The history and future of the biological resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas
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摘要
The term ‘biological resources' here means a set of organisms that can be used by man directly or indirectly for consumption. They are involved in economic activities and represent an important part of a country's raw material potential. Many other organisms are also subject to rational use and protection. They can be associated with true resource species through interspecific relationships. The Caspian and Aral Seas are continental water bodies, giant saline lakes. Both categories of species are represented in the benthic and pelagic communities of the Caspian and Aral Seas and are involved in human economic activities. The most important biological resource of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea is their ichthyofauna, represented by both aboriginal species and species introduced by man in the 20 th century. Among invertebrates, the main biological resource of these saline lakes is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The physical state of the Caspian as a water body is relatively stable but its biological resources are very seriously af fected by irrational use. The Aral Sea since the second half of the 20 t h century has experienced catastrophic anthropogenic regression, which has led to the almost complete loss of its biological resources due to salinization. However, thanks to efficacious engineering measures, it has now become possible to preserve its northern part(Small Aral) and rehabilitate it, lowering the salinity to its former state. The result has been the restoration of its fish biological resources. In the southern part of Aral(Large Aral), which turned into a group of separated hypersaline reservoirs, the only resource species currently available is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The main environmental threats for biological resources of the future Caspian and Aral as well as potential solutions are considered.
The term ‘biological resources' here means a set of organisms that can be used by man directly or indirectly for consumption. They are involved in economic activities and represent an important part of a country's raw material potential. Many other organisms are also subject to rational use and protection. They can be associated with true resource species through interspecific relationships. The Caspian and Aral Seas are continental water bodies, giant saline lakes. Both categories of species are represented in the benthic and pelagic communities of the Caspian and Aral Seas and are involved in human economic activities. The most important biological resource of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea is their ichthyofauna, represented by both aboriginal species and species introduced by man in the 20 th century. Among invertebrates, the main biological resource of these saline lakes is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The physical state of the Caspian as a water body is relatively stable but its biological resources are very seriously af fected by irrational use. The Aral Sea since the second half of the 20 t h century has experienced catastrophic anthropogenic regression, which has led to the almost complete loss of its biological resources due to salinization. However, thanks to efficacious engineering measures, it has now become possible to preserve its northern part(Small Aral) and rehabilitate it, lowering the salinity to its former state. The result has been the restoration of its fish biological resources. In the southern part of Aral(Large Aral), which turned into a group of separated hypersaline reservoirs, the only resource species currently available is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The main environmental threats for biological resources of the future Caspian and Aral as well as potential solutions are considered.
The term ‘biological resources' here means a set of organisms that can be used by man directly or indirectly for consumption. They are involved in economic activities and represent an important part of a country's raw material potential. Many other organisms are also subject to rational use and protection. They can be associated with true resource species through interspecific relationships. The Caspian and Aral Seas are continental water bodies, giant saline lakes. Both categories of species are represented in the benthic and pelagic communities of the Caspian and Aral Seas and are involved in human economic activities. The most important biological resource of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea is their ichthyofauna, represented by both aboriginal species and species introduced by man in the 20 th century. Among invertebrates, the main biological resource of these saline lakes is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The physical state of the Caspian as a water body is relatively stable but its biological resources are very seriously af fected by irrational use. The Aral Sea since the second half of the 20 t h century has experienced catastrophic anthropogenic regression, which has led to the almost complete loss of its biological resources due to salinization. However, thanks to efficacious engineering measures, it has now become possible to preserve its northern part(Small Aral) and rehabilitate it, lowering the salinity to its former state. The result has been the restoration of its fish biological resources. In the southern part of Aral(Large Aral), which turned into a group of separated hypersaline reservoirs, the only resource species currently available is the brine shrimp A rtemia. The main environmental threats for biological resources of the future Caspian and Aral as well as potential solutions are considered.
引文
Aladin N,Plotnikov I,Bolshov A,Pichugin A.2001.Biodiversity of the Caspian Sea.In:Caspian Sea Biodiversity Project under umbrella of Caspian Sea Environment Program.https://www.zin.ru/projects/caspdiv/biodiversity_report.html.
Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S.2008.Modern fauna of residual water bodies formed on the place of the former Aral Sea.Proc.Zool.Inst.RAS,312(1-2):145-154.(in Russian)
Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S,Potts W T W.1995.The Aral Sea desiccation and possible ways of rehabilitating and conserving its northern part.Environ metrics,6(1):17-29.
Aladin N V,Keyser D,Plotnikov I S,Karimov B K.2017.Distribution of crayfi sh(Crustacea)in the Zarafshan river basin and their suitability for aquaculture.In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Innovation Development of Zarafshan Region:Achievements,Challenges and Prospects.Volume II.Muharrir Nashriyti,Navoi,Uzbekistan.p.262-268.
Bervald E A.1964.Ways of Organizing Rational Fish Economy on Inland Water Bodies.Universitet,Rostov-on-Don,Rostovskiy Gos.148p.(in Russian)
Birshein Y A,Romanova N N.1968.Order amphipoda.In:Birshtein Y A,Vinogradov L G,Kondakov N N,Astakhova M S,Romanova N N eds.Atlas of Invertebrates of the Caspian Sea.Pishchevaya Promyshlennost,Moscow.p.241-289.(in Russian)
Bogutskaya N G,Naseka A M.2013.Fish of the Caspian Sea.In:Identifi cation Keys for Fish and Invertebrates.Volume1.KMK,SPb-Moscow.p.67-297.(in Russian)
Bortnik V N,Chistyaevaya S P.1990.Gidrometeorologiya i gidrokhimiya morey SSSR[Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the Seas of the USSR],vol.VII:Aral'skoye more[Aral Sea].Gidrometeoizdat,Leningrad.196p.(in Russian)
Daneliya M E,Petryashov V V.2015.Order mysids-Mysida.In:Identifi cation Keys for Fish and Invertebrates.Volume2.KMK,SPb-Moscow.p.193-23.(in Russian)
Dogiel V A,Bykhovsky B E.1934.Fauna of parasites of fi shes of the Aral Sea.Parasitol.Sbornik,4:241-346.(in Russian)
Dogiel V A,Lutta A S.1937.About death of sturgeon ship on the Aral Sea in 1936.Rybnoe hoz’aystvo,21:26-27.(in Russian)
Ermakhanov Z K,Plotnikov I S,Aladin N V,Micklin P.2012.Changes in the Aral Sea ichthyofauna and fi shery during the period of ecological crisis.Lakes Reserv.Res.Manag.,17(1):3-9.
Ermakhanov Z K,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S.2013.Evaluation of biological status of main commercial fi sh species populations in the Small Aral Sea.Proc.Zool.Inst.RAS,3 17(S3):105-112.(in Russian)
Ermolin I,Svolkinas L.2018.Assessment of the sturgeon catches and seal bycatches in an IUU fi shery in the Caspian Sea.Mar.Pol.,87:284-290.
Frolov A V.2000.New Methods for Managing Caspian Sea Level Fluctuations.In:Ascher W,Mirovitskaya N eds.The Caspian Sea:A Quest for Environmental Security.Springer,Dordrecht.p.79-88.
German T.2016.Energy exploration and the Caspian region:sturgeon,seals,and sulfur.In:Freedman E,Neuzil M eds.Environmental Crises in Central Asia:from Steppes to Seas,from Deserts to Glaciers.Routledge,London.p.41-51.
Goodman S,Dmitrieva L.2016.Pusa caspica.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T41669A45230700.http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41669/0.
Ivanov V P.2000.Biological Resources of the Caspian Sea.KaspNIRH,Astrakhan.100p.
Jamshidi S.2017.Assessment of thermal stratifi cation,stability and characteristics of deep water zone of the southern Caspian Sea.J.Ocean Eng.Sci.,2(3):203-216.
Janusz-Pawletta B.2015.The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea:Current Challenges and Prospects for Future Development.Springer,Berlin.
Karpevich A F.1975.Theory and Practice of Acclimatization of Aquatic Organisms.Pishchevaya Promyshlennost,Moscow.432p.(in Russian)
Khlebovich V V.2015.Class polychaete worms-Polychaeta.In:Identifi cation Keys for Fish and Invertebrates.Volume2.KMK,SPb-Moscow.p.29-37.(in Russian)
Kochurov B I,Lobkovskii V A,Lobkovskaia L G.2012.The evaluation of potentials of nature in Russian Federation.In:Water Resources of Volga:History,Today and Future Problems of Management.Materials of the Second Interregional Scientifi c-Practical Conference(Astrakhan Province,October 25-27,2012).Astrakhan:Astrakhan Institute of Engineering and Construction.https://nat.astrobl.ru/sites/nat.astrobl.ru/fi les/materialy_vtoroy_mezhregionalnoy_nauchno-prakticheskoy_konferencii_vodnye_resursy_volgi_istoriya_nastoyashchee_i_budushchee_problemy_upravleniya_25-27_oktyabrya_2012_g.pdf Accessed:10.07.0218.
Kortunova T A.1975.On the changes in Aral Sea zooplankton between 1959 and 1968.Zool.Zhurnal.54(5):567-669.(in Russian)
Matri I I,Ratkovich D I.1976.The problems of water economy in the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea.Water Resour.(Vodnye Resur.),3:21-34.(in Russian)
Micklin P.2010.The past,present,and future Aral Sea.Lakes Reserv.Res.Manag.,15(3):193-213.
Micklin P.2014b.Aral Sea basin water resources and the Changing Aral Water balance.In:Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I eds.The Aral Sea:the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of A Great Lake.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg.p.111-135.
Micklin P.2014a.Eff orts to revive the Aral Sea.In:Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I eds.The Aral Sea:the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of A Great Lake.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg.p.361-380.
Micklin P.2016.The Future Aral Sea:hope and despair.Environmental Earth Science,75(9):1-15.
Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S.2014.An expedition to the northern part of the Small Aral Sea(August 29 to September 16,2011).In:Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I eds.The Aral Sea:the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of A Great Lake.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg.p.337-351.
Mitrofanov I V,Mamilov N S.2015.Fish diversity and fi sheries in the Caspian Sea and Aral-Syr Darya basin in the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 21 st Century.Aquat.Ecosyst.Health Manag.,18(2):160-170.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi F D.1972.Modern state of the Aral Sea fauna.Gidrobiol.Zhurn.,3:14-20.(in Russian)
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi F D.1974.Atlas of the Aral Sea Invertebrates.Pischevaya Promyshlennost,Moscow.272p.(in Russian)
Nikolsky G V.1940.Fishes of the Aral Sea.MOIP,Moscow.216p.(in Russian)
Nissling A,Westin L,Hjerne O.2002.Reproductive success in relation to salinity for three fl atfi sh species,dab(Limanda limanda),plaice(Pleuronectes platessa),and fl ounder(Pleuronectes fl esus),in the brackish water Baltic Sea.ICES J.Mar.Sci.,59(1):93-108.
Osmanov S O.1961.On the death of atherine in the Aral Sea.Vestnik Karakalpakskogo fi liala AN UzSSR,3(5):95-96.(in Russian)
Plotnikov I S.2016.Long-Term Changes of the Free-Living Aquatic Invertebrate Fauna of the Aral Sea.ZIN RAS,SPb.168p.(in Russian)
Plotnikov I S,Ermakhanov Z K,Aladin N V,Micklin P.2016.Modern state of the Small(Northern)Aral Sea fauna.Lakes Reserv.Res.Manag.,21(4):315-328.
van Uhm D,Siegel D.2016.The illegal trade in black caviar.Trends Organ.Crim.,19(1):67-87.
Velikova V N,Shaudanov A K,Gasimov A,Korshenko A,Abdoli A,Morozov B,Katunin D N,Mammadov E,Bokova E B,Emadi H,Annachariyeva J,Isbekov K,Akhundov M,Milchakova N,Muradov O,Khodorevskaya R,Shahifar R,Shiganova T,Zarbaliyeva T S,Mammadli T,Velikova V,Barale V,Kim Y.2012.Review of the environment and bioresources in the Caspian Sea ecosystem,2000-2010.CaspEco Report.http://www.caspianenvironment.org/.
Zenkevich L A.1963.Biology of the Seas of the USSR.Interscience Publishers,New York.955p.
Zholdasova I M,Kazakhbaev S,Elbaeva M K,Embergenova US,Lyubimova S K,Mirabdullaev I M.2000.Finding of Artemia in the open part of the Aral Sea.Doklady Akademii Nauk Respubliki Uzbekistan,12:48-50.(in Russian)
Zonn I S.2001.Trista let na Kaspii(Khronologiya osnovnykh istoricheskih sobytii XVIII-XX vekov)(Three hundred years in the Caspian Sea(Chronology of the main historical events).Edel-M,Мoscow.96p.(in Russian)
Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S.2008.Modern fauna of residual water bodies formed on the place of the former Aral Sea.Proc.Zool.Inst.RAS,312(1-2):145-154.(in Russian)
Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S,Potts W T W.1995.The Aral Sea desiccation and possible ways of rehabilitating and conserving its northern part.Environ metrics,6(1):17-29.
Aladin N V,Keyser D,Plotnikov I S,Karimov B K.2017.Distribution of crayfi sh(Crustacea)in the Zarafshan river basin and their suitability for aquaculture.In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Innovation Development of Zarafshan Region:Achievements,Challenges and Prospects.Volume II.Muharrir Nashriyti,Navoi,Uzbekistan.p.262-268.
Bervald E A.1964.Ways of Organizing Rational Fish Economy on Inland Water Bodies.Universitet,Rostov-on-Don,Rostovskiy Gos.148p.(in Russian)
Birshein Y A,Romanova N N.1968.Order amphipoda.In:Birshtein Y A,Vinogradov L G,Kondakov N N,Astakhova M S,Romanova N N eds.Atlas of Invertebrates of the Caspian Sea.Pishchevaya Promyshlennost,Moscow.p.241-289.(in Russian)
Bogutskaya N G,Naseka A M.2013.Fish of the Caspian Sea.In:Identifi cation Keys for Fish and Invertebrates.Volume1.KMK,SPb-Moscow.p.67-297.(in Russian)
Bortnik V N,Chistyaevaya S P.1990.Gidrometeorologiya i gidrokhimiya morey SSSR[Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the Seas of the USSR],vol.VII:Aral'skoye more[Aral Sea].Gidrometeoizdat,Leningrad.196p.(in Russian)
Daneliya M E,Petryashov V V.2015.Order mysids-Mysida.In:Identifi cation Keys for Fish and Invertebrates.Volume2.KMK,SPb-Moscow.p.193-23.(in Russian)
Dogiel V A,Bykhovsky B E.1934.Fauna of parasites of fi shes of the Aral Sea.Parasitol.Sbornik,4:241-346.(in Russian)
Dogiel V A,Lutta A S.1937.About death of sturgeon ship on the Aral Sea in 1936.Rybnoe hoz’aystvo,21:26-27.(in Russian)
Ermakhanov Z K,Plotnikov I S,Aladin N V,Micklin P.2012.Changes in the Aral Sea ichthyofauna and fi shery during the period of ecological crisis.Lakes Reserv.Res.Manag.,17(1):3-9.
Ermakhanov Z K,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S.2013.Evaluation of biological status of main commercial fi sh species populations in the Small Aral Sea.Proc.Zool.Inst.RAS,3 17(S3):105-112.(in Russian)
Ermolin I,Svolkinas L.2018.Assessment of the sturgeon catches and seal bycatches in an IUU fi shery in the Caspian Sea.Mar.Pol.,87:284-290.
Frolov A V.2000.New Methods for Managing Caspian Sea Level Fluctuations.In:Ascher W,Mirovitskaya N eds.The Caspian Sea:A Quest for Environmental Security.Springer,Dordrecht.p.79-88.
German T.2016.Energy exploration and the Caspian region:sturgeon,seals,and sulfur.In:Freedman E,Neuzil M eds.Environmental Crises in Central Asia:from Steppes to Seas,from Deserts to Glaciers.Routledge,London.p.41-51.
Goodman S,Dmitrieva L.2016.Pusa caspica.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T41669A45230700.http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41669/0.
Ivanov V P.2000.Biological Resources of the Caspian Sea.KaspNIRH,Astrakhan.100p.
Jamshidi S.2017.Assessment of thermal stratifi cation,stability and characteristics of deep water zone of the southern Caspian Sea.J.Ocean Eng.Sci.,2(3):203-216.
Janusz-Pawletta B.2015.The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea:Current Challenges and Prospects for Future Development.Springer,Berlin.
Karpevich A F.1975.Theory and Practice of Acclimatization of Aquatic Organisms.Pishchevaya Promyshlennost,Moscow.432p.(in Russian)
Khlebovich V V.2015.Class polychaete worms-Polychaeta.In:Identifi cation Keys for Fish and Invertebrates.Volume2.KMK,SPb-Moscow.p.29-37.(in Russian)
Kochurov B I,Lobkovskii V A,Lobkovskaia L G.2012.The evaluation of potentials of nature in Russian Federation.In:Water Resources of Volga:History,Today and Future Problems of Management.Materials of the Second Interregional Scientifi c-Practical Conference(Astrakhan Province,October 25-27,2012).Astrakhan:Astrakhan Institute of Engineering and Construction.https://nat.astrobl.ru/sites/nat.astrobl.ru/fi les/materialy_vtoroy_mezhregionalnoy_nauchno-prakticheskoy_konferencii_vodnye_resursy_volgi_istoriya_nastoyashchee_i_budushchee_problemy_upravleniya_25-27_oktyabrya_2012_g.pdf Accessed:10.07.0218.
Kortunova T A.1975.On the changes in Aral Sea zooplankton between 1959 and 1968.Zool.Zhurnal.54(5):567-669.(in Russian)
Matri I I,Ratkovich D I.1976.The problems of water economy in the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea.Water Resour.(Vodnye Resur.),3:21-34.(in Russian)
Micklin P.2010.The past,present,and future Aral Sea.Lakes Reserv.Res.Manag.,15(3):193-213.
Micklin P.2014b.Aral Sea basin water resources and the Changing Aral Water balance.In:Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I eds.The Aral Sea:the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of A Great Lake.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg.p.111-135.
Micklin P.2014a.Eff orts to revive the Aral Sea.In:Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I eds.The Aral Sea:the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of A Great Lake.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg.p.361-380.
Micklin P.2016.The Future Aral Sea:hope and despair.Environmental Earth Science,75(9):1-15.
Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I S.2014.An expedition to the northern part of the Small Aral Sea(August 29 to September 16,2011).In:Micklin P,Aladin N V,Plotnikov I eds.The Aral Sea:the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of A Great Lake.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg.p.337-351.
Mitrofanov I V,Mamilov N S.2015.Fish diversity and fi sheries in the Caspian Sea and Aral-Syr Darya basin in the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 21 st Century.Aquat.Ecosyst.Health Manag.,18(2):160-170.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi F D.1972.Modern state of the Aral Sea fauna.Gidrobiol.Zhurn.,3:14-20.(in Russian)
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi F D.1974.Atlas of the Aral Sea Invertebrates.Pischevaya Promyshlennost,Moscow.272p.(in Russian)
Nikolsky G V.1940.Fishes of the Aral Sea.MOIP,Moscow.216p.(in Russian)
Nissling A,Westin L,Hjerne O.2002.Reproductive success in relation to salinity for three fl atfi sh species,dab(Limanda limanda),plaice(Pleuronectes platessa),and fl ounder(Pleuronectes fl esus),in the brackish water Baltic Sea.ICES J.Mar.Sci.,59(1):93-108.
Osmanov S O.1961.On the death of atherine in the Aral Sea.Vestnik Karakalpakskogo fi liala AN UzSSR,3(5):95-96.(in Russian)
Plotnikov I S.2016.Long-Term Changes of the Free-Living Aquatic Invertebrate Fauna of the Aral Sea.ZIN RAS,SPb.168p.(in Russian)
Plotnikov I S,Ermakhanov Z K,Aladin N V,Micklin P.2016.Modern state of the Small(Northern)Aral Sea fauna.Lakes Reserv.Res.Manag.,21(4):315-328.
van Uhm D,Siegel D.2016.The illegal trade in black caviar.Trends Organ.Crim.,19(1):67-87.
Velikova V N,Shaudanov A K,Gasimov A,Korshenko A,Abdoli A,Morozov B,Katunin D N,Mammadov E,Bokova E B,Emadi H,Annachariyeva J,Isbekov K,Akhundov M,Milchakova N,Muradov O,Khodorevskaya R,Shahifar R,Shiganova T,Zarbaliyeva T S,Mammadli T,Velikova V,Barale V,Kim Y.2012.Review of the environment and bioresources in the Caspian Sea ecosystem,2000-2010.CaspEco Report.http://www.caspianenvironment.org/.
Zenkevich L A.1963.Biology of the Seas of the USSR.Interscience Publishers,New York.955p.
Zholdasova I M,Kazakhbaev S,Elbaeva M K,Embergenova US,Lyubimova S K,Mirabdullaev I M.2000.Finding of Artemia in the open part of the Aral Sea.Doklady Akademii Nauk Respubliki Uzbekistan,12:48-50.(in Russian)
Zonn I S.2001.Trista let na Kaspii(Khronologiya osnovnykh istoricheskih sobytii XVIII-XX vekov)(Three hundred years in the Caspian Sea(Chronology of the main historical events).Edel-M,Мoscow.96p.(in Russian)