基于遥感影像的近30年西宁市热岛效应时空变化
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摘要
利用1987?—?2015年多个时相的Landsat卫星影像及同期气象和社会经济数据,结合多年建成区边界,利用单窗算法反演了地表温度,结合热场变异指数定量分析了西宁市城市建成区热岛强度时空演化特征,探讨了其与城市绿化程度、车辆数等要素的关系,提出了城市化进程中城市热岛效应的调控措施。研究结果显示:(1)西宁市夏季表现为"热岛"效应,冬季为"冷岛"效应;(2)西宁市热岛效应强度在时间序列有三个节点,2000年以前西宁市夏季和冬季白天各个热岛区面积变化不明显,2000年以后热岛区面积,尤其是较强热岛区面积和中热岛区面积都出现迅速增加的趋势,2003年热岛区面积达到最高,2003年以后热岛区面积渐渐回落,2011年以后又增强;(3)夏季"热岛"区面积变化趋势和冬季"冷岛"区面积变化趋势一致,且与建成区变化一致。
Background, aim, and scope With the implementation of the western development policy, Xining entered a rapid development stage at the end of twentieth century, and the scale of the city has been expanding,which has caused the urban heat island effect to become more and more prominent. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and mitigation measures of urban heat island effect in Xining for the sustainable development of Xining. Compared with previous studies, the general urban heat island studies mostly take the urban administrative boundary as the suburb boundary. This paper takes the urban built-up area boundary as the urban and suburban boundary, and is relatively new. Materials and methods Using the Landsat satellite image from 1987 to 2015 and the same period of meteorological data and economic data, selected the single window algorithm to retrieve the surface temperature in Xining City from Landsat satellite image, combined with the thermal field variation and years of built-up area of the boundary, then the characteristics of temporal spatial evolution of Xining City urban heat island effect is analyzed in this paper. At the same time, the relationship between heat island intensity and vegetation,impervious surface, population and other factors was discussed. Finally, it puts forward the regulation measures of urban heat island effect in the process of urbanization. Results(1) Xining City shows "heat island" effect in summer and "cold island" effect in winter.(2) The intensity of heat island effect in Xining enhance slowly from 1987 to 2000, increase rapidly from 2000 to 2003, weaken gradually from 2003 to 2011, and enhanced after 2011.(3) The change trend of summer "heat island" area is consistent with that of winter "cold island"area, and is consistent with that of built-up area. Discussion The change of the heat island area in Xining shows that 2000 has become an important time node for the change of thermal environment. Before 2000,the area of heat island in Xining increased little, but there was a sharp increase after 2000. This is due to the implementation of the western development policy. Xining has expanded rapidly in the original built-up area, making the city development from a single center to a multi-center structure, and the increasing rate of greening can not catch up with the speed of development. Combined with the actual situation in Xining, this paper puts forward four relief measures for the heat island effect.(1) The artificial lakes should be dug near the industrial zone and the park.(2) Private cars should be controlled.(3) Green energy, such as abundant solar and wind energy in Qinghai Province should be developed.(4) Construction the counties around Huangzhong, Huangyuan and other Xining cities to attract and disperse the population. Conclusions(1) There was almost no change of heat island area in Xining before 2000. After 2000, the area of heat island area, especially the area of strong heat island area and medium heat island area, increased rapidly. In 2003, the area of heat island area reached the highest. From 2003 to 2011, the area of heat island gradually decreased, but increased again after2011.(2) During the summer daytime, the intensity of urban heat island in Xining is positively correlated with the number of vehicles, built-up area, population and NDBI mean, and negatively correlated with urban greening rate,NDVI mean and BCI.(3) In winter daytime, the intensity of urban heat island in Xining is positively correlated with urban greening rate, NDVI, NDBI, BCI, and negatively correlated with the number of vehicles and built-up area. Recommendations and perspectives Due to the lack of remote sensing data and the poor quality of remote sensing data, the final screening image is not continuous in time, and the final result may lose some information.If there are more image data, better results should be obtained. In the study, it was found that during the winter,Xining was an obvious "cold island" in the daytime. Some studies have shown that the urban area in winter is "heat island" at night. However, due to the limitation of the imaging time of remote sensing data, the night thermal environment in the built area has not been studied in this paper. In future studies, we will focus on the heat island effect of winter nights in Xining.
Background, aim, and scope With the implementation of the western development policy, Xining entered a rapid development stage at the end of twentieth century, and the scale of the city has been expanding,which has caused the urban heat island effect to become more and more prominent. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and mitigation measures of urban heat island effect in Xining for the sustainable development of Xining. Compared with previous studies, the general urban heat island studies mostly take the urban administrative boundary as the suburb boundary. This paper takes the urban built-up area boundary as the urban and suburban boundary, and is relatively new. Materials and methods Using the Landsat satellite image from 1987 to 2015 and the same period of meteorological data and economic data, selected the single window algorithm to retrieve the surface temperature in Xining City from Landsat satellite image, combined with the thermal field variation and years of built-up area of the boundary, then the characteristics of temporal spatial evolution of Xining City urban heat island effect is analyzed in this paper. At the same time, the relationship between heat island intensity and vegetation,impervious surface, population and other factors was discussed. Finally, it puts forward the regulation measures of urban heat island effect in the process of urbanization. Results(1) Xining City shows "heat island" effect in summer and "cold island" effect in winter.(2) The intensity of heat island effect in Xining enhance slowly from 1987 to 2000, increase rapidly from 2000 to 2003, weaken gradually from 2003 to 2011, and enhanced after 2011.(3) The change trend of summer "heat island" area is consistent with that of winter "cold island"area, and is consistent with that of built-up area. Discussion The change of the heat island area in Xining shows that 2000 has become an important time node for the change of thermal environment. Before 2000,the area of heat island in Xining increased little, but there was a sharp increase after 2000. This is due to the implementation of the western development policy. Xining has expanded rapidly in the original built-up area, making the city development from a single center to a multi-center structure, and the increasing rate of greening can not catch up with the speed of development. Combined with the actual situation in Xining, this paper puts forward four relief measures for the heat island effect.(1) The artificial lakes should be dug near the industrial zone and the park.(2) Private cars should be controlled.(3) Green energy, such as abundant solar and wind energy in Qinghai Province should be developed.(4) Construction the counties around Huangzhong, Huangyuan and other Xining cities to attract and disperse the population. Conclusions(1) There was almost no change of heat island area in Xining before 2000. After 2000, the area of heat island area, especially the area of strong heat island area and medium heat island area, increased rapidly. In 2003, the area of heat island area reached the highest. From 2003 to 2011, the area of heat island gradually decreased, but increased again after2011.(2) During the summer daytime, the intensity of urban heat island in Xining is positively correlated with the number of vehicles, built-up area, population and NDBI mean, and negatively correlated with urban greening rate,NDVI mean and BCI.(3) In winter daytime, the intensity of urban heat island in Xining is positively correlated with urban greening rate, NDVI, NDBI, BCI, and negatively correlated with the number of vehicles and built-up area. Recommendations and perspectives Due to the lack of remote sensing data and the poor quality of remote sensing data, the final screening image is not continuous in time, and the final result may lose some information.If there are more image data, better results should be obtained. In the study, it was found that during the winter,Xining was an obvious "cold island" in the daytime. Some studies have shown that the urban area in winter is "heat island" at night. However, due to the limitation of the imaging time of remote sensing data, the night thermal environment in the built area has not been studied in this paper. In future studies, we will focus on the heat island effect of winter nights in Xining.
引文
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徐永明,覃志豪,朱焱.2009.基于遥感数据的苏州市热岛效应时空变化特征分析[J].地理科学,29(4):529-534.[Xu Y M,Qin Z H,Zhu Y.2009.Spatial and temporal analysis of urban heat island in Suzhou city by remote sensing[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,29(4):529-534.]
杨鹏,陈静,侯晓玮,等.2013.基于多源数据的城市热岛效应研究——以石家庄地区为例[J].气象,39(10):1304-1313.[Yang P,Chen J,Hou X W,et al.2013.Study of urban heat island based on multi-source data-by the example of the Shijiazhuang area[J].Meteorological Monthly,39(10):1304-1313.]
于斌,刘峰贵,周强,等.2008.西宁市气温变化与热岛效应分析[J].安徽农业科学,36(36):16031-16033.[Yu B,Liu F G,Zhou Q,et al.2008.Analysis of the air temperature changes and heat island effect in Xining City[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,36(36):16031-16033.]
张建明,王鹏龙,马宁,等.2012.河谷地形下兰州市城市热岛效应的时空演变研究[J].地理科学,32(12):1530-1537.[Zhang J M,Wang P L,Ma N,et al.2012.Spatial-temporal evolution of urban heat island effect in basin valley-a case study of Lanzhou City[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,32(12):1530-1537.]
张忠孝.2009.青海地理[M].第二版.北京:科学出版社.[Zhang Z X.2009.Qinghai geography[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press.]
赵英时.2002.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社:50-353.[Zhao Y S.2002.Principle and method of remote sensing application analysis[M].Beijing:Science Press:50-353.]
陈云浩,宫阿都,李京.2006.基于地表辐射亮温标准化的城市热环境遥感研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,35(4):462-467.[Chen Y H,Gong A D,Li J.2006.Study of urban thermal environment using remote sensing data based on radiation normalization[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,35(4):462-467.]
黄金海.2006.杭州市热岛效应与植被覆盖关系的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学.[Huang J H.2006.Studies on the relationship between vegetation cover and urban heat island effect in Hangzhou[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University.]
贾伟,高小红.2014.河谷型城市热岛空间分布格局演变及对策——以西宁市区为例[J].地球信息科学学报,16(4):592-601.[Jia W,Gao X H.2014.Analysis of urban heat island environment in a valley city for policy formulation:a case study of Xining City in Qinghai Province of China[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,16(4):592-601.]
刘沁萍.2013.近20年来中国建成区扩张、建成区植被和热岛效应变化及其人文影响因素研究[D].兰州:兰州大学.[Liu Q P.2013.Expansion of built-up areas,changes of vegetation and heat island effect in these areas,and human impact on the changes in China,1992-2010[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University.]
浦苗苗.2014.基于Landsat数据的西安市热岛效应研究[D].西安:长安大学.[Pu M M.2014.The study of urban heat island effects about Xi’an city using Landsat data[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University.]
青海省统计局,国家统计局青海调查总队.2015.青海统计年鉴:2015[M].北京:中国统计出版社.[Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics,NBS Survey Office in Qinghai.2015.Qinghai statistical yearbook:2015[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press.]
寿亦萱,张大林.2012.城市热岛效应的研究进展与展望[J].气象学报,70(3):338-353.[Shou Y X,Zhang D L.2012.Recent advances in understanding urban heat island effects with some future prospects[J].Acta Meteorology Sinica,70(3):338-353.]
司敏.2013.基于Landsat数据的城市热岛效应变化及预测研究——以天津市(滨海新区)为例[D].天津:天津师范大学.[Si M.2013.Research on change of urban heat island effect and prediction based on Landsat dataa case study of Tianjin(Binhai New Area)[D].Tianjin:Tianjin Normal University.]
孙茂存,李俊锋.2015.基于TM遥感影像数据的乌鲁木齐热岛效应分析[J].测绘通报,(5):95-98.[Sun M C,Li J F.2015.Analysis of heat island effect of Urumqi based on TMremote sensing image data[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,(5):95-98.]
孙飒梅,卢昌义.2002.遥感监测城市热岛强度及其作为生态监测指标的探讨[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),41(1):66-70.[Sun S M,Lu C Y.2002.Study on monitoring intensity of urban heat island and taking it as an indicator for urban ecosystem by remote sensing[J].Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),41(1):66-70.]
覃志豪,李文娟,徐斌,等.2004.陆地卫星TM6波段范围内地表比辐射率的估计[J].国土资源遥感,(3):28-32.[Qin Z H,Li W J,Xu B,et al.2004.The estimation of land surface emissivity for Landsat TM6[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,(3):28-32.]
王建凯,王开存,王普才.2007.基于MODIS地表温度产品的北京城市热岛(冷岛)强度分析[J].遥感学报,11(3):330-339.[Wang J K,Wang K C,Wang P C.2007.Urban heat(or cool)island over Beijing from MODISland surface temperature[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,11(3):330-339.]
王江山.2004.青海天气气候[M].北京:气象出版社:56-58.[Wang J S.2004.Qinghai weather and climate[M].Beijing:Meteorology Press:56-58.]
王靓,孟庆岩,吴俊,等.2015.2005-2014年北京市主要城建区热岛强度时空格局分析[J].地球信息科学学报,17(9):1047-1054.[Wang L,Meng Q Y,Wu J,et al.2015.Monitoring and analyzing spatio-temporal changes of heat island intensity in Beijing main urban construction area from 2005 to 2014[J].Journal of Geoinformation Science,17(9):1047-1054.]
徐永明,覃志豪,朱焱.2009.基于遥感数据的苏州市热岛效应时空变化特征分析[J].地理科学,29(4):529-534.[Xu Y M,Qin Z H,Zhu Y.2009.Spatial and temporal analysis of urban heat island in Suzhou city by remote sensing[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,29(4):529-534.]
杨鹏,陈静,侯晓玮,等.2013.基于多源数据的城市热岛效应研究——以石家庄地区为例[J].气象,39(10):1304-1313.[Yang P,Chen J,Hou X W,et al.2013.Study of urban heat island based on multi-source data-by the example of the Shijiazhuang area[J].Meteorological Monthly,39(10):1304-1313.]
于斌,刘峰贵,周强,等.2008.西宁市气温变化与热岛效应分析[J].安徽农业科学,36(36):16031-16033.[Yu B,Liu F G,Zhou Q,et al.2008.Analysis of the air temperature changes and heat island effect in Xining City[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,36(36):16031-16033.]
张建明,王鹏龙,马宁,等.2012.河谷地形下兰州市城市热岛效应的时空演变研究[J].地理科学,32(12):1530-1537.[Zhang J M,Wang P L,Ma N,et al.2012.Spatial-temporal evolution of urban heat island effect in basin valley-a case study of Lanzhou City[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,32(12):1530-1537.]
张忠孝.2009.青海地理[M].第二版.北京:科学出版社.[Zhang Z X.2009.Qinghai geography[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press.]
赵英时.2002.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社:50-353.[Zhao Y S.2002.Principle and method of remote sensing application analysis[M].Beijing:Science Press:50-353.]