Necklace-like Si@C nano?bers as robust anode materials for high performance lithium ion batteries
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摘要
Silicon is believed to be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its highest theoretical capacity and low discharge potential. However, severe pulverization and capacity fading caused by huge volume change during cycling limits its practical application. In this work, necklace-like N-doped carbon wrapped mesoporous Si nanofibers(NL-Si@C) network has been synthesized via electrospinning method followed by magnesiothermic reduction reaction process to suppress these issues. The mesoporous Si nanospheres are wrapped with N-doped carbon shells network to form yolk-shell structure.Interestingly, the distance of adjacent Si@C nanospheres can be controllably adjusted by different addition amounts of SiO_2 nanospheres. When used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the NL-Si@C-0.5 exhibits best cycling stability and rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the necklace-like network structure and N-doped carbon layers, which can ensure fast ions and electrons transportation, facilitate the electrolyte penetration and provide finite voids to allow large volume expansion of inner Si nanoparticles. Moreover, the protective carbon layers are also beneficial to the formation of stable solid electrolyte interface film.
Silicon is believed to be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its highest theoretical capacity and low discharge potential. However, severe pulverization and capacity fading caused by huge volume change during cycling limits its practical application. In this work, necklace-like N-doped carbon wrapped mesoporous Si nanofibers(NL-Si@C) network has been synthesized via electrospinning method followed by magnesiothermic reduction reaction process to suppress these issues. The mesoporous Si nanospheres are wrapped with N-doped carbon shells network to form yolk-shell structure.Interestingly, the distance of adjacent Si@C nanospheres can be controllably adjusted by different addition amounts of SiO_2 nanospheres. When used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the NL-Si@C-0.5 exhibits best cycling stability and rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the necklace-like network structure and N-doped carbon layers, which can ensure fast ions and electrons transportation, facilitate the electrolyte penetration and provide finite voids to allow large volume expansion of inner Si nanoparticles. Moreover, the protective carbon layers are also beneficial to the formation of stable solid electrolyte interface film.
Silicon is believed to be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its highest theoretical capacity and low discharge potential. However, severe pulverization and capacity fading caused by huge volume change during cycling limits its practical application. In this work, necklace-like N-doped carbon wrapped mesoporous Si nanofibers(NL-Si@C) network has been synthesized via electrospinning method followed by magnesiothermic reduction reaction process to suppress these issues. The mesoporous Si nanospheres are wrapped with N-doped carbon shells network to form yolk-shell structure.Interestingly, the distance of adjacent Si@C nanospheres can be controllably adjusted by different addition amounts of SiO_2 nanospheres. When used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the NL-Si@C-0.5 exhibits best cycling stability and rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the necklace-like network structure and N-doped carbon layers, which can ensure fast ions and electrons transportation, facilitate the electrolyte penetration and provide finite voids to allow large volume expansion of inner Si nanoparticles. Moreover, the protective carbon layers are also beneficial to the formation of stable solid electrolyte interface film.
引文
[1] Xu Q, Sun JK, Li JY, et al. Scalable synthesis of spherical Si/C granules with 3D conducting networks as ultrahigh loading anodes in lithium-ion batteries.Energy Storage Mater 2018;12:54–60.
[2] Liu Z, Chang X, Wang T, et al. Silica-derived hydrophobic colloidal nano-Si for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 2017;11:6065–73.
[3] Liang S, Cao X, Wang Y, et al. Uniform 8LiFePO4áLi3V2(PO4)3/C nanoflakes for high-performance Li-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2016;22:48–58.
[4] Tang C, Liu Y, Xu C, et al. Ultrafine nickel-nanoparticle-enabled SiO2hierarchical hollow spheres for high-performance lithium storage. Adv Funct Mater 2018;28:1704561.
[5] Xu Q, Sun JK, Yin YX, et al. Facile synthesis of blocky SiOx/C with graphite-like structure for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes. Adv Funct Mater2017;28:1705235.
[6] Li S, Tang H, Ge P, et al. Electrochemical investigation of natural ore molybdenite(MoS2)as a first-hand anode for lithium storages. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018;10:6378–89.
[7] Zhang N, Chen C, Yan X, et al. Bacteria-inspired fabrication of Fe3O4-carbon/graphene foam for lithium-ion battery anodes. Electrochim Acta2017;22:339–46.
[8] Liang J, Yuan C, Li H, et al. Growth of SnO2nanoflowers on N-doped carbon nanofibers as anode for Li-and Na-ion batteries. Nano Micro Lett2018;10:21.
[9] Xu Q, Li JY, Sun JK, et al. Watermelon-inspired Si/C microspheres with hierarchical buffer structures for densely compacted lithium-ion battery anodes. Adv Energy Mater 2017;7:1601481.
[10] Jin Y, Li S, Kushima A, et al. Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a siliconmajority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%. Energy Environ Sci 2017;10:580–92.
[11] Jeong MG, Du HL, Islam M, et al. Self-rearrangement of silicon nanoparticles embedded in micro-carbon sphere framework for high-energy and long-life lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett 2017;17:5600–6.
[12] Nie P, Le Z, Chen G, et al. Graphene caging silicon particles for highperformance lithium-ion batteries. Small 2018;14:1800635.
[13] Huang S, Zhang L, Liu L, et al. Rationally engineered amorphous TiOx/Si/TiOx nanomembrane as an anode material for high energy lithium ion battery.Energy Storage Mater 2018;12:23–9.
[14] Xu Q, Li JY, Yin YX, et al. Nano/micro-structured Si/C anodes with high initial coulombic efficiency in Li-ion batteries. Chem Asia J 2016;11:1205–9.
[15] Kim SY, Lee J, Kim BH, et al. Facile synthesis of carbon-coated silicon/graphite spherical composites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016;8:12109–17.
[16] Casimir A, Zhang H, Ogoke O, et al. Silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries:effectiveness of materials synthesis and electrode preparation. Nano Energy 2016;27:359–76.
[17] Chan CK, Peng H, Liu G, et al. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat Nanotechnol 2008;3:31–5.
[18] Yu X, Xue F, Huang H, et al. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of silicon nanosheets by DC arc discharge for lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale2014;6:6860–5.
[19] Hieu NS, Lim JC, Lee JK. Free-standing silicon nanorods on copper foil as anode for lithium-ion batteries. Microelectron Eng 2012;89:138–40.
[20] Yao Y, McDowell MT, Ryu I, et al. Interconnected silicon hollow nanospheres for lithium-ion battery anodes with long cycle life. Nano Lett2011;11:2949–54.
[21] Stokes K, Geaney H, Flynn G, et al. Direct synthesis of alloyed Si1-xGex nanowires for performance-tunable lithium ion battery anodes. ACS Nano2017;11:10088–96.
[22] Li W, Guo X, Lu Y, et al. Amorphous nanosized silicon with hierarchically porous structure for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater 2017;7:203–8.
[23] Hou G, Cheng B, Cao Y, et al. Scalable production of 3D plum-pudding-like Si/C spheres:towards practical application in Li-ion batteries. Nano Energy2016;24:111–20.
[24] Zhang YC, You Y, Xin S, et al. Rice husk-derived hierarchical silicon/nitrogendoped carbon/carbon nanotube spheres as low-cost and high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2016;25:120–7.
[25] Li JY, Xu Q, Li G, et al. Research progress regarding Si-based anode materials towards practical application in high energy density Li-ion batteries. Mater Chem Front 2017;1:1691–708.
[26] Zhang Y, Pan A, Ding L, et al. Nitrogen-doped yolk-shell-structured CoSe/C dodecahedra for high-performance sodium ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017;9:3624–33.
[27] Zhu M, Kong X, Yang H, et al. One-dimensional coaxial Sb and carbon fibers with enhanced electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries. Appl Surface Sci 2018;428:448–54.
[28] Hou H, Shao L, Zhang Y, et al. Large-area carbon nanosheets doped with phosphorus:a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Sci 2017;4:1600243.
[29] Zhang Y, Foster CW, Banks CE, et al. Graphene-rich wrapped petal-like rutile TiO2tuned by carbon dots for high-performance sodium storage. Adv Mater2016;28:9391–9.
[30] Shen X, Tian Z, Fan R, et al. Research progress on silicon/carbon composite anode materials for lithium-ion battery. J Energy Chem 2018;27:1067–90.
[31] Xu Z, Gang Y, Garakani M, et al. Carbon-coated mesoporous silicon microsphere anodes with greatly reduced volume expansion. J Mater Chem A 2016;4:6098–106.
[32] Kim B, Ahn J, Oh Y, et al. Highly porous carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles with canyon-like surfaces as a high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 2018;6:3028–37.
[33] Xu Y, Zhu Y, Han F, et al. 3D Si/C fiber paper electrodes fabricated using a combined electrospray/electrospinning technique for Li-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater 2015;5:1400753.
[34] Chen SQ, Shen LF, Aken PA, et al. Dual-functionalized double carbon shells coated silicon nanoparticles for high performance lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater 2017;29:1605650.
[35] Liu Z, Guan D, Yu Q, et al. Monodisperse and homogeneous SiOx/C microspheres:a promising high-capacity and durable anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater 2018;13:112–8.
[36] Yang J, Wang YX, Chou SL, et al. Yolk-shell silicon-mesoporous carbon anode with compact solid electrolyte interphase film for superior lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2015;18:133–42.
[37] Liu W, Jiang J, Wang H, et al. Influence of graphene oxide on electrochemical performance of Si anode material for lithium-ion batteries. J Energy Chem2016;25:817–24.
[38] Xiao Z, Xia N, Song L, et al. Synthesis of yolk-shell-structured Si@C nanocomposite anode material for lithium-ion battery. J Electron Mater2018;47:6311–8.
[39] Xu R, Wang G, Zhou T, et al. Rational design of Si@carbon with robust hierarchically porous custard-apple-like structure to boost lithium storage.Nano Energy 2017;39:253–61.
[40] Lu C, Wang D, Zhao J, et al. A continuous carbon nitride polyhedron assembly for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Adv Funct Mater2017;27:1606219.
[41] Liang J, Gao X, Guo J, et al. Electrospun MoO2@NC nanofibers with excellent Li+/Na+storage for dual applications. Sci China Mater 2017;61:30–8.
[42] Hou H, Banks CE, Jing M, et al. Carbon quantum dots and their derivative 3D porous carbon frameworks for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle life.Adv Mater 2015;27:7861–6.
[43] Li Z, Fang Y, Zhang J, et al. Necklace-like structures composed of Fe3N@C yolkshell particles as an advanced anode for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Mater2018;30:1800525.
[44] Li Z, Guan B, Zhang J, et al. A compact nanoconfined sulfur cathode for highperformance lithium-sulfur batteries. Joule 2017;1:576–87.
[45] St?ber W, Fink A, Bohn E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J Colloid Interfaces Sci 1968;26:62–9.
[46] Zhang Y, Pan A, Wang Y, et al. Self-templated synthesis of N-doped CoSe2/C double-shelled dodecahedra for high-performance supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater 2017;8:28–34.
[47] Wang Y, Zhu T, Zhang Y, et al. Rational design of multi-shelled CoO/Co9S8hollow microspheres for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 2017;5:18448–56.
[48] Kim SJ, Kim MC, Han SB, et al. 3D flexible Si based-composite(Si@Si3N4)/CNF electrode with enhanced cyclability and high rate capability for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2016;27:545–53.
[49] An Y, Fei H, Zeng G, et al. Scalable, and controllable fabrication of nanoporous silicon from commercial alloy precursors for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 2018;12:4993–5002.
[50] Liang G, Qin X, Zou J, et al. Electrosprayed silicon-embedded porous carbon microspheres as lithium-ion battery anodes with exceptional rate capacities.Carbon 2018;127:424–31.
[51] Zuo X, Xia Y, Ji Q, et al. Self-templating construction of 3D hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silicon from 0D silica nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2017;11:889–99.
[52] Gattu B, Epur R, Jampani PH, et al. Silicon-carbon core-shell hollow nanotubular configuration high-performance lithium-ion anodes. J Phys Chem C 2017;121:9662–71.
[53] Zou G, Hou H, Cao X, et al. 3D hollow porous carbon microspheres derived from Mn-MOFs and their electrochemical behavior for sodium storage. J Mater Chem A 2017;5:23550–8.
[54] Kong X, Zhu T, Cheng F, et al. Uniform MnCo2O4porous dumbbells for lithiumion batteries and oxygen evolution reactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2018;10:8730–8.
[55] Wang Q, Zhang W, Guo C, et al. In situ construction of 3D interconnected FeS@Fe3C@graphitic carbon networks for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater 2017;27:1703390.
[56] Ge P, Hou H, Banks CE, et al. Binding MoSe2with carbon constrained in carbonous nanosphere towards high-capacity and ultrafast Li/Na-ion storage.Energy Storage Mater 2018;12:310–23.
[57] Pei C, Xiong F, Sheng J, et al. VO2nanoflakes as the cathode material of hybrid magnesium-lithium-ion batteries with high energy density. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017;9:17060–6.
[58] Ngo DT, Le H, Kim C, et al. Mass-scalable synthesis of 3D porous germanium–carbon composite particles as an ultra-high rate anode for lithium ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 2015;8:3577–88.
[2] Liu Z, Chang X, Wang T, et al. Silica-derived hydrophobic colloidal nano-Si for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 2017;11:6065–73.
[3] Liang S, Cao X, Wang Y, et al. Uniform 8LiFePO4áLi3V2(PO4)3/C nanoflakes for high-performance Li-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2016;22:48–58.
[4] Tang C, Liu Y, Xu C, et al. Ultrafine nickel-nanoparticle-enabled SiO2hierarchical hollow spheres for high-performance lithium storage. Adv Funct Mater 2018;28:1704561.
[5] Xu Q, Sun JK, Yin YX, et al. Facile synthesis of blocky SiOx/C with graphite-like structure for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes. Adv Funct Mater2017;28:1705235.
[6] Li S, Tang H, Ge P, et al. Electrochemical investigation of natural ore molybdenite(MoS2)as a first-hand anode for lithium storages. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018;10:6378–89.
[7] Zhang N, Chen C, Yan X, et al. Bacteria-inspired fabrication of Fe3O4-carbon/graphene foam for lithium-ion battery anodes. Electrochim Acta2017;22:339–46.
[8] Liang J, Yuan C, Li H, et al. Growth of SnO2nanoflowers on N-doped carbon nanofibers as anode for Li-and Na-ion batteries. Nano Micro Lett2018;10:21.
[9] Xu Q, Li JY, Sun JK, et al. Watermelon-inspired Si/C microspheres with hierarchical buffer structures for densely compacted lithium-ion battery anodes. Adv Energy Mater 2017;7:1601481.
[10] Jin Y, Li S, Kushima A, et al. Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a siliconmajority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%. Energy Environ Sci 2017;10:580–92.
[11] Jeong MG, Du HL, Islam M, et al. Self-rearrangement of silicon nanoparticles embedded in micro-carbon sphere framework for high-energy and long-life lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett 2017;17:5600–6.
[12] Nie P, Le Z, Chen G, et al. Graphene caging silicon particles for highperformance lithium-ion batteries. Small 2018;14:1800635.
[13] Huang S, Zhang L, Liu L, et al. Rationally engineered amorphous TiOx/Si/TiOx nanomembrane as an anode material for high energy lithium ion battery.Energy Storage Mater 2018;12:23–9.
[14] Xu Q, Li JY, Yin YX, et al. Nano/micro-structured Si/C anodes with high initial coulombic efficiency in Li-ion batteries. Chem Asia J 2016;11:1205–9.
[15] Kim SY, Lee J, Kim BH, et al. Facile synthesis of carbon-coated silicon/graphite spherical composites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016;8:12109–17.
[16] Casimir A, Zhang H, Ogoke O, et al. Silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries:effectiveness of materials synthesis and electrode preparation. Nano Energy 2016;27:359–76.
[17] Chan CK, Peng H, Liu G, et al. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat Nanotechnol 2008;3:31–5.
[18] Yu X, Xue F, Huang H, et al. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of silicon nanosheets by DC arc discharge for lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale2014;6:6860–5.
[19] Hieu NS, Lim JC, Lee JK. Free-standing silicon nanorods on copper foil as anode for lithium-ion batteries. Microelectron Eng 2012;89:138–40.
[20] Yao Y, McDowell MT, Ryu I, et al. Interconnected silicon hollow nanospheres for lithium-ion battery anodes with long cycle life. Nano Lett2011;11:2949–54.
[21] Stokes K, Geaney H, Flynn G, et al. Direct synthesis of alloyed Si1-xGex nanowires for performance-tunable lithium ion battery anodes. ACS Nano2017;11:10088–96.
[22] Li W, Guo X, Lu Y, et al. Amorphous nanosized silicon with hierarchically porous structure for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater 2017;7:203–8.
[23] Hou G, Cheng B, Cao Y, et al. Scalable production of 3D plum-pudding-like Si/C spheres:towards practical application in Li-ion batteries. Nano Energy2016;24:111–20.
[24] Zhang YC, You Y, Xin S, et al. Rice husk-derived hierarchical silicon/nitrogendoped carbon/carbon nanotube spheres as low-cost and high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2016;25:120–7.
[25] Li JY, Xu Q, Li G, et al. Research progress regarding Si-based anode materials towards practical application in high energy density Li-ion batteries. Mater Chem Front 2017;1:1691–708.
[26] Zhang Y, Pan A, Ding L, et al. Nitrogen-doped yolk-shell-structured CoSe/C dodecahedra for high-performance sodium ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017;9:3624–33.
[27] Zhu M, Kong X, Yang H, et al. One-dimensional coaxial Sb and carbon fibers with enhanced electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries. Appl Surface Sci 2018;428:448–54.
[28] Hou H, Shao L, Zhang Y, et al. Large-area carbon nanosheets doped with phosphorus:a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Sci 2017;4:1600243.
[29] Zhang Y, Foster CW, Banks CE, et al. Graphene-rich wrapped petal-like rutile TiO2tuned by carbon dots for high-performance sodium storage. Adv Mater2016;28:9391–9.
[30] Shen X, Tian Z, Fan R, et al. Research progress on silicon/carbon composite anode materials for lithium-ion battery. J Energy Chem 2018;27:1067–90.
[31] Xu Z, Gang Y, Garakani M, et al. Carbon-coated mesoporous silicon microsphere anodes with greatly reduced volume expansion. J Mater Chem A 2016;4:6098–106.
[32] Kim B, Ahn J, Oh Y, et al. Highly porous carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles with canyon-like surfaces as a high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 2018;6:3028–37.
[33] Xu Y, Zhu Y, Han F, et al. 3D Si/C fiber paper electrodes fabricated using a combined electrospray/electrospinning technique for Li-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater 2015;5:1400753.
[34] Chen SQ, Shen LF, Aken PA, et al. Dual-functionalized double carbon shells coated silicon nanoparticles for high performance lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater 2017;29:1605650.
[35] Liu Z, Guan D, Yu Q, et al. Monodisperse and homogeneous SiOx/C microspheres:a promising high-capacity and durable anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater 2018;13:112–8.
[36] Yang J, Wang YX, Chou SL, et al. Yolk-shell silicon-mesoporous carbon anode with compact solid electrolyte interphase film for superior lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2015;18:133–42.
[37] Liu W, Jiang J, Wang H, et al. Influence of graphene oxide on electrochemical performance of Si anode material for lithium-ion batteries. J Energy Chem2016;25:817–24.
[38] Xiao Z, Xia N, Song L, et al. Synthesis of yolk-shell-structured Si@C nanocomposite anode material for lithium-ion battery. J Electron Mater2018;47:6311–8.
[39] Xu R, Wang G, Zhou T, et al. Rational design of Si@carbon with robust hierarchically porous custard-apple-like structure to boost lithium storage.Nano Energy 2017;39:253–61.
[40] Lu C, Wang D, Zhao J, et al. A continuous carbon nitride polyhedron assembly for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Adv Funct Mater2017;27:1606219.
[41] Liang J, Gao X, Guo J, et al. Electrospun MoO2@NC nanofibers with excellent Li+/Na+storage for dual applications. Sci China Mater 2017;61:30–8.
[42] Hou H, Banks CE, Jing M, et al. Carbon quantum dots and their derivative 3D porous carbon frameworks for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle life.Adv Mater 2015;27:7861–6.
[43] Li Z, Fang Y, Zhang J, et al. Necklace-like structures composed of Fe3N@C yolkshell particles as an advanced anode for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Mater2018;30:1800525.
[44] Li Z, Guan B, Zhang J, et al. A compact nanoconfined sulfur cathode for highperformance lithium-sulfur batteries. Joule 2017;1:576–87.
[45] St?ber W, Fink A, Bohn E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J Colloid Interfaces Sci 1968;26:62–9.
[46] Zhang Y, Pan A, Wang Y, et al. Self-templated synthesis of N-doped CoSe2/C double-shelled dodecahedra for high-performance supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater 2017;8:28–34.
[47] Wang Y, Zhu T, Zhang Y, et al. Rational design of multi-shelled CoO/Co9S8hollow microspheres for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 2017;5:18448–56.
[48] Kim SJ, Kim MC, Han SB, et al. 3D flexible Si based-composite(Si@Si3N4)/CNF electrode with enhanced cyclability and high rate capability for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2016;27:545–53.
[49] An Y, Fei H, Zeng G, et al. Scalable, and controllable fabrication of nanoporous silicon from commercial alloy precursors for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. ACS Nano 2018;12:4993–5002.
[50] Liang G, Qin X, Zou J, et al. Electrosprayed silicon-embedded porous carbon microspheres as lithium-ion battery anodes with exceptional rate capacities.Carbon 2018;127:424–31.
[51] Zuo X, Xia Y, Ji Q, et al. Self-templating construction of 3D hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silicon from 0D silica nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2017;11:889–99.
[52] Gattu B, Epur R, Jampani PH, et al. Silicon-carbon core-shell hollow nanotubular configuration high-performance lithium-ion anodes. J Phys Chem C 2017;121:9662–71.
[53] Zou G, Hou H, Cao X, et al. 3D hollow porous carbon microspheres derived from Mn-MOFs and their electrochemical behavior for sodium storage. J Mater Chem A 2017;5:23550–8.
[54] Kong X, Zhu T, Cheng F, et al. Uniform MnCo2O4porous dumbbells for lithiumion batteries and oxygen evolution reactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2018;10:8730–8.
[55] Wang Q, Zhang W, Guo C, et al. In situ construction of 3D interconnected FeS@Fe3C@graphitic carbon networks for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater 2017;27:1703390.
[56] Ge P, Hou H, Banks CE, et al. Binding MoSe2with carbon constrained in carbonous nanosphere towards high-capacity and ultrafast Li/Na-ion storage.Energy Storage Mater 2018;12:310–23.
[57] Pei C, Xiong F, Sheng J, et al. VO2nanoflakes as the cathode material of hybrid magnesium-lithium-ion batteries with high energy density. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017;9:17060–6.
[58] Ngo DT, Le H, Kim C, et al. Mass-scalable synthesis of 3D porous germanium–carbon composite particles as an ultra-high rate anode for lithium ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 2015;8:3577–88.