Epidemic and Maintenance of Rabies in Chinese Ferret Badgers (Melogale moschata) indicated by Epidemiology and the Molecular Signatures of Rabies Viruses
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摘要
An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.
An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.
An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.
引文
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George M B.2007.The history of rabies.In: Jackson A C,Wunner WH.Rabies.2nd edition.Academic Press.1-19.
Hanlon C A,Niezgoda M,Rupprecht C E.2007.Rabies in terrestrialanimals.In: Jackson AC,Wunner WH.Rabies.2nd edition.AcademicPress.201-246.
Hu R L,Fooks A R,Zhang S F,Liu Y,Zhang F.2008.Inferior rabiesvaccine quality and low immunization coverage in dogs (Canisfamiliaris) in China.Epidemiol Infect.136:1556-1563.
Li Y X,Tian J S,Xu Z C.2004.Seven cases of human rabies causedby ferret badgers [in Chinese].Chin J Zoonoses.20:1103-1104.
Liu Y,Zhang S F,Wu X F,Zhao J H,Hou Y L,Zhang F,Velasco-VillaA,Rupprecht C E,Hu R L.2010.Ferret badger rabies origin andits revisited importance as potential source of rabies transmissionin Southeast China.BMC Infectious Diseases.10:234-240.
Nadin-Davis S A,Casey G A,Wandeler A I.1994.A molecularepidemiological study of rabies virus in central Ontario andwestern Quebec.J Gen Virol.75 ( Pt 10):2575-2583.
Rupprecht C E,Hanlon C A,Slate D.2006.Control and prevention ofrabies in animals: paradigm shifts.Dev Biol (Basel).125:103-111.
Shi B N,Zhou J F,Yu J,Dai L C.1997.Ferret badger bites leaded toseven human rabies cases [in Chinese].Chin J Zoonoses.13:77.
Wang W J,Li X,Wang L H,Shan H,Cao L,Yu P C,Tang Q,Liang GD.2012.Preparation and identification of anti-rabies virusmonoclonal antibodies.Virol Sin.27(3):172-178.
Wang Z,Lv H K,Chen E F,Xie S Y,Ling F.2006.Epidemiccharacteristics and preventive measures of human rabies ofZhejiang province in 1995-2004.Chin Prev Med.7(5):381-384.
Yu J N,Li H,Tang Q,Rayner S,Han N,Guo Z Y,Liu H Z,Adams J,Fang W,Tao X Y,Wang S M,Liang G D.2012.The Spatial andTemporal Dynamics of Rabies in China.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.6(5):e1640.
Zhang S F,Tang Q,Wu X F,Liu Y,Zhang F,Rupprecht C E,Hu R L.2009.Rabies in ferret badgers: an emerging public health threatin south-eastern China.Emerg Infect Dis.15(6):946-949.
Zhang S F,Zhao J K,Liu Y,Fooks A R,Zhang F,Hu R L.2010.Characterization of a rabies virus isolate from a ferret badger(Melogale moschata) with unique molecular differences inglycoprotein antigenic site III.Virus Research.149: 143-151.
Zhang Y Z,Xiong C L,Zou Y,Wang D M,Jiang R J,Xiao Q Y,Hao Z Y,Zhang L Z,Yu Y X,Fu Z F.2006.Molecular characterization ofrabies virus isolates in China during 2004.Virus Res.121(2):179-188.
George M B.2007.The history of rabies.In: Jackson A C,Wunner WH.Rabies.2nd edition.Academic Press.1-19.
Hanlon C A,Niezgoda M,Rupprecht C E.2007.Rabies in terrestrialanimals.In: Jackson AC,Wunner WH.Rabies.2nd edition.AcademicPress.201-246.
Hu R L,Fooks A R,Zhang S F,Liu Y,Zhang F.2008.Inferior rabiesvaccine quality and low immunization coverage in dogs (Canisfamiliaris) in China.Epidemiol Infect.136:1556-1563.
Li Y X,Tian J S,Xu Z C.2004.Seven cases of human rabies causedby ferret badgers [in Chinese].Chin J Zoonoses.20:1103-1104.
Liu Y,Zhang S F,Wu X F,Zhao J H,Hou Y L,Zhang F,Velasco-VillaA,Rupprecht C E,Hu R L.2010.Ferret badger rabies origin andits revisited importance as potential source of rabies transmissionin Southeast China.BMC Infectious Diseases.10:234-240.
Nadin-Davis S A,Casey G A,Wandeler A I.1994.A molecularepidemiological study of rabies virus in central Ontario andwestern Quebec.J Gen Virol.75 ( Pt 10):2575-2583.
Rupprecht C E,Hanlon C A,Slate D.2006.Control and prevention ofrabies in animals: paradigm shifts.Dev Biol (Basel).125:103-111.
Shi B N,Zhou J F,Yu J,Dai L C.1997.Ferret badger bites leaded toseven human rabies cases [in Chinese].Chin J Zoonoses.13:77.
Wang W J,Li X,Wang L H,Shan H,Cao L,Yu P C,Tang Q,Liang GD.2012.Preparation and identification of anti-rabies virusmonoclonal antibodies.Virol Sin.27(3):172-178.
Wang Z,Lv H K,Chen E F,Xie S Y,Ling F.2006.Epidemiccharacteristics and preventive measures of human rabies ofZhejiang province in 1995-2004.Chin Prev Med.7(5):381-384.
Yu J N,Li H,Tang Q,Rayner S,Han N,Guo Z Y,Liu H Z,Adams J,Fang W,Tao X Y,Wang S M,Liang G D.2012.The Spatial andTemporal Dynamics of Rabies in China.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.6(5):e1640.
Zhang S F,Tang Q,Wu X F,Liu Y,Zhang F,Rupprecht C E,Hu R L.2009.Rabies in ferret badgers: an emerging public health threatin south-eastern China.Emerg Infect Dis.15(6):946-949.
Zhang S F,Zhao J K,Liu Y,Fooks A R,Zhang F,Hu R L.2010.Characterization of a rabies virus isolate from a ferret badger(Melogale moschata) with unique molecular differences inglycoprotein antigenic site III.Virus Research.149: 143-151.
Zhang Y Z,Xiong C L,Zou Y,Wang D M,Jiang R J,Xiao Q Y,Hao Z Y,Zhang L Z,Yu Y X,Fu Z F.2006.Molecular characterization ofrabies virus isolates in China during 2004.Virus Res.121(2):179-188.