爆炸载荷下砂岩动态断裂特性的试验研究
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摘要
为研究爆炸载荷下砂岩的断裂特性,对3种砂岩试件进行爆炸试验,借助XRD(X-raydiffraction)衍射图谱分析测试和SEM(scanning electron microscope)电镜扫描,研究砂岩的成分、预制裂纹的扩展断裂面微观结构等,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立数值计算模型,通过试验–数值法得出I型裂纹的裂纹扩展速度、动态断裂韧度等参数。试验结果表明:(1)炮孔周边的砂岩主要以塑性破坏为主,扩展裂纹断面的破坏形态主要以脆性断裂为主,3种砂岩成分的不同表现出微观晶体破坏形式、裂纹扩展速度、断裂韧度等的不同;(2)动态裂纹的扩展速度不是一个定值,在扩展过程中有起伏变化,黑砂岩的速度要高于红砂岩和青砂岩;(3)黑砂岩的动态起裂韧度要高于红砂岩和青砂岩,并且动态扩展韧度与扩展速度基本成反比关系。
In order to study the fracture characteristics of sandstones under blasting loads,blast tests were carried out on three kinds of sandstone specimens. By X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscope,the composition of the sandstones and the microstructure of the propagation fracture surface of pre-cracks were studied respectively. A numerical calculation model was established by ABAQUS code and the parameters of mode I crack such as the crack propagation speed and the dynamic fracture toughness were obtained by using experimental-numerical method. The test results show that the main failure mode of the sandstone around the borehole is plastic failure,that the main failure mode of the crack propagation section is brittle fracture and that the different compositions of the three sandstones result in different failure modes of microcrystal,different crack propagation speeds and different fracture toughnesses. The propagation speed of the dynamic crack is not a constant,and the propagation speed and the dynamic initiation toughness of the black sandstone are higher than those of the red and green sandstones. It is also shown that the dynamic propagation toughness is inversely proportional to the propagation speed.
In order to study the fracture characteristics of sandstones under blasting loads,blast tests were carried out on three kinds of sandstone specimens. By X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscope,the composition of the sandstones and the microstructure of the propagation fracture surface of pre-cracks were studied respectively. A numerical calculation model was established by ABAQUS code and the parameters of mode I crack such as the crack propagation speed and the dynamic fracture toughness were obtained by using experimental-numerical method. The test results show that the main failure mode of the sandstone around the borehole is plastic failure,that the main failure mode of the crack propagation section is brittle fracture and that the different compositions of the three sandstones result in different failure modes of microcrystal,different crack propagation speeds and different fracture toughnesses. The propagation speed of the dynamic crack is not a constant,and the propagation speed and the dynamic initiation toughness of the black sandstone are higher than those of the red and green sandstones. It is also shown that the dynamic propagation toughness is inversely proportional to the propagation speed.
引文
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[20]ZHU Z M,XU W T,FENG R Q.A new method for measuring mode-I dynamic fracture toughness of rock under blasting loads[J].Experiment Techniques,2015,40(3):899-905.
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[22]刘瑞峰,朱哲明,李盟,等.爆炸载荷下Ⅰ型裂纹的起裂及扩展规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):392-402.(LIURuifeng,ZHU Zheming,LI Meng,et al.Initiation and propagation of mode I crack under blasting[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):392-402.(in Chinese))
[23]ZHU Z M,XIE H P,MOHANTY B.Numerical investigation of blasting-induced damage in cylindrical rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(2):111-121.
[24]ZHU Z M,WANG C,KANG J M,et al.Study on the mechanism of zonal disintegration around an excavation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2014,67(4):88-95.
[25]ZHU Z M.Numerical prediction of crater blasting and bench blasting[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(6):1 088-1 096.
[26]ZHU Z M,MOHANTY B,XIE H P.Numerical investigation of blasting-induced crack initiation and propagation in rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2007,44(3):412-424.
[27]谢和平,陈至达.分形(fractal)几何与岩石断裂[J].力学学报,1988,(3):264-271.(XIE Heping,CHEN Zhida.Fractal geometry and fracture of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanics,1988,(3):264-271.(in Chinese))
[28]RAVI-CHANDAR K,KNAUSS W G.An experimental investigation into dynamic fracture:I.Crack initiation and arrest[J].International Journal of Fracture,1984,25(4):247-262.
[29]ROSE LRF.Recent theoretical and experimental results on fast brittle fracture[J].International Journal of Fracture,1976,12(6):799-813.
[30]FREUND LB.Dynamic fracture mechanics[M].Edinburgh:Cambridge University Press,1990:231-235.
[31]RAVI-CHANDAR K.Dynamic Fracture[M].Oxford:Elsevier,2004:49-177.
[2]THURO K.Prediction of drillability in hard rock tunnelling by drilling and blasting[C]//World Tunnel Congress.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1997:103-108.
[3]ZHAO Y,HUANG J,WANG R.Real-time SEM observations of the microfracturing process in rock during a compression test[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1993,30(6):643-652.
[4]GALLAGHER J J,FRIEDMAN M,HANDIN J,et al.Experimental studies relating to microfracture in sandstone[J].Tectonophysics,1974,21(3):203-247.
[5]XIE H P,CHEN Z D.Fractal geometry and fracture of rock[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,1988,4(3):255-264.
[6]张盛,王启智,梁亚磊.裂缝长度对岩石动态断裂韧度测试值影响的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(8):1 691-1 696.(ZHANG Sheng,WANG Qizhi,LIANG Yalei.Research on influence of crack length on test values of rock dynamic fracture toughness[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(8):1 691-1 696.(in Chinese))
[7]张盛,王启智,谢和平.岩石动态断裂韧度的尺寸效应[J].爆炸与冲击,2008,28(6):544-551.(ZHANG Sheng,WANG Qizhi,XIE Heping.Size effect of rock dynamic fracture toughness[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2008,28(6):544-551.(in Chinese))
[8]MINDESS S,DIAMOND S.SEM investigations of fracture surfaces using stereo pairs:II.Fracture surfaces of rock-cement paste composite specimens[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1992,22(4):678-688.
[9]ZHANG Q B,ZHAO J.A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behavior of rock materials[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2014,47(4):1 411-1 478.
[10]王蒙,朱哲明,王雄.冲击荷载作用下的Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(7):1 323-1 332.(WANG Meng,ZHU Zheming,WANG Xiong.The growth of mixed-mode I/II under impacting loads[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(7):1 323-1 332.(in Chinese))
[11]倪敏,苟小平,王启智.霍普金森杆冲击压缩单裂纹圆孔板的岩石动态断裂韧度试验方法[J].工程力学,2013,30(1):365-372.(NIMin,GOU Xiaoping,WANG Qizhi.Test method for rock dynamic fracture toughness using single cleavage drilled compression specimen impacted by split Hopkinson pressure bar[J].Engineering Mechanics,2013,30(1):365-372.(in Chinese))
[12]杨井瑞,张财贵,周妍,等.用SCDC试样测试岩石动态断裂韧度的新方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(2):279-292.(YANGJingrui,ZHANG Caigui,ZHOU Yan,et al.A new method for determine dynamic fracture toughness of rock using SCDCspecimens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(2):279-292.(in Chinese))
[13]AYATOLLAHI M R,AKBARDOOST J.Size and geometry effects on rock fracture toughness:Mode I fracture[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2014,47(2):677-687.
[14]ZHOU L,ZHU Z M,WANG M,et al.Dynamic propagation behavior of cracks emanating from tunnel edges under impact loads[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2018,105:119-126.
[15]WANG X M,ZHU Z M,WANG M,et al.Study of rock dynamic fracture toughness by using VB-SCSC specimens under medium-low speed impacts[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2013,181:52-64.
[16]YU L Y,SU H J,JING H W,et al.Experimental study of the mechanical behavior of sandstone affected by blasting[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2017,93(2):234-241.
[17]杨仁树,王雁冰.切缝药包不耦合装药爆破爆生裂纹动态断裂效应的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(7):1 337-1 343.(YANG Renshu,WANG Yanbing.Experimental study of dynamic fracture effect of blasting crack in slotted cartridge decoupling charge blasting[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(7):1 337-1 343.(in Chinese))
[18]李盟,朱哲明,肖定军,等.煤矿岩巷爆破掘进过程中周边眼对裂纹扩展止裂机理[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(7):1 691-1 699.(LIMeng,ZHU Zheming,XIAO Dingjun,et al.Mechanism of crack arrest by peripheral holes during mine rock roadway excavation under blasting[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(7):1 691-1 699.(in Chinese))
[19]LI M,ZHU Z M,LIU R F,et al.Study of the effect of empty holes on propagating cracks under blasting loads[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2018,103(1):186-194.
[20]ZHU Z M,XU W T,FENG R Q.A new method for measuring mode-I dynamic fracture toughness of rock under blasting loads[J].Experiment Techniques,2015,40(3):899-905.
[21]徐文涛,朱哲明,曾利刚.爆炸载荷下I型裂纹动态断裂韧度测试方法初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增1):2 767-2 772.(XU Wentao,ZHU Zheming,ZENG Ligang.Testing method study of mode-I dynamic fracture toughness under blasting loads[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Supp.1):2 767-2 772.(in Chinese))
[22]刘瑞峰,朱哲明,李盟,等.爆炸载荷下Ⅰ型裂纹的起裂及扩展规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):392-402.(LIURuifeng,ZHU Zheming,LI Meng,et al.Initiation and propagation of mode I crack under blasting[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):392-402.(in Chinese))
[23]ZHU Z M,XIE H P,MOHANTY B.Numerical investigation of blasting-induced damage in cylindrical rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(2):111-121.
[24]ZHU Z M,WANG C,KANG J M,et al.Study on the mechanism of zonal disintegration around an excavation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2014,67(4):88-95.
[25]ZHU Z M.Numerical prediction of crater blasting and bench blasting[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(6):1 088-1 096.
[26]ZHU Z M,MOHANTY B,XIE H P.Numerical investigation of blasting-induced crack initiation and propagation in rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2007,44(3):412-424.
[27]谢和平,陈至达.分形(fractal)几何与岩石断裂[J].力学学报,1988,(3):264-271.(XIE Heping,CHEN Zhida.Fractal geometry and fracture of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanics,1988,(3):264-271.(in Chinese))
[28]RAVI-CHANDAR K,KNAUSS W G.An experimental investigation into dynamic fracture:I.Crack initiation and arrest[J].International Journal of Fracture,1984,25(4):247-262.
[29]ROSE LRF.Recent theoretical and experimental results on fast brittle fracture[J].International Journal of Fracture,1976,12(6):799-813.
[30]FREUND LB.Dynamic fracture mechanics[M].Edinburgh:Cambridge University Press,1990:231-235.
[31]RAVI-CHANDAR K.Dynamic Fracture[M].Oxford:Elsevier,2004:49-177.