设计生态学的景观绩效实证研究——以天津桥园公园盐碱地改善为例
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摘要
快速城市化导致自然生态系统退化,其调节、净化、生产等服务受到严重破坏。景观设计作为当代改善城市环境的重要手段,应当更加重视对景观功能与过程的设计,使公园、绿地等景观成为城市重要的生态服务供给者,而非城市的负担。为此,俞孔坚提出了"设计生态学"概念:它是人工的生态或人工设计的生命(包括人)与自然环境相互作用的系统,是景观设计及规划塑造的生态过程,也是一种跨尺度、跨学科的实证主义研究。本研究以基于此概念设计的天津桥园公园为案例,利用生态学实验等方法,对公园盐碱地改良的景观绩效进行了实证研究。研究证明,桥园人工生态系统实现了设计的预期目标,即经过景观设计的公园坑塘区域土壤pH值明显低于非设计区域,并且不论在坑塘内部微环境还是在坑塘区域整体空间上,都将土壤盐分累积在地势较低的空间,从而达到了显著的排盐排碱效果。其设计模式对类似城市公园和绿地景观的生态设计具有借鉴意义。
The current rapid urbanization leads to a degeneration in natural ecosystems whose regulating, purification, and production services have been seriously damaged. Landscape architecture focusing more on landscape functions and processes in this context is significant to urban environment improvement, by creating more urban parks and green spaces to provide ecological services as benefits rather than cities' burdens. Therefore, Yu Kongjian defined Designed Ecology as a constructed ecosystem or a system of interactions between living creatures(including human beings) and nature by human design, also ecological processes formed by landscape architecture and planning, and an interdisciplinary, cross-scale, and empirical research in a form of landscape. This research examined the landscape performance of saline-alkali soil amelioration in Qiaoyuan Park designed with the Designed Ecology principles by ecological experiments. The results prove that through micro-topography design, the park's constructed ecosystem significantly drains away salt and alkali to the lower areas of the site, both within the pond and across the whole pond system, achieving its design goal. This case study provides models for similar ecological landscape design of urban parks and green spaces.
The current rapid urbanization leads to a degeneration in natural ecosystems whose regulating, purification, and production services have been seriously damaged. Landscape architecture focusing more on landscape functions and processes in this context is significant to urban environment improvement, by creating more urban parks and green spaces to provide ecological services as benefits rather than cities' burdens. Therefore, Yu Kongjian defined Designed Ecology as a constructed ecosystem or a system of interactions between living creatures(including human beings) and nature by human design, also ecological processes formed by landscape architecture and planning, and an interdisciplinary, cross-scale, and empirical research in a form of landscape. This research examined the landscape performance of saline-alkali soil amelioration in Qiaoyuan Park designed with the Designed Ecology principles by ecological experiments. The results prove that through micro-topography design, the park's constructed ecosystem significantly drains away salt and alkali to the lower areas of the site, both within the pond and across the whole pond system, achieving its design goal. This case study provides models for similar ecological landscape design of urban parks and green spaces.
引文
[1]Yu,K.J.,Shi,C.,&Lin,L.(2011).Qiaoyuan Park in Tianjing:The Reclamation of Urban Waste Land Based on Ecosystem Service Improvement.Beijing Planning Review,(5),56-58.
[2]Girot,C.(2017).Designed Ecologies FS 2017 V02[Web log message].Retrieved from http://girot.arch.ethz.ch/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/V02FS17_Handout.pdf
[3]Landscape Architecture China.(2011).2011 International Forum of College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University:The Designed Ecologies.Retrieved from http://old.landscape.cn/special/2011bimu/index.html
[4]Zaitzevsky,C.(1982).Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press.
[5]University of Connecticut,Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection,Environmental Protection Agency of United States.(2002).Jordan Cove Urban Monitoring Project.Retrieved from:https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni/nrdc/jordncve%20urban%20monitoring%20project.pdf
[6]Kirkwood,N.(Ed.).(2003).Manufactured Sites:Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape.London:Taylor&Francis.
[7]Yu,K.J.(2010).Urban Landscape as Life System:Houtan Park for 2010 Expo Shanghai.Architecture Journal,2010(7),30-35.
[8]Saunders,W.S.(Ed.).(2013).Designed Ecologies:The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu.Basel,Switzerland:Birkh?user.
[9]Dai,D.X.,&Li,M.(2015).Research Development of Landscape Performance Assessment in America.Landscape Architecture,(1),25-31.doi:10.14085/j.fjyl.2015.01.0025.07
[10]Francis,M.(2001).A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture.Landscape Journal,20(1),15-29.doi:10.3368/lj.20.1.15
[11]Bao,S.D.(Ed.).(2000).Agricultural Chemistry Analysis on Soli.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.
[12]Shan,Q.H.,Zhang,J.F.,Ruan,W.J.,Tang,H.J.,Shen,L.M.,&Chen,G.C.(2011).Response of soil quality indicators to comprehensive amelioration measures in coastal saltaffected land.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(20),6072-6079.
[13]Chinese Land Surveying and Planning Institute,Cadastral Management Division of the Ministry of Land and Resources.(2007).Current land use classification(GB T21010-2007).Retrieved from http://www.doc88.com/p-9049335535584.html
[14]Aboral,I.P.,Yadav,J.S.P.,&Massoud,F.I.(1988).SaltAffected Soils and Their Manangement.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=II1HAY-DSGsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=Salt-Affected+Soils+and+Manag ement+Soil+Resources&ots=8MeL0wu7ha&sig=ldeK8dEBN4r kKRlfxtcUA1FiuAU#v=onepage&q=Salt-Affected%20Soils%20and%20Management%20Soil%20Resources&f=false
[15]Mao,J.H.,&Liu,T.X.(2008).Countermeasures on Soil Improvement Greening in the Dongli Lake Area of Tianjin Binhai.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,14(1),1-3.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2008.01.001
[16]Qu,R.Z.,Wang,B.C.,&Liu,Z.Y.(2007).Factors Impacting the Soil pH in Agricultural Geological Investigation and Sample Selection.Heilongjiang Land and Resources,(4),37.
[17]Jobbágy,E.G.,&Jackson,R.B.(2003).Patterns and mechanisms of soil acidification in the conversion of grasslands to forests.Biogeochemistry,64(2),205-229.
[18]Yin.X.L.(2012).Study on the Improvement of Coastal Saline-Alkaline Land and Forestation Technology(Doctoral dissertation).Beijing Forestry University,Beijing.
[19]Wang,D.Q.(2006).Discussion on the Treatment of SalineAlkali Soil and Landscape Greening.Modern Landscape Architecture,(5),36-38.
[20]Mao,J.H.,&Shen,W.R.(2005).Reflection of Soil Salination Pollution Research and Landuse of Binhai Area in Tianjin.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,11(4),15-17.
[21]Conniff,R.(2014,March 17).Rebuilding the Natural World:AShift in Ecological Restoration[Web log message].Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/rebuilding_the_natural_world_a_shift_in_ecological_restoration
(1)该数据为20世纪80年代全国第二次土壤普查结果。由于天津滨海地区的盐碱土尚未进行统一治理,近20余年来土壤盐碱含量变化不大,故认为上述普查结果可作为本文论证桥园公园景观绩效的对比依据。
(2)天津市土地总面积取1.1917万平方千米,数据来源:http://www.tj.gov.cn/tj/tjgk/dlwz1/dlwz/。
(1)This figure is from the result of the Second National Soil Survey conducted in the1980s. For few holistic treatments have been implemented, it can be assumed that the saline-alkali level of the coastal area of Tianjin has not changed much since the survey. In comparing the research data to this figure the landscape performance of Qiaoyuan Park can be proved.
(2)The total land area of Tianjin is 11,917 km2.This figure is derived from:http://www.tj.gov.cn/tj/tjgk/dlwz1/dlwz/.
[2]Girot,C.(2017).Designed Ecologies FS 2017 V02[Web log message].Retrieved from http://girot.arch.ethz.ch/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/V02FS17_Handout.pdf
[3]Landscape Architecture China.(2011).2011 International Forum of College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University:The Designed Ecologies.Retrieved from http://old.landscape.cn/special/2011bimu/index.html
[4]Zaitzevsky,C.(1982).Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press.
[5]University of Connecticut,Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection,Environmental Protection Agency of United States.(2002).Jordan Cove Urban Monitoring Project.Retrieved from:https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni/nrdc/jordncve%20urban%20monitoring%20project.pdf
[6]Kirkwood,N.(Ed.).(2003).Manufactured Sites:Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape.London:Taylor&Francis.
[7]Yu,K.J.(2010).Urban Landscape as Life System:Houtan Park for 2010 Expo Shanghai.Architecture Journal,2010(7),30-35.
[8]Saunders,W.S.(Ed.).(2013).Designed Ecologies:The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu.Basel,Switzerland:Birkh?user.
[9]Dai,D.X.,&Li,M.(2015).Research Development of Landscape Performance Assessment in America.Landscape Architecture,(1),25-31.doi:10.14085/j.fjyl.2015.01.0025.07
[10]Francis,M.(2001).A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture.Landscape Journal,20(1),15-29.doi:10.3368/lj.20.1.15
[11]Bao,S.D.(Ed.).(2000).Agricultural Chemistry Analysis on Soli.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.
[12]Shan,Q.H.,Zhang,J.F.,Ruan,W.J.,Tang,H.J.,Shen,L.M.,&Chen,G.C.(2011).Response of soil quality indicators to comprehensive amelioration measures in coastal saltaffected land.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(20),6072-6079.
[13]Chinese Land Surveying and Planning Institute,Cadastral Management Division of the Ministry of Land and Resources.(2007).Current land use classification(GB T21010-2007).Retrieved from http://www.doc88.com/p-9049335535584.html
[14]Aboral,I.P.,Yadav,J.S.P.,&Massoud,F.I.(1988).SaltAffected Soils and Their Manangement.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=II1HAY-DSGsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=Salt-Affected+Soils+and+Manag ement+Soil+Resources&ots=8MeL0wu7ha&sig=ldeK8dEBN4r kKRlfxtcUA1FiuAU#v=onepage&q=Salt-Affected%20Soils%20and%20Management%20Soil%20Resources&f=false
[15]Mao,J.H.,&Liu,T.X.(2008).Countermeasures on Soil Improvement Greening in the Dongli Lake Area of Tianjin Binhai.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,14(1),1-3.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2008.01.001
[16]Qu,R.Z.,Wang,B.C.,&Liu,Z.Y.(2007).Factors Impacting the Soil pH in Agricultural Geological Investigation and Sample Selection.Heilongjiang Land and Resources,(4),37.
[17]Jobbágy,E.G.,&Jackson,R.B.(2003).Patterns and mechanisms of soil acidification in the conversion of grasslands to forests.Biogeochemistry,64(2),205-229.
[18]Yin.X.L.(2012).Study on the Improvement of Coastal Saline-Alkaline Land and Forestation Technology(Doctoral dissertation).Beijing Forestry University,Beijing.
[19]Wang,D.Q.(2006).Discussion on the Treatment of SalineAlkali Soil and Landscape Greening.Modern Landscape Architecture,(5),36-38.
[20]Mao,J.H.,&Shen,W.R.(2005).Reflection of Soil Salination Pollution Research and Landuse of Binhai Area in Tianjin.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,11(4),15-17.
[21]Conniff,R.(2014,March 17).Rebuilding the Natural World:AShift in Ecological Restoration[Web log message].Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/rebuilding_the_natural_world_a_shift_in_ecological_restoration
(1)该数据为20世纪80年代全国第二次土壤普查结果。由于天津滨海地区的盐碱土尚未进行统一治理,近20余年来土壤盐碱含量变化不大,故认为上述普查结果可作为本文论证桥园公园景观绩效的对比依据。
(2)天津市土地总面积取1.1917万平方千米,数据来源:http://www.tj.gov.cn/tj/tjgk/dlwz1/dlwz/。
(1)This figure is from the result of the Second National Soil Survey conducted in the1980s. For few holistic treatments have been implemented, it can be assumed that the saline-alkali level of the coastal area of Tianjin has not changed much since the survey. In comparing the research data to this figure the landscape performance of Qiaoyuan Park can be proved.
(2)The total land area of Tianjin is 11,917 km2.This figure is derived from:http://www.tj.gov.cn/tj/tjgk/dlwz1/dlwz/.