青海高原2008-2016年云地闪特征分析
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摘要
利用2008-2016年青海省云地闪监测网资料,分析了云地闪特征。结果表明:2008-2016年青海高原云地闪次数呈现逐年增加的趋势;各年正云地闪比例在10.1%~19.8%之间,平均正云地闪比例为15.0%,且春季和秋季明显高于夏季;总云地闪平均电流强度为30.3 kA,正云地闪平均电流强度为50.1 kA,负云地闪平均电流强度为27.2 kA;负云地闪月平均峰值电流呈现双峰双谷的分布特征,正云地闪月平均峰值电流呈现单峰单谷的特征;正负云地闪电流强度频次分布均呈现正态分布的特征;云地闪电流强度幅值频次累积概率分布服从IEEE Std 1243-1997推荐的雷电流累积概率分布模型;云地闪平均陡度为7.3 kA·us~(-1),正云地闪平均陡度为7.8 kA·us~(-1),负云地闪平均陡度为7.2kA·us~(-1);云地闪在夏季(6-8月)发生较为频繁,占总闪电的81.0%,其次是秋季(9-11月),占总闪电的13.5%,夏季和秋季云地闪电占全年闪电的94.5%;云地闪的日变化呈现单峰单谷的特征;总云地闪年均最大密度达10.4次·km~(-2)·a~(-1),正云地闪年均最大密度达2.1次·km~(-2)·a~(-1),负云地闪年均最大密度达10.3次·km~(-2)·a~(-1),总云地闪和负云地闪的密度高值区在西宁、大通和湟中一带,正云地闪的密度高值区在玛沁和同德一带。
To recognize the characteristics of lightning in Qinghai Province based on the cloud-to-ground lightning data collected from 2008 to 2016,the characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning were analyzed by statistical approach in this article. It was revealed that there was an increase trend from 2008 to 2016 in Qinghai Plateau,the annual positive lightning ratio had been in between 10. 1% and 19. 8% with an average of 15%,and the percentage in spring and autumn had been higher than that in summer observably. The annual average total cloud-to-ground lightning intensity was 30. 3 kA,including the average of positive lightning intensity of 50. 1 kA and the average of negative lightning intensity of 27. 2 kA. The gradient of cloud-to-ground lightning was 7. 3 kA ·us~(-1) in average,and 7. 8 kA ·us~(-1) for positive lightning and 7. 2 kA ·us~(-1) for negative lightning. The cloud-to-ground lighting frequency during summer(June-August) had been very frequent,accounting for 81%,followed by that in autumn(September-November),accounting for 13. 5%. Daily variation of cloud-to-ground lightning had showed a single peak and single valley. The annual mean maximum cloud-to-lighting density was 10. 4 times per square kilometer per year with an annual maximum positive cloud-to-lighting density of 2. 1 times per square kilometer per year and an annual maximum negative cloud-to-lighting density of 2. 1 times per square kilometer per year. Spatially,the high-value center of total cloud-to-lightning and negative cloud-to-lightning were in Xining,Datong and Huangzhong,while the high-value center of positive cloud-to-lightning was in Maqin and Tongde.
To recognize the characteristics of lightning in Qinghai Province based on the cloud-to-ground lightning data collected from 2008 to 2016,the characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning were analyzed by statistical approach in this article. It was revealed that there was an increase trend from 2008 to 2016 in Qinghai Plateau,the annual positive lightning ratio had been in between 10. 1% and 19. 8% with an average of 15%,and the percentage in spring and autumn had been higher than that in summer observably. The annual average total cloud-to-ground lightning intensity was 30. 3 kA,including the average of positive lightning intensity of 50. 1 kA and the average of negative lightning intensity of 27. 2 kA. The gradient of cloud-to-ground lightning was 7. 3 kA ·us~(-1) in average,and 7. 8 kA ·us~(-1) for positive lightning and 7. 2 kA ·us~(-1) for negative lightning. The cloud-to-ground lighting frequency during summer(June-August) had been very frequent,accounting for 81%,followed by that in autumn(September-November),accounting for 13. 5%. Daily variation of cloud-to-ground lightning had showed a single peak and single valley. The annual mean maximum cloud-to-lighting density was 10. 4 times per square kilometer per year with an annual maximum positive cloud-to-lighting density of 2. 1 times per square kilometer per year and an annual maximum negative cloud-to-lighting density of 2. 1 times per square kilometer per year. Spatially,the high-value center of total cloud-to-lightning and negative cloud-to-lightning were in Xining,Datong and Huangzhong,while the high-value center of positive cloud-to-lightning was in Maqin and Tongde.
引文
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[15]Luo Shengzhou,Wang Qingchun,Dai Sheng.An analysis of climate characteristics of meteorological disasters in Qinghai Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(6):1380-1387.[罗生洲,汪青春,戴升.青海省气象灾害的若干气候特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(6):1380-1387.]
[16]Guo Sangang,Gong Jing,He Shengcun.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of lightning activity in northeastern Qinghai Province[J].Qinghai Science and Technology,2005(6):22-25.[郭三刚,龚静,何生存.青海东北部地区雷电活动的时空分布特征[J].青海科技,2005(6):22-25.]
[17]Gong Jing,Ma Yuyan,Ju Keying,et al.Preliminary study on lightning characteristics in Northeastern Qinghai[J].Qinghai Science and Technology,2007,14(6):12-15.[龚静,马玉岩,巨克英,等.青海省东北部地区闪电特征初探[J].青海科技,2007,14(6):12-15.]
[18]Zhou Junjun,Zhang Jianlong,Sun Ling.Statistic analysis of cloud to ground lightning characteristics over Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2009,24(1):101-105.[周筠珺,张健龙,孙凌.京、津、冀地区地闪特征的统计分析[J].灾害学,2009,24(1):101-105.]
[19]Chen Tao,Wu Lan,Han Bo,et al.Characters and data analysis of thunder and lighting in Hunan Province[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention,2008,10(3):38-42.[陈涛,吴岚,韩波,等.湖南省雷电特征及闪电数据分析[J].防灾科技学院学报,2008,10(3):38-42.]
[20]Feng Guili,Chen Wenxuan,Liu Shijun,et al.Preliminary analysis of lightning characteristics in Shandong[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2002,13(3):347-355.[冯桂力,陈文选,刘诗军,等.山东地区闪电的特征分析[J].应用气象学报,2002,13(3):347-355.]
[21]Orville R E,Silver A C.Lighting ground flash density in the contiguous United States:1992-1995[J].Monthly Weather Review,1997,125(4):631-638.
[22]Li Zhaorong,Chen Tianyu,Kang Fengqin,et al.Lightning distribution characteristics around Lanzhou[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2004,22(2):45-51.[李照荣,陈添宇,康凤琴,等.兰州周边地闪分布特征[J].干旱气象,2004,22(2):45-51.]
[23]Lin Zhiqiang,Jia La,Luo Suxuan,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of lightning over Tibetan Plateau[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2012,40(6):1002-1006.[林志强,假拉,罗骕翾,等.西藏高原闪电特性时空分布特征[J].气象科技,2012,40(6):1002-1006.]
[24]Orville R E,Huffines G R.Lightning ground flash measurements over the contiguous United States:1995–1997[J].Monthly Weather Review,1999,127(11):2693-2703.
[25]Chen Jiahong,Tong Xuefang,Gu Shanqiang,et al.Distribution characteristics of lightning current magnitude measured by lightning location system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(9):1893-1897.[陈家宏,童雪芳,谷山强,等.雷电定位系统测量的雷电流幅值分布特征[J].高电压技术,2008,34(9):1893-1897.]
[26]Li Xue,Shi Dashan,Niu Chao.2015:Super El Nino year[J].Ecological Economy,2016,32(3):6-9.[李雪,石大山,牛超.2015:超强厄尔尼诺之年[J].生态经济,2016,32(3):6-9.]
[2]Huang Zhifeng,Wang Jun,Li Feng,et al.Distribution of thunderstorm days and climate change trend in Qinghai Province[J].Journal of Qinghai Meteorology,2013(3):51-55.[黄志凤,王军,黎峰,等.青海省雷暴日数分布及其气候变化趋势[J].青海气象,2013(3):51-55.]
[3]Feng Wan,Chen Jianzhou,Wu Junjie,et al.Statistical analysis of the characteristics of thunderstorm in China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Information Technology,2016,31(1):110-115.[冯琬,陈建洲,吴俊杰,等.中国机场雷暴特征的统计分析[J].成都信息工程学院学报,2016,31(1):110-115.]
[4]Ren Jingxuan,Zhu Keyun,Zhang Jie,et al.Characteristics of thunderstorms in recent 30 years in Xizang region[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2011,39(3):289-294.[任景轩,朱克云,张杰,等.近30年西藏地区雷暴变化特征[J].气象科技,2011,39(3):289-294.]
[5]Huffines G R,Orville R E.Lightning ground flash density and thunderstorm duration in the continental United States:1989–1996[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999,38(7):1013
[6]López R E,Holle R L.Diurnal and spatial variability of lightning activity in northeastern Colorado and central Florida during the summer[J].Monthly Weather Review,1986,114(7):1288-1312.
[7]López,R E,Holle R L.The distribution of lightning as a function of low-level wind flowin central Florida[C]//NOAA Technical memorandum:ERL ESG-28.Norman,Oklahoma:National Severe Storms Laboratory,1987:43.
[8]Huo Guangyong,Jiang Yuan'an,Shi Hongzheng,et al.Temporal spatial distribution and variation characteristics of the thunderstorms in Xinjiang during 1961-2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(5):1156-1164.[霍广勇,江远安,史红政,等.1961-2010年新疆雷暴时空分布及其变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(5):1156-1164.]
[9]Wang Xueliang,Liu Xuechun,Huang Xiaoyan,et al.Analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the cloud-ground lightning in Hubei Area[J].Meteorological Monthly,2010,36(10):91-96.[王学良,刘学春,黄小彦,等.湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征分析[J].气象,2010,36(10):91-96.]
[10]Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong.The lightning characteristics of thunderstorm over Tibetan Plateau and its origin discussion[J].Plateau Meteorology,2007,26(4):774-782.[张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘.青藏高原雷暴的闪电特征及其成因探讨[J].高原气象,2007,26(4):774-782.]
[11]Pan Lunxiang,Qie Xiushu,Liu Dongxia,et al.The lightning activities in super typhoons over the Northwest Pacific[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2010,40(2):252-260.[潘伦湘,郄秀书,刘冬霞,等.西北太平洋地区强台风的闪电活动特征[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2010,40(2):252-260.]
[12]Zheng Dong,Zhang Yijun,Meng Qing,et al.Relationship between lightning activities and surface precipitation in thunderstorm weather in Beijing[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2010,21(3):287-297.[郑栋,张义军,孟青,等.北京地区雷暴过程闪电与地面降水的相关关系[J].应用气象学报,2010,21(3):287-297.]
[13]Wang Xin.Chinese Qinghai meteorological disaster dictionary volume[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press.2007.[王莘.中国气象灾害大典.青海卷[M].北京:气象出版社.2007.]
[14]Kong Shangcheng,Dai Sheng,Wang Min.Characteristics of thunderstorm days and lightning disasters in Qinghai Plateau in1961-2013[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(4):888-897.[孔尚成,戴升,王敏.1961-2013年青海高原雷暴日数及雷电灾害变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(4):888-897.]
[15]Luo Shengzhou,Wang Qingchun,Dai Sheng.An analysis of climate characteristics of meteorological disasters in Qinghai Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(6):1380-1387.[罗生洲,汪青春,戴升.青海省气象灾害的若干气候特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(6):1380-1387.]
[16]Guo Sangang,Gong Jing,He Shengcun.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of lightning activity in northeastern Qinghai Province[J].Qinghai Science and Technology,2005(6):22-25.[郭三刚,龚静,何生存.青海东北部地区雷电活动的时空分布特征[J].青海科技,2005(6):22-25.]
[17]Gong Jing,Ma Yuyan,Ju Keying,et al.Preliminary study on lightning characteristics in Northeastern Qinghai[J].Qinghai Science and Technology,2007,14(6):12-15.[龚静,马玉岩,巨克英,等.青海省东北部地区闪电特征初探[J].青海科技,2007,14(6):12-15.]
[18]Zhou Junjun,Zhang Jianlong,Sun Ling.Statistic analysis of cloud to ground lightning characteristics over Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2009,24(1):101-105.[周筠珺,张健龙,孙凌.京、津、冀地区地闪特征的统计分析[J].灾害学,2009,24(1):101-105.]
[19]Chen Tao,Wu Lan,Han Bo,et al.Characters and data analysis of thunder and lighting in Hunan Province[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention,2008,10(3):38-42.[陈涛,吴岚,韩波,等.湖南省雷电特征及闪电数据分析[J].防灾科技学院学报,2008,10(3):38-42.]
[20]Feng Guili,Chen Wenxuan,Liu Shijun,et al.Preliminary analysis of lightning characteristics in Shandong[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2002,13(3):347-355.[冯桂力,陈文选,刘诗军,等.山东地区闪电的特征分析[J].应用气象学报,2002,13(3):347-355.]
[21]Orville R E,Silver A C.Lighting ground flash density in the contiguous United States:1992-1995[J].Monthly Weather Review,1997,125(4):631-638.
[22]Li Zhaorong,Chen Tianyu,Kang Fengqin,et al.Lightning distribution characteristics around Lanzhou[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2004,22(2):45-51.[李照荣,陈添宇,康凤琴,等.兰州周边地闪分布特征[J].干旱气象,2004,22(2):45-51.]
[23]Lin Zhiqiang,Jia La,Luo Suxuan,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of lightning over Tibetan Plateau[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2012,40(6):1002-1006.[林志强,假拉,罗骕翾,等.西藏高原闪电特性时空分布特征[J].气象科技,2012,40(6):1002-1006.]
[24]Orville R E,Huffines G R.Lightning ground flash measurements over the contiguous United States:1995–1997[J].Monthly Weather Review,1999,127(11):2693-2703.
[25]Chen Jiahong,Tong Xuefang,Gu Shanqiang,et al.Distribution characteristics of lightning current magnitude measured by lightning location system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(9):1893-1897.[陈家宏,童雪芳,谷山强,等.雷电定位系统测量的雷电流幅值分布特征[J].高电压技术,2008,34(9):1893-1897.]
[26]Li Xue,Shi Dashan,Niu Chao.2015:Super El Nino year[J].Ecological Economy,2016,32(3):6-9.[李雪,石大山,牛超.2015:超强厄尔尼诺之年[J].生态经济,2016,32(3):6-9.]