围填海对盐城珍禽自然保护区越冬水鸟群落及空间分布的影响
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摘要
盐城自然保护区是全球水鸟重要的越冬地之一,随着近几十年来围填海活动强度的不断增加,其景观格局发生了重大变化,这种改变势必会影响越冬水鸟的群落结构和空间分布。因此,以盐城自然保护区北缓冲区和核心区作为研究区,根据1975—2013年研究区土地利用类型变化图将其划分为围垦区和未围垦区,分析了2009—2013年围垦区和未围垦区之间越冬水鸟种类、数量、多样性和空间分布的差异。结果表明:1)围填海对水鸟的种类组成具有显著的影响,围垦区雁鸭类水鸟的种类和数量显著高于未围垦区。土地利用类型的改变对水鸟的种类数具有显著影响,围填海对芦苇和盐田的水鸟种类数量影响显著;2)围填海造成土地利用类型的改变对水鸟的Shannon-Wiener指数具有显著的影响,其中围垦区鱼塘的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于未围垦区;3)未围垦区碱蓬生境水鸟多度最大,围垦区芦苇生境水鸟多度最大,围填海造成的生境类型的改变对鹳类、鹤类、鸻鹬类、雁鸭类水鸟的栖息地选择具有较大影响。结果强调围垦后生境的可利用性和人为干扰大小决定了水鸟的群落结构和空间分布。
Yancheng Nature Reserve is one of the important wintering sites for waterbirds in the world. With the increasing intensity of the reclamation activities in recent decades, the pattern of landscape has changed greatly. This change will certainly affect the community structure and spatial distribution of wintering waterbirds. We took the north buffer zone and the core area in Yancheng Nature Reserve as the study area. According to the landscape map of Yancheng Nature Reserve in 1975-2013, we divided the study area into nature area and reclaimed area. The species, population, diversity and spatial distribution of wintering waterbirds in nature area and reclaimed area during 2009-2013 were analyzed. Our results showed that: 1) Reclamation had a significant influence on the species composition of waterbirds, and the species and population of Anatidae in the reclaimed area are significantly higher than those in the nature areas. The change of land use type had a significant influence on the number of waterbirds species, and the influence of reclamation on the population and species of waterbirds in reed and salt works was significant. 2) The change of land use types caused by reclamation had a significant influence on the Shannon-Wiener index of waterbirds, and the Shannon-Wiener index of fish ponds in reclaimed area was significantly higher than the nature area. 3) The abundance of waterbirds in Suaeda glauca was largest in nature area and in Phragmites australias was largest in reclaimed area. The change of land use types caused by reclamation had a great influence on the habitat selection of storks, cranes, shorebirds and Anatidae. Habitat availability and human disturbance after reclamation determined the community structure and spatial distribution of waterbirds.
Yancheng Nature Reserve is one of the important wintering sites for waterbirds in the world. With the increasing intensity of the reclamation activities in recent decades, the pattern of landscape has changed greatly. This change will certainly affect the community structure and spatial distribution of wintering waterbirds. We took the north buffer zone and the core area in Yancheng Nature Reserve as the study area. According to the landscape map of Yancheng Nature Reserve in 1975-2013, we divided the study area into nature area and reclaimed area. The species, population, diversity and spatial distribution of wintering waterbirds in nature area and reclaimed area during 2009-2013 were analyzed. Our results showed that: 1) Reclamation had a significant influence on the species composition of waterbirds, and the species and population of Anatidae in the reclaimed area are significantly higher than those in the nature areas. The change of land use type had a significant influence on the number of waterbirds species, and the influence of reclamation on the population and species of waterbirds in reed and salt works was significant. 2) The change of land use types caused by reclamation had a significant influence on the Shannon-Wiener index of waterbirds, and the Shannon-Wiener index of fish ponds in reclaimed area was significantly higher than the nature area. 3) The abundance of waterbirds in Suaeda glauca was largest in nature area and in Phragmites australias was largest in reclaimed area. The change of land use types caused by reclamation had a great influence on the habitat selection of storks, cranes, shorebirds and Anatidae. Habitat availability and human disturbance after reclamation determined the community structure and spatial distribution of waterbirds.
引文
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[22]ZHU Hongguang,QIN Pei,WANG Hui.Functional group classification and target species selection for Yancheng Nature Reserve,China[J].Biological Conservation,2004(13):1335-1353.
[23]IWAMURA T,POSSINGHAM H P,CHASES I,et al.Migratory connectivity magnifies the consequences of habitat loss from sea-level rise for shorebird populations[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,2013,280(1761):20130325.
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[25]HU Yuanan,LIU Xueping,BAI Jinmei,et al.Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2013(20):6150-6159.
[26]LIN Haiying,SUN Tao,XUE Sufeng,et al.Heavy metal spatial variation,bioaccumulation,and risk assessment of Zostera japonica habitat in the Yellow River Estuary,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015(541):435-443.
[27]MA Xiaoling,ZUO Hang,TIAN Mengjin,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques[J].Chemosphere,2015(144):264-272.
[28]LUO Jinming,YE Yajie,GAO Zhongyan,et al.Lead in the Red-Crowned Cranes(Grus japonensis)in Zhalong Wetland,Northeastern China:A Report[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2016,97(2):177-183.
[29]BURTON K H N,REHFISCH M M,CLARK A N,et al.Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa tetanus[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006(43):464-473.
[30]GAN Xiaojing,CAI Yinting,Choi C,et al.Potential impacts of invasive Spartina alterniflora on spring bird communities at Chongming Dongtan,a Chinese wetland of international importance[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2009(83):211-218.
[31]CONVERTINO M,DONOGHUE J F,CHU-AGOR M L,et al.Anthropogenic renourishment feedback on shorebirds:a multispecies Bayesian perspective[J].Ecological Engineering,2011(37):1184-1194.
[32]PARK S R,YOON J M,HA D S,et al.A proposal for the habitat restoration of Hwanghae regions in North Korea through the reintroduction of Oriental Storks in the Korean Peninsula[J].Reintroduction,2017(5):53-61.
[33]HARRIS J.Cranes,population and nature:Preserving the balance[M]//Higuchi H,Minton J.The Future of Cranes and Wetlands.Tokyo:Wild Bird Society of Japan,1994:1-14.
[34]CAO Mingchang,LIU Gaohuan.Habitat suitability change of red-crowned crane in Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2008,19(2):141-147.
[35]FANG Shubo,JIA Xiaobo,QIAN Qingteng,et al.Reclamation history and development intensity determine soil and vegetation characteristics on developed coasts[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017(586):1263.
[36]ROGERS D I.High-tide roost choice by coastal waders[J].Wader Study Group Bulletin,2003(100):73-79.
[37]RAMLI R,NORAZLIMI N A.The Effects of Disturbance on the Abundance and Foraging Behaviour of Shorebirds and Waterbirds in the Tropical Mudflat Areas[J].Sains Malaysiana,2017,46(3):365-372.
[38]REHFISCH M M,INSLEY H,SWANN B.Fidelity of overwintering shorebirds to roosts on the Moray Basin,Scotland:implications for predicting impacts of habitat loss[J].Ardea,2003(91):53-70.
[39]GE Zhenming,WANG Tianhou,ZHOU Xiao,et al.Changes in the spatial distribution of migratory shorebirds along the Shanghai shoreline,China,between 1984 and2004[J].Emu,2007(107):19-27.
[40]侯森林,余小韵,鲁长虎.射阳河口春季鸻鹬类与大型底栖动物关系[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2735-2743.
[41]王岐山,马鸣,高育仁.中国动物志[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[42]BARTER M.Shorebirds of the Yellow Sea:Importance,Threats and Conservation Status[M]//Wetlands International Global Series 9:International Wader Studies 12.Canberra,Australia,2012.
[43]LI Ning,WANG Zheng,XIA Lu,XU Lingqing,YAN Feng,QIAO Yajun,LI Xinhai,AN Shuqing,FANG Shubo.Effects of long-term coastal reclamation on suitable habitat and wintering population size of the endangered Redcrowded Crane,Grus japonensis[J].Hydrobiologia,2017,doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3341-x.
[2]MENG Weiqing,HU Beibei,HE Mengxuan,et al.Temporal-spatial variations and driving factors analysis of coastal reclamation in China[J].Endocrinology,2017(191):39-49.
[3]TIAN Bo,WU Wenting,YANG Zhaoqing,et al.Drivers,Trends,and Potential Impacts of Long-Term Coastal Reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2016(170):83-90.
[4]CHEN Wengang,WANG Dongchuan,HUANG Yong,et al.Monitoring and analysis of coastal reclamation from1995-2015 in Tianjin Binhai New Area,China[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):3850.
[5]MA Zhijun,MELVILLE D S,LIU Jianguo,et al.Rethinking China's new great wall[J].Science,2014,346(6212):912-914.
[6]YAN Jiaguo,CUI Baoshan,ZHENG Jingjing,et al.Quantification of intensive hybrid coastal reclamation for revealing its impacts on macrozoobenthos[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10(10):14004-14015.
[7]LEE J K,CHUNG O S,PARK J Y,et al.Effects of the Saemangeum Reclamation Project on migratory shorebird staging in the Saemangeum and Geum Estuaries,South Korea[J].Bird Conservation International,2017:1-13.
[8]YANG Hongyan,CHEN Bin,BARTER M,et al.Impacts of tidal land reclamation in Bohai Bay,China:ongoing losses of critical Yellow Sea waterbird staging and wintering sites[J].Bird Conservation International,2011(21):241-259.
[9]PIERSMA T,LOK T,CHEN Ying,et al.Simultaneous declines in summer survival of three shorebird species signals a fiyway at risk[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,53(2):479-490.
[10]LOUISE M W,SUSAN H.Shorebird Use of South Carolina Managed and Natural Coastal Wetlands[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1996,60(1):73-82.
[11]FAN Xuezhong,ZHANG Liquan,YUAN Lin,et al.An analysis on spatio-temporal dynamics of suitable habitats for waterbirds based on spatial zonation at Chongming Dongtan,Shanghai[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica.2010,31(13):3820-3829.
[12]NASER H A.Effects of reclamation on macrobenthic assemblages in the coastline of the Arabian Gulf:Amicrocosm experimental approach[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011(62):520-524.
[13]LU Lin,GOH B P L,CHOU L M Effects of coastal reclamation on river ine macrobenthic infauna(Sungei Punggol)in Singapore[J].Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery,2002(9):127-135.
[14]YATES M G,GOSS-CUSTARD J D,RISPIN W E.Towards Predicting the Effect of Loss of Intertidal Feeding Areas on Overwintering Shorebirds(Charadrii)and Shelduck(Tadorna tadorna):Refinements and Tests of a Model Developed for the Wash,East England[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1996,33(5):944-954.
[15]MOORES N,ROGERS D I,ROGERS K G,et al.Reclamation of tidal flats and shorebird declines in Saemangeum and elsewhere in the Republic of Korea[J].Emu,2016,116(2):136-146.
[16]XIA Shaoxia,YU Xiubo,MILLINGTON S,et al.Identifying priority sites and gaps for the conservation of migratory waterbirds in China's coastal wetlands[J].Biological Conservation,2017(210):72-82.
[17]阮德孟,孙勇,程嘉伟,等.盐城自然保护区新洋港河口不同生境冬季鸟类群落组成及其梯度变化[J].生态学报,2015,35(16):5437-5448.
[18]刘吉平,张顺,陈智文.人类活动对三江平原东北部湿地鸟类的干扰[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(12):40-42.
[19]ZOU Yeai,TANG Chendong,NIU Junying,et al.Migratory Waterbirds Response to Coastal Habitat Changes:Conservation Implications from Long-term Detection in the Chongming Dongtan Wetlands,China[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2016,39(1):273-286.
[20]HOWE M A,GEISSLER P H,HARRINGTON B A.Population trends of North American shorebirds based on the international shorebird survey[J].Biological Conservation,1989,49(3):185-199.
[21]蒋科毅,吴明,邵学新,等.杭州湾及钱塘江河口南岸滨海湿地鸟类群落多样性及其对滩涂围垦的响应[J].生物多样性,2013,21(2):214-223.
[22]ZHU Hongguang,QIN Pei,WANG Hui.Functional group classification and target species selection for Yancheng Nature Reserve,China[J].Biological Conservation,2004(13):1335-1353.
[23]IWAMURA T,POSSINGHAM H P,CHASES I,et al.Migratory connectivity magnifies the consequences of habitat loss from sea-level rise for shorebird populations[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,2013,280(1761):20130325.
[24]MA Zhijun,LI Bo,ZHAO Bin,et al.Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds?A case study on Chongming Island,China[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2004(13):333-350.
[25]HU Yuanan,LIU Xueping,BAI Jinmei,et al.Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2013(20):6150-6159.
[26]LIN Haiying,SUN Tao,XUE Sufeng,et al.Heavy metal spatial variation,bioaccumulation,and risk assessment of Zostera japonica habitat in the Yellow River Estuary,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015(541):435-443.
[27]MA Xiaoling,ZUO Hang,TIAN Mengjin,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques[J].Chemosphere,2015(144):264-272.
[28]LUO Jinming,YE Yajie,GAO Zhongyan,et al.Lead in the Red-Crowned Cranes(Grus japonensis)in Zhalong Wetland,Northeastern China:A Report[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2016,97(2):177-183.
[29]BURTON K H N,REHFISCH M M,CLARK A N,et al.Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa tetanus[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006(43):464-473.
[30]GAN Xiaojing,CAI Yinting,Choi C,et al.Potential impacts of invasive Spartina alterniflora on spring bird communities at Chongming Dongtan,a Chinese wetland of international importance[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2009(83):211-218.
[31]CONVERTINO M,DONOGHUE J F,CHU-AGOR M L,et al.Anthropogenic renourishment feedback on shorebirds:a multispecies Bayesian perspective[J].Ecological Engineering,2011(37):1184-1194.
[32]PARK S R,YOON J M,HA D S,et al.A proposal for the habitat restoration of Hwanghae regions in North Korea through the reintroduction of Oriental Storks in the Korean Peninsula[J].Reintroduction,2017(5):53-61.
[33]HARRIS J.Cranes,population and nature:Preserving the balance[M]//Higuchi H,Minton J.The Future of Cranes and Wetlands.Tokyo:Wild Bird Society of Japan,1994:1-14.
[34]CAO Mingchang,LIU Gaohuan.Habitat suitability change of red-crowned crane in Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2008,19(2):141-147.
[35]FANG Shubo,JIA Xiaobo,QIAN Qingteng,et al.Reclamation history and development intensity determine soil and vegetation characteristics on developed coasts[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017(586):1263.
[36]ROGERS D I.High-tide roost choice by coastal waders[J].Wader Study Group Bulletin,2003(100):73-79.
[37]RAMLI R,NORAZLIMI N A.The Effects of Disturbance on the Abundance and Foraging Behaviour of Shorebirds and Waterbirds in the Tropical Mudflat Areas[J].Sains Malaysiana,2017,46(3):365-372.
[38]REHFISCH M M,INSLEY H,SWANN B.Fidelity of overwintering shorebirds to roosts on the Moray Basin,Scotland:implications for predicting impacts of habitat loss[J].Ardea,2003(91):53-70.
[39]GE Zhenming,WANG Tianhou,ZHOU Xiao,et al.Changes in the spatial distribution of migratory shorebirds along the Shanghai shoreline,China,between 1984 and2004[J].Emu,2007(107):19-27.
[40]侯森林,余小韵,鲁长虎.射阳河口春季鸻鹬类与大型底栖动物关系[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2735-2743.
[41]王岐山,马鸣,高育仁.中国动物志[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[42]BARTER M.Shorebirds of the Yellow Sea:Importance,Threats and Conservation Status[M]//Wetlands International Global Series 9:International Wader Studies 12.Canberra,Australia,2012.
[43]LI Ning,WANG Zheng,XIA Lu,XU Lingqing,YAN Feng,QIAO Yajun,LI Xinhai,AN Shuqing,FANG Shubo.Effects of long-term coastal reclamation on suitable habitat and wintering population size of the endangered Redcrowded Crane,Grus japonensis[J].Hydrobiologia,2017,doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3341-x.