Shen-Jing as a Chinese Medicine Concept Might Be a Counterpart of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
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摘要
As the epitome of the modern regenerative medicine, stem cells were proposed in the basic sense no more than 200 years ago. However, the concept of "stem cells" existed long before the modern medical description. The hypothesis that all things, including our sentient body, were generated from a small origin was shared between Western and Chinese people. The ancient Chinese philosophers considered Jing(also known as essence) as the origin of life. In Chinese medicine(CM), Jing is mainly stored in Kidney(Shen) and the so-called Shen-Jing(Kidney essence). Here, we propose that Shen-Jing is the CM term used to express the meaning of "origin and regeneration". This theoretical discovery has at least two applications. First, the actions underlying causing Shen-Jing deficiency, such as excess sexual intercourse, chronic diseases, and aging, might damage the function of stem cells. Second, a large number of Chinese herbs with Shen-Jing-nourishing efficacy had been proven to affect stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, if Shen-Jing in CM is equivalent with stem cells in regenerative medicine, higher effective modulators for regulating stem-cell behaviors from Kidney-tonifying herbs would be expected.
As the epitome of the modern regenerative medicine, stem cells were proposed in the basic sense no more than 200 years ago. However, the concept of "stem cells" existed long before the modern medical description. The hypothesis that all things, including our sentient body, were generated from a small origin was shared between Western and Chinese people. The ancient Chinese philosophers considered Jing(also known as essence) as the origin of life. In Chinese medicine(CM), Jing is mainly stored in Kidney(Shen) and the so-called Shen-Jing(Kidney essence). Here, we propose that Shen-Jing is the CM term used to express the meaning of "origin and regeneration". This theoretical discovery has at least two applications. First, the actions underlying causing Shen-Jing deficiency, such as excess sexual intercourse, chronic diseases, and aging, might damage the function of stem cells. Second, a large number of Chinese herbs with Shen-Jing-nourishing efficacy had been proven to affect stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, if Shen-Jing in CM is equivalent with stem cells in regenerative medicine, higher effective modulators for regulating stem-cell behaviors from Kidney-tonifying herbs would be expected.
As the epitome of the modern regenerative medicine, stem cells were proposed in the basic sense no more than 200 years ago. However, the concept of "stem cells" existed long before the modern medical description. The hypothesis that all things, including our sentient body, were generated from a small origin was shared between Western and Chinese people. The ancient Chinese philosophers considered Jing(also known as essence) as the origin of life. In Chinese medicine(CM), Jing is mainly stored in Kidney(Shen) and the so-called Shen-Jing(Kidney essence). Here, we propose that Shen-Jing is the CM term used to express the meaning of "origin and regeneration". This theoretical discovery has at least two applications. First, the actions underlying causing Shen-Jing deficiency, such as excess sexual intercourse, chronic diseases, and aging, might damage the function of stem cells. Second, a large number of Chinese herbs with Shen-Jing-nourishing efficacy had been proven to affect stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, if Shen-Jing in CM is equivalent with stem cells in regenerative medicine, higher effective modulators for regulating stem-cell behaviors from Kidney-tonifying herbs would be expected.
引文
1. Nicholson DJ. Studies in history and philosophy of science part C:studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences. Biologic Atom Cell Theory2010;41:202-211.
2. Maehle AH. Ambiguous cells:the emergence of the stem cell concept in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Royal Society 2011;65:359-378.
3. Satzinger H, Boveri T, Boveri M. Theodor and Marcella Boveri:chromosomes and cytoplasm in heredity and development. Nature 2008;9:231-238.
4. Li S, ed. Notes on Guan Zi. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company; 2009.
5. Mu P, ed. Notes on Shang Shu. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company; 2009.
6. Wang B, ed. Huangdi's Internal Classic. Beijing:People's Health Press; 2003.
7. Tang RC. Essence of medical classics. Beijing:Academy Press; 2012.
8. Tian JW. The central dogma and nature of Shen of traditional Chinese medicine. J Shangdong Univ Tradit Chin Med(Chin)1996;20:17-19.
9. Sun GR, Yu SH. The connotation of Jing of traditional Chinese medicine. Study J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2002;20:560-561.
10. Zhang J, Xu ZW, Du SH, Chen Q. Essence and stem cell.Study J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2004;22:1198-1200.
11. Shen ZY, Huang JH. The scientific connotation of Shen Jing from the activation of endogenous stem cells by epicedium.J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2010;51:8-10.
12. Yang Y, Zhang RH, Zhu XF, Cai Y, Huang F. Effect of icariin on the expression of transforming growth factorbeta 1 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the process of mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into osteoblasts. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2010;14:3518-3522.
13. Ming LG, Ge BF, Chen KM, Ma HP, Zhai YK. Effects of isopsoralen on bone marrow stromal stem cells differentiate and proliferate in vitro. China J Chin Mater Med(Chin)2011;36:2124-2128.
14. Ming LG, Ge BF, Chen KM, Ma HP, Zhai YK. Effects of osthol on bone marrow stromal stem cell differentiationand proliferation in vitro. Chin Pharmacol Bullet(Chin)2010;26:2124-2128.
15. Wang T, Yang L, Zhang RH. Effects of naringin on MAPK signal pathway in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. Chin J Pathophysiol(Chin)2012;28:769-776.
16. Tan YF, Yin XC, Xiong YJ, Wang Y. Effect of AstragalosideⅣon hematopoietic growth factor expression in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2010;14:1817-1820.
17. Zhao HN, Dong XX, Dong WH, Liu JB. Empirical study of rat mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into neuron-like cells induced by baicalin. Modern J Integr Tradit Chin West Med(Chin)2005;14:576-578.
18. Cheng B, Yin YQ, Ke JL, Zhou XH, Peng H, Tan SF, et al.Ligustrazine induces rat bone morrow mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells:screening of the optimal inductive concentration. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2010;14:1072-1077.
19. Zhang M, Zhao HB, Li ZY, Yang YS, Wen YM, Dong J, et al. Effects of salidroside on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cholinergic nerve cells. Chin J Reparat Reconstruct Surg(Chin)2012,26:158-165.
20. Li QW, Tan JZ, Nan YY, Fan YC. Effect of endothelial progenitor cells preconditioned with salvianolic acid B on early period gene expression of bone mesenchymal stem cells differentiation towards myocardial cells. Chin J Gerontol(Chin)2010;30:49-51.
21. Song Q, Zhang XW, Lu XZ, Hou MH, Wang SA. Effect of Panax notoginsenoside Rg1 on the transduction of bone marrow stromal cells to cardiomyocytes induced by5-azacytidine in rats. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2007;11:4693-4697.
22. Cheng XL, Huang RB, Mo YX, Tang YJ, Chen JH.Differentiation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells by baicalin. J Apopl Nerv Dis(Chin)2007;24:278-281.
23. Wang YC, Qu J, Han YL. Traditional Chinese medicine promotes proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2011;15:3594-3597.
24. Zhang WY, Chen GQ, Song JH, Yang Y, Han L, Li YL. The effect of salidroside on the differentiation of neural stem cell into nerve cells in hippocampus of newborn rats. Progr Anatom Sci(Chin)2008;14:205-208.
25. Cheng D, Meng XT, Liu JM, Cheng L, Lu LJ. Effect of velvet antler polypeptide on differentiation of rat brain-derived stem cells in vitro. Acta Anatom Sin 2004;35:205-208.
26. Zhang YJ, Fan X, Hu LM, Zhang SY, Zhang BL. Influence of extracts from Chinese herbs according to different therapeuticprinciples on the differentiation of neural stem cell in vitro.Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2004;21:156-157.
27. Sasaki T, Oh KB, Matsuoka H, Saito M. Effect of Panax ginseng components on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cardiac-like cells. Yakugaku Zasshi 2008;128:461-467.
28. Kim YY, Ku SY, Rosenwaks Z, Liu HC, Oh SK, Moon SY,et al. Red ginseng extract facilitates the early differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into mesendoderm lineage.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:167376.
29. Zhang JF, Li G, Chan CY, Meng CL, Lin MC, Chen YC, et al.Flavonoids of Herba Epimedii regulate osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells through BMP and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;314:70-74.
30. Ding L, Liang XG, Hu Y, Zhu DY, Lou YJ. Involvement of p38MAPK and reactive oxygen species in icariin-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2008;17:751-760.
31. Wo Y, Zhu D, Yu Y, Lou Y. Involvement of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in icariin promoted cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Eur J Pharmacol2008;56:59-66.
32. Wang DY, Hu YZ, Kong SS, Yu YP, Zhu DY, Lou YJ.Promoting effects of isobavachin on neurogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells were associated with protein prenylation.Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011;32:425-432.
33. Chan WH. Ginkgolide B induces apoptosis and developmental injury in mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2985-2995.
34. Chan SS, Chen JH, Hwang SM, Wang IJ, Li HJ, Lee RT, et al. Salvianolic acid B-vitamin C synergy in cardiac differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;387:723-728.
35. Mirescu C, Gould E. Stress and adult neurogenesis.Hippocampus 2006;16:233-238.
36. Thomas RM, Hotsenpiller G, Peterson DA. Acute psychosocial stress reduces cell survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis without altering proliferation. J Neurosci 2007;27:2734-2743.
37. Ho AD, Wagner W, Mahlknecht U. Stem cells and ageing:the potential of stem cells to overcome age-related deteriorations of the body in regenerative medicine. EMBO Rep 2005;6:35-38.
38. Wu X, Ding S, Ding Q, Gray NS, Schultz PG. Small molecules that induce cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126:1590-1591.
39. Chen S, Do JT, Zhang Q, Yao S, Yan F, Peters EC, et al.Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells by a small molecule.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:17266-17271.
40. Desbordes SC, Placantonakis DG, Ciro A, Socci ND, Lee G, Djaballah H, et al. High-throughput screening assay for the identification of compounds regulating self-renewal and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2008;2:602-612.
41. Ding S, Wu TY, Brinker A, Peters EC, Hur W, Gray, Schultz PG. Synthetic small molecules that control stem cell fate.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:7632-7637.
2. Maehle AH. Ambiguous cells:the emergence of the stem cell concept in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Royal Society 2011;65:359-378.
3. Satzinger H, Boveri T, Boveri M. Theodor and Marcella Boveri:chromosomes and cytoplasm in heredity and development. Nature 2008;9:231-238.
4. Li S, ed. Notes on Guan Zi. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company; 2009.
5. Mu P, ed. Notes on Shang Shu. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company; 2009.
6. Wang B, ed. Huangdi's Internal Classic. Beijing:People's Health Press; 2003.
7. Tang RC. Essence of medical classics. Beijing:Academy Press; 2012.
8. Tian JW. The central dogma and nature of Shen of traditional Chinese medicine. J Shangdong Univ Tradit Chin Med(Chin)1996;20:17-19.
9. Sun GR, Yu SH. The connotation of Jing of traditional Chinese medicine. Study J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2002;20:560-561.
10. Zhang J, Xu ZW, Du SH, Chen Q. Essence and stem cell.Study J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2004;22:1198-1200.
11. Shen ZY, Huang JH. The scientific connotation of Shen Jing from the activation of endogenous stem cells by epicedium.J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2010;51:8-10.
12. Yang Y, Zhang RH, Zhu XF, Cai Y, Huang F. Effect of icariin on the expression of transforming growth factorbeta 1 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the process of mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into osteoblasts. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2010;14:3518-3522.
13. Ming LG, Ge BF, Chen KM, Ma HP, Zhai YK. Effects of isopsoralen on bone marrow stromal stem cells differentiate and proliferate in vitro. China J Chin Mater Med(Chin)2011;36:2124-2128.
14. Ming LG, Ge BF, Chen KM, Ma HP, Zhai YK. Effects of osthol on bone marrow stromal stem cell differentiationand proliferation in vitro. Chin Pharmacol Bullet(Chin)2010;26:2124-2128.
15. Wang T, Yang L, Zhang RH. Effects of naringin on MAPK signal pathway in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. Chin J Pathophysiol(Chin)2012;28:769-776.
16. Tan YF, Yin XC, Xiong YJ, Wang Y. Effect of AstragalosideⅣon hematopoietic growth factor expression in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2010;14:1817-1820.
17. Zhao HN, Dong XX, Dong WH, Liu JB. Empirical study of rat mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into neuron-like cells induced by baicalin. Modern J Integr Tradit Chin West Med(Chin)2005;14:576-578.
18. Cheng B, Yin YQ, Ke JL, Zhou XH, Peng H, Tan SF, et al.Ligustrazine induces rat bone morrow mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells:screening of the optimal inductive concentration. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2010;14:1072-1077.
19. Zhang M, Zhao HB, Li ZY, Yang YS, Wen YM, Dong J, et al. Effects of salidroside on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cholinergic nerve cells. Chin J Reparat Reconstruct Surg(Chin)2012,26:158-165.
20. Li QW, Tan JZ, Nan YY, Fan YC. Effect of endothelial progenitor cells preconditioned with salvianolic acid B on early period gene expression of bone mesenchymal stem cells differentiation towards myocardial cells. Chin J Gerontol(Chin)2010;30:49-51.
21. Song Q, Zhang XW, Lu XZ, Hou MH, Wang SA. Effect of Panax notoginsenoside Rg1 on the transduction of bone marrow stromal cells to cardiomyocytes induced by5-azacytidine in rats. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2007;11:4693-4697.
22. Cheng XL, Huang RB, Mo YX, Tang YJ, Chen JH.Differentiation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells by baicalin. J Apopl Nerv Dis(Chin)2007;24:278-281.
23. Wang YC, Qu J, Han YL. Traditional Chinese medicine promotes proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Engin Res(Chin)2011;15:3594-3597.
24. Zhang WY, Chen GQ, Song JH, Yang Y, Han L, Li YL. The effect of salidroside on the differentiation of neural stem cell into nerve cells in hippocampus of newborn rats. Progr Anatom Sci(Chin)2008;14:205-208.
25. Cheng D, Meng XT, Liu JM, Cheng L, Lu LJ. Effect of velvet antler polypeptide on differentiation of rat brain-derived stem cells in vitro. Acta Anatom Sin 2004;35:205-208.
26. Zhang YJ, Fan X, Hu LM, Zhang SY, Zhang BL. Influence of extracts from Chinese herbs according to different therapeuticprinciples on the differentiation of neural stem cell in vitro.Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med(Chin)2004;21:156-157.
27. Sasaki T, Oh KB, Matsuoka H, Saito M. Effect of Panax ginseng components on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cardiac-like cells. Yakugaku Zasshi 2008;128:461-467.
28. Kim YY, Ku SY, Rosenwaks Z, Liu HC, Oh SK, Moon SY,et al. Red ginseng extract facilitates the early differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into mesendoderm lineage.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:167376.
29. Zhang JF, Li G, Chan CY, Meng CL, Lin MC, Chen YC, et al.Flavonoids of Herba Epimedii regulate osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells through BMP and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;314:70-74.
30. Ding L, Liang XG, Hu Y, Zhu DY, Lou YJ. Involvement of p38MAPK and reactive oxygen species in icariin-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2008;17:751-760.
31. Wo Y, Zhu D, Yu Y, Lou Y. Involvement of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in icariin promoted cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Eur J Pharmacol2008;56:59-66.
32. Wang DY, Hu YZ, Kong SS, Yu YP, Zhu DY, Lou YJ.Promoting effects of isobavachin on neurogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells were associated with protein prenylation.Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011;32:425-432.
33. Chan WH. Ginkgolide B induces apoptosis and developmental injury in mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2985-2995.
34. Chan SS, Chen JH, Hwang SM, Wang IJ, Li HJ, Lee RT, et al. Salvianolic acid B-vitamin C synergy in cardiac differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;387:723-728.
35. Mirescu C, Gould E. Stress and adult neurogenesis.Hippocampus 2006;16:233-238.
36. Thomas RM, Hotsenpiller G, Peterson DA. Acute psychosocial stress reduces cell survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis without altering proliferation. J Neurosci 2007;27:2734-2743.
37. Ho AD, Wagner W, Mahlknecht U. Stem cells and ageing:the potential of stem cells to overcome age-related deteriorations of the body in regenerative medicine. EMBO Rep 2005;6:35-38.
38. Wu X, Ding S, Ding Q, Gray NS, Schultz PG. Small molecules that induce cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126:1590-1591.
39. Chen S, Do JT, Zhang Q, Yao S, Yan F, Peters EC, et al.Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells by a small molecule.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:17266-17271.
40. Desbordes SC, Placantonakis DG, Ciro A, Socci ND, Lee G, Djaballah H, et al. High-throughput screening assay for the identification of compounds regulating self-renewal and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2008;2:602-612.
41. Ding S, Wu TY, Brinker A, Peters EC, Hur W, Gray, Schultz PG. Synthetic small molecules that control stem cell fate.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:7632-7637.