青藏高原草地存在价值研究——以玛曲为例
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摘要
草地存在价值研究是强化人们环境保护意识的有力工具,也是制定资源利用战略的决策依据。运用条件价值评估方法中(Contingent Valuation Method,CVM)的最大意愿支付(Willingness to Pay,WTP)技术,对青藏高原东缘玛曲草地的存在价值进行了系统研究,结果显示:2005年,牧户的平均WTP为339元/a,总存在价值为0.03×10~8元/a;收入与WTP呈显著正相关关系。据此推断,2016年牧户的平均WTP为407元/a,总存在价值为0.033×10~8元/a。存在价值小,主要是因为当地人口基数小。如果考虑玛曲草地对全球生物多样性保育的贡献,以及对黄河水源所具有的涵养功能,则其总存在价值将倍增,其中2005年为636×10~8元/a,2016年为763×10~8元/a,增幅约为20%,与当地居民的收入增长相当。这一结果表明,与玛曲草地的保护成本相比,其存在价值极其显著,应纳入成本-效益分析之中;存在价值具有动态性,应根据收入变化状况进行连续评估,以反映其真实价值,从而确保政策制定者做出正确决策。
Existence value as a non-use value means that people feel lost when something disappeared. Exploring the existence value of grassland is a powerful tool for strengthening our awareness of environmental protection and for developing strategies for resource use. Contingent valuation method( CVM),a survey-based method,can reveal consumer preferences for public goods and services and infer respondents' willingness to pay( WTP) to improve environmental quality. After several decades of development,it has emerged as the principal means for measuring the existence value. Although it is questioned by its validity and reliability in decision-making processes,it has become a dominant technique for the valuation of non-market environmental costs and benefits since the 1990 s. WTP technique of CVM was used to explore systematically the existence value of Maqu grassland,which is located on the eastern of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the average WTP of each household was 339 Yuan/a,and the total WTP was 0. 03 × 10~8 Yuan/a in 2005. WTP was positively related to the income. From 2005 to 2016,the income of local resident increased by about 20%,with the average WTP being 407 Yuan/a in 2016 and the total WTP being 0.033 × 10~8 Yuan/a. Compared with other studies,the existence value of Maqu grassland was smaller due to the limited population base. However,if we considered the role of Maqugrassland in maintaining the global biodiversity and its importance for water conservation of the Yellow River,this existence value would increase largely,which reached up to 636×10~8 Yuan/a in 2005 and to 763×10~8 Yuan/a in 2016. From 2005 to2016,the existence value of Maqu grassland increased about 20% which is equalled to an increase of the income. These results suggest that the existence value of Maqu grassland is significant,and we should consider it in cost-benefit analysis.Furthermore,the existence value changes with time and is needed to evaluate continuously in order to make the right decisions.
Existence value as a non-use value means that people feel lost when something disappeared. Exploring the existence value of grassland is a powerful tool for strengthening our awareness of environmental protection and for developing strategies for resource use. Contingent valuation method( CVM),a survey-based method,can reveal consumer preferences for public goods and services and infer respondents' willingness to pay( WTP) to improve environmental quality. After several decades of development,it has emerged as the principal means for measuring the existence value. Although it is questioned by its validity and reliability in decision-making processes,it has become a dominant technique for the valuation of non-market environmental costs and benefits since the 1990 s. WTP technique of CVM was used to explore systematically the existence value of Maqu grassland,which is located on the eastern of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the average WTP of each household was 339 Yuan/a,and the total WTP was 0. 03 × 10~8 Yuan/a in 2005. WTP was positively related to the income. From 2005 to 2016,the income of local resident increased by about 20%,with the average WTP being 407 Yuan/a in 2016 and the total WTP being 0.033 × 10~8 Yuan/a. Compared with other studies,the existence value of Maqu grassland was smaller due to the limited population base. However,if we considered the role of Maqugrassland in maintaining the global biodiversity and its importance for water conservation of the Yellow River,this existence value would increase largely,which reached up to 636×10~8 Yuan/a in 2005 and to 763×10~8 Yuan/a in 2016. From 2005 to2016,the existence value of Maqu grassland increased about 20% which is equalled to an increase of the income. These results suggest that the existence value of Maqu grassland is significant,and we should consider it in cost-benefit analysis.Furthermore,the existence value changes with time and is needed to evaluate continuously in order to make the right decisions.
引文
[1]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,郑度,李双成.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
[2]刘会军,高吉喜,聂亿黄.青藏高原生态系统服务价值的遥感测算及其动态变化.地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(3):81-84.
[3]孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,张镱锂.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设.地理学报,2012,67(1):3-12.
[4]王军邦,黄玫,林小惠.青藏高原草地生态系统碳收支研究进展.地理科学进展,2012,31(1):123-128.
[5]龙瑞军.青藏高原草地生态系统之服务功能.科技导报,2007,25(9):26-28.
[6]胡自治.草原的生态系统服务:Ⅰ.生态系统服务概述.草原与草坪,2004,4:3-11.
[7]薛达元,武建勇,赵富伟.中国履行《生物多样性公约》二十年:行动、进展与展望.生物多样性,2012,20(5):623-632.
[8]董世魁,汤琳,王学霞,刘颖慧,刘世梁,刘全儒,吴娱,李媛媛,苏旭坤,赵晨.青藏高原高寒草地植物多样性测定的最小样地面积.生物多样性,2013,21(6):651-657.
[9]Cao J J,Yeh E T,Holden N M,Yang Y Y,and Guo Z D.The effects of enclosures and land-use contracts on rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Arid Environments,2013,97:3-8.
[10]Chambers C M,Whitehead J C.A contingent valuation estimate of the benefits of wolves in Minnesota.Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,26(2):249-267.
[11]Proctor D J.Environmental values and popular conflict over management:A comparative analysis of public comments on the Clinton Forest Plan.Environmental Management,1998,22(3):347-358.
[12]Fausold C J,Lilieholm R J.The economic value of open space:A review and synthesis.Environmental Management,1999,23(3):307-320.
[13]王湃,凌雪冰,张安录.CVM评估休闲农地的存在价值—以武汉市和平农庄为例.中国土地科学,2009,23(6):66-71.
[14]Kotchen M J,Reiling S D.Environmental attitudes,motivations,and contingent valuation of non-use values:A case study involving endangered species.Ecological Economics,2000,32(1):93-107.
[15]宗雪,崔国发,袁婧.基于条件价值法的大熊猫存在价值评估.生态学报,2008,28(5):2090-2098.
[16]周学红,马建章,张伟.我国东北虎保护的经济价值评估—以哈尔滨市居民的支付意愿研究为例.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(5):81-83.
[17]刘欣,马建章.基于条件价值评估法的中国亚洲象存在价值评估.东北林业大学学报,2012,40(3):108-112.
[18]Pearce D W.The economic value of forest ecosystems.Ecosystem Health,2001,7(4):284-296.
[19]徐虹霓,盛华夏,张珞平.海洋生态系统内在价值评估方法初探—以厦门湾为例.应用海洋学学报,2014,33(4):585-593.
[20]崔丽娟.扎龙湿地价值货币化评价.自然资源学报,2002,17(4):451-456.
[21]尚海洋.基于CVM方法的张掖市北郊湿地存在价值评估.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(5):140-147.
[22]魏强,佟连军,杨丽花,吕宪国,张慧敏.三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护价值趋势分析.生态学报,2015,35(4):935-943.
[23]任朝霞,陆玉麒.条件价值法在西安市耕地资源非市场价值评估的应用.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(3):28-32.
[24]李广东,邱道持,王平.三峡生态脆弱区耕地非市场价值评估.地理学报,2011,66(4):562-575.
[25]王凤珍,周志翔,郑忠明.武汉市典型城市湖泊湿地资源非使用价值评价.生态学报,2010,30(12):3261-3269.
[26]蔡银莺,张安录.武汉市石榴红农场休闲景观的游憩价值和存在价值估算.生态学报,2008,28(3):1201-1210.
[27]田志会.基于条件价值法的北京市紫竹院公园非使用价值研究.风景园林调查与分析,2014,9:84-87.
[28]姚建云,黄安民,兰晓原.基于CVM方法的文化遗产价值评估研究—以云冈石窟为例.经济研究导刊,2011,5:257-258.
[29]Common M,Reid I,Blamey R.Do existence values for cost benefit analysis exist?Environmental and Resource Economics,1997,9(2):225-238.
[30]Noonan D S.Contingent valuation and cultural resources:A meta-analytic review of the literature.Journal of Cultural Economics,2003,27(3/4):159-176.
[31]Cuena E C,Gallego A G,Georgantzis N,and Grande GS.An experimental validation of hypothetical WTP for a recyclable product.Environmental and Resource Economics,2004,27(3):313-335.
[32]Shechter M,Reiser B,Zaitsev N.Measuring passive use value-pledges,donations and CV responses in connection with an important natural resource.Environmental and Resource Economics,1998,12(4):457-478.
[33]Wierstra E,Geurts P,Van der Veen A.Validity of CVM related to the type of environmental good;an empirical test.Integrated Assessment,2001,2(1):1-16.
[34]周阿蓉,黎元生.基于CVM的闽江流域生态服务补偿标准探析.云南农业大学学报,2015,9(3):28-33.
[35]曹建军,任正炜,杨勇,杜国祯.玛曲草地生态系统恢复成本条件价值评估.生态学报,2008,28(4):1872-1880.
[36]Cao J J,Holden N M,Qin Y Y,Song X Y.Potential use of willingness to accept(WTA)to compensate herders in Maqu County,China,for reduced stocking.Rangeland Ecology Management,2012,65(5):533-537.
[37]Carson R T,Flores N E,Meade N F.Contingent valuation:Controversies and evidence.Environmental and Resource Economics,2001,19(2):173-210.
[38]Paulo A L D,Nunes,Jeroen C J M,Van den Bergh.Can people value protection against invasive marine species?Evidence from ajoint TCCVsurvey in the Netherlands.Environmental and Resource Economics,2004,28(4):517-532.
[39]Langford I H,Kontogianni A,Skourtos M S,Georgiou S,Bateman I J.Multivariate mixed models for open-ended contingent valuation data willingness to pay for conservation of Monk Seals.Environmental and Resource Economics,1998,12(4):443-456.
[40]高琴,敖长林,陈红光,佟锐.基于居民生态认知的非使用价值支付意愿空间分异研究—以三江平原湿地为例.生态学报,2014,34(7):1851-1859.
[41]Tarrant M A,Cordell H K.Amenity values of public and private forests:Examining the value-attitude relationship.Environmental Management,2002,30(5):692-703.
[42]李团胜,程水英.千年生态系统评估及我国的对策.水土保持通报,2003,23(1):7-11.
[43]Hanemann.The economic theory of WTP and WTA.In:Bateman I J and Willis K G.Valuing environmental preferences-theory and practice of the contingent valuation method in the US,EU,and developing countries.Oxford University Press,Great Britain:Edward Elgar Press,1999:43-93.
[2]刘会军,高吉喜,聂亿黄.青藏高原生态系统服务价值的遥感测算及其动态变化.地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(3):81-84.
[3]孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,张镱锂.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设.地理学报,2012,67(1):3-12.
[4]王军邦,黄玫,林小惠.青藏高原草地生态系统碳收支研究进展.地理科学进展,2012,31(1):123-128.
[5]龙瑞军.青藏高原草地生态系统之服务功能.科技导报,2007,25(9):26-28.
[6]胡自治.草原的生态系统服务:Ⅰ.生态系统服务概述.草原与草坪,2004,4:3-11.
[7]薛达元,武建勇,赵富伟.中国履行《生物多样性公约》二十年:行动、进展与展望.生物多样性,2012,20(5):623-632.
[8]董世魁,汤琳,王学霞,刘颖慧,刘世梁,刘全儒,吴娱,李媛媛,苏旭坤,赵晨.青藏高原高寒草地植物多样性测定的最小样地面积.生物多样性,2013,21(6):651-657.
[9]Cao J J,Yeh E T,Holden N M,Yang Y Y,and Guo Z D.The effects of enclosures and land-use contracts on rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Arid Environments,2013,97:3-8.
[10]Chambers C M,Whitehead J C.A contingent valuation estimate of the benefits of wolves in Minnesota.Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,26(2):249-267.
[11]Proctor D J.Environmental values and popular conflict over management:A comparative analysis of public comments on the Clinton Forest Plan.Environmental Management,1998,22(3):347-358.
[12]Fausold C J,Lilieholm R J.The economic value of open space:A review and synthesis.Environmental Management,1999,23(3):307-320.
[13]王湃,凌雪冰,张安录.CVM评估休闲农地的存在价值—以武汉市和平农庄为例.中国土地科学,2009,23(6):66-71.
[14]Kotchen M J,Reiling S D.Environmental attitudes,motivations,and contingent valuation of non-use values:A case study involving endangered species.Ecological Economics,2000,32(1):93-107.
[15]宗雪,崔国发,袁婧.基于条件价值法的大熊猫存在价值评估.生态学报,2008,28(5):2090-2098.
[16]周学红,马建章,张伟.我国东北虎保护的经济价值评估—以哈尔滨市居民的支付意愿研究为例.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(5):81-83.
[17]刘欣,马建章.基于条件价值评估法的中国亚洲象存在价值评估.东北林业大学学报,2012,40(3):108-112.
[18]Pearce D W.The economic value of forest ecosystems.Ecosystem Health,2001,7(4):284-296.
[19]徐虹霓,盛华夏,张珞平.海洋生态系统内在价值评估方法初探—以厦门湾为例.应用海洋学学报,2014,33(4):585-593.
[20]崔丽娟.扎龙湿地价值货币化评价.自然资源学报,2002,17(4):451-456.
[21]尚海洋.基于CVM方法的张掖市北郊湿地存在价值评估.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(5):140-147.
[22]魏强,佟连军,杨丽花,吕宪国,张慧敏.三江平原湿地生态系统生物多样性保护价值趋势分析.生态学报,2015,35(4):935-943.
[23]任朝霞,陆玉麒.条件价值法在西安市耕地资源非市场价值评估的应用.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(3):28-32.
[24]李广东,邱道持,王平.三峡生态脆弱区耕地非市场价值评估.地理学报,2011,66(4):562-575.
[25]王凤珍,周志翔,郑忠明.武汉市典型城市湖泊湿地资源非使用价值评价.生态学报,2010,30(12):3261-3269.
[26]蔡银莺,张安录.武汉市石榴红农场休闲景观的游憩价值和存在价值估算.生态学报,2008,28(3):1201-1210.
[27]田志会.基于条件价值法的北京市紫竹院公园非使用价值研究.风景园林调查与分析,2014,9:84-87.
[28]姚建云,黄安民,兰晓原.基于CVM方法的文化遗产价值评估研究—以云冈石窟为例.经济研究导刊,2011,5:257-258.
[29]Common M,Reid I,Blamey R.Do existence values for cost benefit analysis exist?Environmental and Resource Economics,1997,9(2):225-238.
[30]Noonan D S.Contingent valuation and cultural resources:A meta-analytic review of the literature.Journal of Cultural Economics,2003,27(3/4):159-176.
[31]Cuena E C,Gallego A G,Georgantzis N,and Grande GS.An experimental validation of hypothetical WTP for a recyclable product.Environmental and Resource Economics,2004,27(3):313-335.
[32]Shechter M,Reiser B,Zaitsev N.Measuring passive use value-pledges,donations and CV responses in connection with an important natural resource.Environmental and Resource Economics,1998,12(4):457-478.
[33]Wierstra E,Geurts P,Van der Veen A.Validity of CVM related to the type of environmental good;an empirical test.Integrated Assessment,2001,2(1):1-16.
[34]周阿蓉,黎元生.基于CVM的闽江流域生态服务补偿标准探析.云南农业大学学报,2015,9(3):28-33.
[35]曹建军,任正炜,杨勇,杜国祯.玛曲草地生态系统恢复成本条件价值评估.生态学报,2008,28(4):1872-1880.
[36]Cao J J,Holden N M,Qin Y Y,Song X Y.Potential use of willingness to accept(WTA)to compensate herders in Maqu County,China,for reduced stocking.Rangeland Ecology Management,2012,65(5):533-537.
[37]Carson R T,Flores N E,Meade N F.Contingent valuation:Controversies and evidence.Environmental and Resource Economics,2001,19(2):173-210.
[38]Paulo A L D,Nunes,Jeroen C J M,Van den Bergh.Can people value protection against invasive marine species?Evidence from ajoint TCCVsurvey in the Netherlands.Environmental and Resource Economics,2004,28(4):517-532.
[39]Langford I H,Kontogianni A,Skourtos M S,Georgiou S,Bateman I J.Multivariate mixed models for open-ended contingent valuation data willingness to pay for conservation of Monk Seals.Environmental and Resource Economics,1998,12(4):443-456.
[40]高琴,敖长林,陈红光,佟锐.基于居民生态认知的非使用价值支付意愿空间分异研究—以三江平原湿地为例.生态学报,2014,34(7):1851-1859.
[41]Tarrant M A,Cordell H K.Amenity values of public and private forests:Examining the value-attitude relationship.Environmental Management,2002,30(5):692-703.
[42]李团胜,程水英.千年生态系统评估及我国的对策.水土保持通报,2003,23(1):7-11.
[43]Hanemann.The economic theory of WTP and WTA.In:Bateman I J and Willis K G.Valuing environmental preferences-theory and practice of the contingent valuation method in the US,EU,and developing countries.Oxford University Press,Great Britain:Edward Elgar Press,1999:43-93.