDA-implementation perspective[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.dnb.de/download/attachments/125433008/201709_Lightning_Talk_BIBFRAME_Workshop_Lindhard.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1507209428000&api=v2.胡小菁华东师范大学图书馆研究馆员。上海 200062。
(1)IRI是统一资源标识符URI的一般化、可使用非ASCII字符。本文按关联数据领域的通常习惯,以URI代指URI和IRI(引用RDA时除外)。
[2] 胡小菁.编目的未来[J].大学图书馆学报,2008,26(3):18-22.(Hu Xiaojing.The future of cataloging in the Internet era[J].Journal of Academic Libraries,2008,26(3):18-22.)
[3] Tennant R.MARC must die [J].Library Journal,2002,127(17):26-27.
[4] Librisbloggen.LIBRIS available as linked data [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://librisbloggen.kb.se/2008/12/03/libris-available-as-linked-data/.
[5] Wikipedia.Digitization [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitization.
[6] 迈尔-舍恩伯格,库克耶著.大数据时代:生活、工作与思维的大变革[M].盛杨燕,周涛,译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2013:104.(Mayer-Schonberger V,Cukier K.Big data:a revolution that will transform how we live,work,and think[M].Sheng Yangyan,Zhou Tao,trans.Hangzhou :Zhejiang People's Publishing House,2013:104.)
[7] Wikipedia.Linked data[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data.
[8] Galeffi A,Bertolini M V,Bothmann R L,et al.国际编目原则声明(ICP)[EB/OL].陈琦,译.[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/icp/icp_2016-zh.pdf.(Galeffi A,Bertolini M V,Bothmann R L,et al.Statement of International Cataloguing Principles (ICP)[EB/OL].Chen Qi,trans.[2019-02-20]https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/icp/icp_2016-zh.pdf.)
[9] 国际图联规范记录的功能需求与编号(FRANAR)工作组.规范数据的功能需求[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frad/frad_2009-zh.pdf.(IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR).Functional requirements for authority data[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frad/frad_2009-zh.pdf.)
[10] Oury C.ISSN register as linked data:using Bibframe for serials and other continuing resources[EB/OL].(2017-09-27)[2019-02-20].https://wiki.dnb.de/download/attachments/125433008/BibframeWorkshop_ISSNPortal_OURY.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1507209493000&api=v2.
[11] PCC (Program for Cooperative Cataloging) Strategic Directions:January 2018-December 2021 [EB/OL].(2018-02-23)[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/about/PCC-Strategic-Directions-2018-2021.pdf.
[12] 国家图书馆《中国文献编目规则》修订组.中国文献编目规则(第二版)[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2005:5-6.(National Library of China's Revision Group of Chinese literature cataloging rules.Chinese literature cataloging rules,2nd edition[M].Beijing :National Library of China Publisher,2005:5-6.)
[13] 国际图联书目记录的功能需求研究组.书目记录的功能需求:最终报告[EB/OL].王绍平,等,译.[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr/frbr-zh.pdf.(IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.Functional requirements for bibliographic records[EB/OL].Wang Saoping,et al,trans.[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr/frbr-zh.pdf.)
[14] IFLA.ISBD:international standard bibliographic description,consolidated edition [M/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/isbd/isbd-cons_20110321.pdf.
[15] Riva P,Le B?uf P,?umer M.IFLA library reference model:a conceptual model for bibliographic information [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr-lrm/ifla-lrm-august-2017_rev201712.pdf.
[16] 编目精灵.IFLA图书馆参考模型中的Nomen实体(附LRM成为IFLA标准)[EB/OL].(2017-08-25)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20170825110949.html.(Catwizard.Nomenentity in IFLA-LRM[EB/OL].(2017-08-25)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20170825110949.html.)
[17] Glennan K.Recording names and access points[C/OL].Preconference to ALA Midwinter meeting in Denver,Colorado,RDA Toolkit Redesign Update and Preview(2018-02-09)[2019-02-20].http://www.rda-rsc.org/sites/all/files/Recording%20names%20and%20access%20points.pdf.
[18] 胡小菁.规范控制:从名称选择到实体管理[J].数字图书馆论坛,2018(1):2-7.(Hu Xiaojing.Authority control:from selection of a name to entity management[J].Digital Library Forum,2018(1):2-7.)
[19] MARC PROPOSAL .Use of subfields $0 and $1 to capture uniform resource identifiers (URIs) in the MARC 21 Formats [OL].(2017-05-16)[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/marc/mac/2017/2017-08.html.
[20] Zeng M L,Qin J.Metadata [M].Neal-Schuman Publishers,2008:15.
[21] 编目精灵.Bibframe.org的类与属性发布[EB/OL].(2014-01-27) [2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20140127230619.html(Catwizard.Classes and properties in Bibframe.org issued[EB/OL].(2014-01-27) [2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20140127230619.html.)
[22] 编目精灵.BIBFRAME2.0类的变化[EB/OL].(2016-05-22)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20160502220754.html.(Catwizard.Change of Classes in BIBFRAME 2.0.[EB/OL].(2016-05-22)[2019-02-20].http://catwizard.net/posts/20160502220754.html.)
[23] BIBFRAME 2.0 RDF Conventions [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/bibframe2-rdf-conventions.html.
[24] Report to the PCC BIBFRAME task group:final report of the CONSER CSR to BIBFRAME mapping task group[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/bibframe/TaskGroups/CSR-PDF/FinalReportCONSERToPCCBIBFRAMETaskGroup.pdf.
[25] The codex metadata model [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.folio.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=1415393.
[26] Denenberg R.Re:BIBFRAME 2.0 question[EB/OL].(2017-01-27)[2019-02-20].https://listserv.loc.gov/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1701&L=BIBFRAME&P=45806.
[27] RDA Steering Comittee.Implementation of the LRM in RDA [EB/OL].(2017-02-03)[2019-02-20].http://rda-rsc.org/ImplementationLRMinRDA.
[28] Williamschen J.The Library of Congress BIBFRAME editor[EB/OL].(2018-09-17)[2019-02-20].https://www.casalini.it/EBW2018/web_content/2018/presentations/Williamschen_1.pdf.
[29] Bibliographic framework initiative [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/.
[30] McCallum S.Expanding the Pilot[EB/OL].(2019-01-27) [2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/source/alamw2019-lc-mccallum.pptx.
[31] BIBFRAME in production:Libris XL:linked data:the Swedish union catalogue [EB/OL].(2018-09-18)[2019-02-20].https://www.casalini.it/EBW2018/web_content/2018/presentations/Lindstrom_2.pdf.
[32] Smith M,Stahmer C G,Li Xiaoli,et al.BIBFLOW:a roadmap for library linked data transition (Prepared 14 March,2017) [EB/OL].[2019-03-10].https://bibflow.library.ucdavis.edu/roadmap/.
[33] LD4P 2.Cohort Meeting #1,Oct 15,2018 [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/LD4P2/Cohort+Meeting+%231%2C+Oct+15%2C+2018.
[34] Possemato T.From MARC to BIBFRAME in the SHARE-VDE project[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/pdf/share-vde-alaal2018.pdf.
[35] Possemato T.The mapping and the conversion workflow from MARC to BIBFRAME [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.casalini.it/EBW2018/web_content/2018/presentations/Possemato_1.pdf.
[36] Ford K.Anonymous resources,blank nodes,and providers,oh my! [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/source/alamw2019-lc-ford.pptx.
[37] LD4 community working group on reconciliation,2017-2018 work plan [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://github.com/LD4/ld4-community-recon/blob/master/WORKPLAN.md.
[38] MARC PROPOSAL NO.2017-09 [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].http://www.loc.gov/marc/mac/2017/2017-09.html.
[39] 胡小菁,李恺.MARC四十年的发展及其未来[J].中国图书馆学报,2010,36(2):83-89.(Hu Xiaojing,Li Kai.MARC:forty years of development and its future[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2010,36(2):83-89.)
[40] Wikipedia.Data infrastructure[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_infrastructure.
[41] Program for Cooperative Cataloging Task Group on URIs in MARC.Formulating and obtaining uris:a guide to commonly used vocabularies and reference sources [EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/bibframe/TaskGroups/formulate_obtain_URI_guide.pdf.
[42] LD4P outputs[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/LD4P/LD4P+Outputs.
[43] Lindhard L J.BIBFRAME considerations-from an RDA-implementation perspective[EB/OL].[2019-02-20].https://wiki.dnb.de/download/attachments/125433008/201709_Lightning_Talk_BIBFRAME_Workshop_Lindhard.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1507209428000&api=v2.胡小菁华东师范大学图书馆研究馆员。上海 200062。
(1)IRI是统一资源标识符URI的一般化、可使用非ASCII字符。本文按关联数据领域的通常习惯,以URI代指URI和IRI(引用RDA时除外)。