Temporal variability of visibility and its parameterizations in Ningbo,China
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摘要
Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.
Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.
Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.
引文
Cao,J.J.,Wang,Q.Y.,Chow,J.C.,Watson,J.G.,Tie,X.X.,Shen,Z.X.,et al.,2012.Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an,China.Atmos.Environ.59,559-566.
Chan,Y.C.,Simpson,R.W.,Mctainsh,G.H.,Vowles,P.D.,Cohen,D.D.,Bailey,G.M.,1999.Source apportionment of visibility degradation problems in Brisbane(Australia)using the multiple linear regression techniques.Atmos.Environ.33,3237-3250.
Charlson,R.J.,Schwartz,S.E.,Hales,J.M.,Cess,D.,Coakley,J.A.,Hansen,J.E.,1992.Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols.Science 255,423-430.
Che,H.Z.,Zhang,X.Y.,Li,Y.,Zhou,Z.J.,Chen,Z.L.,2006.Relationship between horizontal extinction coefficient and PM10concentration in Xi'an,China,during 1980-2002.Particuology 4,327-329.
Cheng,Z.,Wang,S.X.,Fu,X.,Watson,J.G.,Jiang,J.,Fu,Q.,et al.,2014.Impact of biomass burning on haze pollution in the Yangtze River Delta,China;a case study in summer 2011.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,4573-4585.
China Environmental Protection Ministry,2012.GB 3095-2012Ambient Air Quality Standards in China.Ministry of Environmental Protection and General Administration of Quality Supervision.Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.
Deng,J.J.,Wang,T.J.,Jiang,Z.Q.,Xie,M.,Zhang,R.J.,Huang,X.X.,et al.,2011.Characterization of visibility and its affecting factors over Nanjing,China.Atmos.Res.101,681-691.
Deng,J.J.,Xing,Z.Y.,Zhuang,B.L.,Du,K.,2014.Comparative study on long-term visibility trend and its affecting factors on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.Atmos.Res.143,266-278.
Du,K.,Mu,C.,Deng,J.J.,Yuan,F.,2013.Study on atmospheric visibility variations and the impacts of meteorological parameters using high temporal resolution data:an application of environmental internet of things in China.Int.J.Sust.Dev.World 20,238-247.
Garson,G.D.,2012.Correspondence analysis[Internet].Statnotes:topics in multivariate analysis.Available at http://www.statisticalassociates.com/correspondenceanalysis.htm.
Hair,J.F.,Anderson,R.E.,Tatham,R.L.,Black,W.C.,1995.Multivariate Data Analysis.fourth ed.College Division,Prentice Hall,p.745.
He,T.F.,Yang,Z.Y.,Liu,T.,Shen,Y.P.,Fu,X.H.,Qian,X.J.,et al.,2016.Ambient air pollution and years of life lost in Ningbo,China.Sci.Rep.6.
Higgs,N.T.,1991.Practical and innovative uses of correspondence analysis.Underst.Stat.40,183-194.
Hill,T.,Lewicki,P.,2007.Statistics:Methods and Applications.Statsoft,Tulsa,p.800.
Horvath,H.,1995.Estimation of the average visibility in Central Europe.Atmos.Environ.29,241-246.
Hua,Y.,Chen,Z.,Zhang,J.K.,Wang,S.X.,Jiang,J.K.,Chen,D.,et al.,2015.Characteristic and source apportionment of PM2.5during a fall heavy haze episode in the Yangtze River Delta of China.Atmos.Environ.123,380-391.
Jung,J.,Lee,H.,Kim,Y.J.,Liu,X.G.,Zhang,Y.H.,Gu,J.W.,et al.,2009.Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign.J.Environ.Manag.90,3231-3244.
Kim,Y.J.,Kim,K.W.,Kim,S.D.,Lee,B.K.,Han,J.S.,2006.Fine particulate matter characteristics and its impact on visibility impairment at two urban sites in Korea:Seoul and Incheon.Atmos.Environ.40,593-605.
Kumar,R.,Naja,M.,Venkataramani,S.,Wild,O.,2010.Variations in surface ozone at Nainital:a high-altitude site in the central Himalayas.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.115,751-763.
Lin,M.,Tao,J.,Chan,C.Y.,Cao,J.J.,Zhang,Z.S.,Zhu,L.H.,et al.,2012.Regression analyses between recent air quality and visibility changes in megacities at four haze regions in China.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.12,1049-1061.
Pudasainee,D.,Sapkota,B.,Shrestha,M.L.,Kaga,A.,Kondo,A.,Inoue,Y.,2006.Ground level ozone concentrations and its association with NOxand meteorological parameters in Kathmandu valley,Nepal.Atmos.Environ.40,8081-8087.
Sabetghadam,S.,Ahmadi-Givi,F.,2014.Relationship of extinction coefficient,air pollution,and meteorological parameters in an urban area during 2007-2009.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.21,538-547.
Semple,D.,Song,F.,Gao,Y.,2012.Seasonal characteristics of ambient nitrogenoxides and ground-level ozone in metropolitan northeastern New Jersey.Atmos.Pollut.Res.3,247-257.
Shen,Z.X.,Cao,J.J.,Zhang,L.M.,Qian,Z.,Huang,R.J.,Liu,S.X.,et al.,2016.Retrieving historical ambient PM2.5concentrations using existing visibility measurements in Xi'an,Northwest China.Atmos.Environ.126,15-20.
Sourial,N.,Wolfson,C.,Zhu,B.,Quail,J.,Fletcher,J.,Bergman,H.,2010.Correspondence analysis is a useful tool to uncover the relationship among categorical variables.J.Clin.Epi.63,638-646.
Tan,J.H.,Duan,J.C.,Chen,D.H.,Wang,X.H.,Guo,S.J.,Bi,X.H.,et al.,2009a.Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou.Atmos.Res.94,238-245.
Tan,J.H.,Duan,J.C.,He,K.B.,Ma,Y.L.,Duan,F.K.,Chen,Y.,et al.,2009b.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou.J.Environ.Sci.21,774-781.
Tong,L.,Zhang,H.L.,Yu,J.,He,M.M.,Xu,N.B.,Zhang,J.J.,et al.,2017.Characteristics of surface ozone and nitrogen oxides at urban,suburban and rural sites in Ningbo,China.Atmos.Res.187,57-68.
Tsai,Y.I.,2005.Atmospheric visibility trends in an urban area in Taiwan 1961-2003.Atmos.Environ.39,5555-5567.
Tsai,Y.I.,Lin,Y.H.,Lee,S.Z.,2003.Visibility variation with air qualities in the metropolitan area in southern Taiwan.Water Air Soil Pollut.144,19-40.
Tu,J.,Xia,Z.G.,Wang,H.,Li,W.,2007.Temporal variations in surface ozone and its precursors and meteorological effects at an urban site in China.Atmos.Res.85,310-337.
Van Stan,J.T.,Gay,T.E.,Lewis,E.S.,2016.Use of multiple correspondence analysis(MCA)to identify interactive meteorological conditions affecting relative throughfall.J.Hydro.533,452-460.
Wang,Y.,Zhuang,G.S.,Sun,Y.L.,An,Z.S.,2006.The variation of characteristics and formation mechanisms of aerosols in dust,haze,and clear days in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.40,6579-6591.
Wark,K.,Warner,C.F.,Davis,W.T.,1998.Air Pollution-Its Origin and Control.3rd edition.Addison-Wesley,MA,United States,p.573.
Watson,J.G.,2002.Critical review discussion-visibility:Science and regulation.J.Air Waste Manag.52,973-999.
Wen,C.C.,Yeh,H.H.,2010.Comparative influences of airborne pollutants and meteorological parameters on atmospheric visibility and turbidity.Atmos.Res.96,496-509.
Xu,J.,Bergin,M.H.,Yu,X.,Zhao,J.,Carrico,C.M.,Baumann,K.,2002.Measurement of aerosol chemical,physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region of China.Atmos.Environ.36,161-173.
Xue,D.,Li,C.F.,Liu,Q.,2015.Visibility characteristics and the impacts of air pollutants and meteorological conditions over Shanghai,China.Environ.Monit.Assess.187,363-373.
Yang,L.X.,Wang,D.C.,Chen,S.H.,Wang,Z.,Zhou,Y.,Zhou,X.H.,et al.,2007.Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan,China.Sci.Total Environ.383,164-173.
Yu,X.N.,Ma,J.,An,J.L.,Yuan,L.,Zhu,B.,Liu,D.Y.,et al.,2016.Impacts of meteorological condition and aerosol chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Nanjing,China.J.Clean.Prod.131,112-120.
Zhang,Q.H.,Zhang,J.P.,Xue,H.W.,2010.The challenge of improving visibility in Beijing.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,7821-7827.
Zhang,X.Y.,Wang,Y.Q.,Niu,T.,Zhang,X.C.,Gong,S.L.,Zhang,Y.M.,et al.,2012.Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China:spatial/temporal variability,chemical signature,regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12,779-799.
Zhao,P.S.,Zhang,X.L.,Xu,X.F.,Zhao,X.J.,2011.Long-term visibility trends and characteristics in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China.Atmos.Res.101,711-718.
Zheng,S.,Cao,C.X.,Singh,R.P.,2014.Comparison of ground based indices(API and AQI)with satellite based aerosol products.Sci.Total.Environ.488,398-412.
Chan,Y.C.,Simpson,R.W.,Mctainsh,G.H.,Vowles,P.D.,Cohen,D.D.,Bailey,G.M.,1999.Source apportionment of visibility degradation problems in Brisbane(Australia)using the multiple linear regression techniques.Atmos.Environ.33,3237-3250.
Charlson,R.J.,Schwartz,S.E.,Hales,J.M.,Cess,D.,Coakley,J.A.,Hansen,J.E.,1992.Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols.Science 255,423-430.
Che,H.Z.,Zhang,X.Y.,Li,Y.,Zhou,Z.J.,Chen,Z.L.,2006.Relationship between horizontal extinction coefficient and PM10concentration in Xi'an,China,during 1980-2002.Particuology 4,327-329.
Cheng,Z.,Wang,S.X.,Fu,X.,Watson,J.G.,Jiang,J.,Fu,Q.,et al.,2014.Impact of biomass burning on haze pollution in the Yangtze River Delta,China;a case study in summer 2011.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,4573-4585.
China Environmental Protection Ministry,2012.GB 3095-2012Ambient Air Quality Standards in China.Ministry of Environmental Protection and General Administration of Quality Supervision.Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.
Deng,J.J.,Wang,T.J.,Jiang,Z.Q.,Xie,M.,Zhang,R.J.,Huang,X.X.,et al.,2011.Characterization of visibility and its affecting factors over Nanjing,China.Atmos.Res.101,681-691.
Deng,J.J.,Xing,Z.Y.,Zhuang,B.L.,Du,K.,2014.Comparative study on long-term visibility trend and its affecting factors on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.Atmos.Res.143,266-278.
Du,K.,Mu,C.,Deng,J.J.,Yuan,F.,2013.Study on atmospheric visibility variations and the impacts of meteorological parameters using high temporal resolution data:an application of environmental internet of things in China.Int.J.Sust.Dev.World 20,238-247.
Garson,G.D.,2012.Correspondence analysis[Internet].Statnotes:topics in multivariate analysis.Available at http://www.statisticalassociates.com/correspondenceanalysis.htm.
Hair,J.F.,Anderson,R.E.,Tatham,R.L.,Black,W.C.,1995.Multivariate Data Analysis.fourth ed.College Division,Prentice Hall,p.745.
He,T.F.,Yang,Z.Y.,Liu,T.,Shen,Y.P.,Fu,X.H.,Qian,X.J.,et al.,2016.Ambient air pollution and years of life lost in Ningbo,China.Sci.Rep.6.
Higgs,N.T.,1991.Practical and innovative uses of correspondence analysis.Underst.Stat.40,183-194.
Hill,T.,Lewicki,P.,2007.Statistics:Methods and Applications.Statsoft,Tulsa,p.800.
Horvath,H.,1995.Estimation of the average visibility in Central Europe.Atmos.Environ.29,241-246.
Hua,Y.,Chen,Z.,Zhang,J.K.,Wang,S.X.,Jiang,J.K.,Chen,D.,et al.,2015.Characteristic and source apportionment of PM2.5during a fall heavy haze episode in the Yangtze River Delta of China.Atmos.Environ.123,380-391.
Jung,J.,Lee,H.,Kim,Y.J.,Liu,X.G.,Zhang,Y.H.,Gu,J.W.,et al.,2009.Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign.J.Environ.Manag.90,3231-3244.
Kim,Y.J.,Kim,K.W.,Kim,S.D.,Lee,B.K.,Han,J.S.,2006.Fine particulate matter characteristics and its impact on visibility impairment at two urban sites in Korea:Seoul and Incheon.Atmos.Environ.40,593-605.
Kumar,R.,Naja,M.,Venkataramani,S.,Wild,O.,2010.Variations in surface ozone at Nainital:a high-altitude site in the central Himalayas.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.115,751-763.
Lin,M.,Tao,J.,Chan,C.Y.,Cao,J.J.,Zhang,Z.S.,Zhu,L.H.,et al.,2012.Regression analyses between recent air quality and visibility changes in megacities at four haze regions in China.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.12,1049-1061.
Pudasainee,D.,Sapkota,B.,Shrestha,M.L.,Kaga,A.,Kondo,A.,Inoue,Y.,2006.Ground level ozone concentrations and its association with NOxand meteorological parameters in Kathmandu valley,Nepal.Atmos.Environ.40,8081-8087.
Sabetghadam,S.,Ahmadi-Givi,F.,2014.Relationship of extinction coefficient,air pollution,and meteorological parameters in an urban area during 2007-2009.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.21,538-547.
Semple,D.,Song,F.,Gao,Y.,2012.Seasonal characteristics of ambient nitrogenoxides and ground-level ozone in metropolitan northeastern New Jersey.Atmos.Pollut.Res.3,247-257.
Shen,Z.X.,Cao,J.J.,Zhang,L.M.,Qian,Z.,Huang,R.J.,Liu,S.X.,et al.,2016.Retrieving historical ambient PM2.5concentrations using existing visibility measurements in Xi'an,Northwest China.Atmos.Environ.126,15-20.
Sourial,N.,Wolfson,C.,Zhu,B.,Quail,J.,Fletcher,J.,Bergman,H.,2010.Correspondence analysis is a useful tool to uncover the relationship among categorical variables.J.Clin.Epi.63,638-646.
Tan,J.H.,Duan,J.C.,Chen,D.H.,Wang,X.H.,Guo,S.J.,Bi,X.H.,et al.,2009a.Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou.Atmos.Res.94,238-245.
Tan,J.H.,Duan,J.C.,He,K.B.,Ma,Y.L.,Duan,F.K.,Chen,Y.,et al.,2009b.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou.J.Environ.Sci.21,774-781.
Tong,L.,Zhang,H.L.,Yu,J.,He,M.M.,Xu,N.B.,Zhang,J.J.,et al.,2017.Characteristics of surface ozone and nitrogen oxides at urban,suburban and rural sites in Ningbo,China.Atmos.Res.187,57-68.
Tsai,Y.I.,2005.Atmospheric visibility trends in an urban area in Taiwan 1961-2003.Atmos.Environ.39,5555-5567.
Tsai,Y.I.,Lin,Y.H.,Lee,S.Z.,2003.Visibility variation with air qualities in the metropolitan area in southern Taiwan.Water Air Soil Pollut.144,19-40.
Tu,J.,Xia,Z.G.,Wang,H.,Li,W.,2007.Temporal variations in surface ozone and its precursors and meteorological effects at an urban site in China.Atmos.Res.85,310-337.
Van Stan,J.T.,Gay,T.E.,Lewis,E.S.,2016.Use of multiple correspondence analysis(MCA)to identify interactive meteorological conditions affecting relative throughfall.J.Hydro.533,452-460.
Wang,Y.,Zhuang,G.S.,Sun,Y.L.,An,Z.S.,2006.The variation of characteristics and formation mechanisms of aerosols in dust,haze,and clear days in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.40,6579-6591.
Wark,K.,Warner,C.F.,Davis,W.T.,1998.Air Pollution-Its Origin and Control.3rd edition.Addison-Wesley,MA,United States,p.573.
Watson,J.G.,2002.Critical review discussion-visibility:Science and regulation.J.Air Waste Manag.52,973-999.
Wen,C.C.,Yeh,H.H.,2010.Comparative influences of airborne pollutants and meteorological parameters on atmospheric visibility and turbidity.Atmos.Res.96,496-509.
Xu,J.,Bergin,M.H.,Yu,X.,Zhao,J.,Carrico,C.M.,Baumann,K.,2002.Measurement of aerosol chemical,physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region of China.Atmos.Environ.36,161-173.
Xue,D.,Li,C.F.,Liu,Q.,2015.Visibility characteristics and the impacts of air pollutants and meteorological conditions over Shanghai,China.Environ.Monit.Assess.187,363-373.
Yang,L.X.,Wang,D.C.,Chen,S.H.,Wang,Z.,Zhou,Y.,Zhou,X.H.,et al.,2007.Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan,China.Sci.Total Environ.383,164-173.
Yu,X.N.,Ma,J.,An,J.L.,Yuan,L.,Zhu,B.,Liu,D.Y.,et al.,2016.Impacts of meteorological condition and aerosol chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Nanjing,China.J.Clean.Prod.131,112-120.
Zhang,Q.H.,Zhang,J.P.,Xue,H.W.,2010.The challenge of improving visibility in Beijing.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,7821-7827.
Zhang,X.Y.,Wang,Y.Q.,Niu,T.,Zhang,X.C.,Gong,S.L.,Zhang,Y.M.,et al.,2012.Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China:spatial/temporal variability,chemical signature,regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12,779-799.
Zhao,P.S.,Zhang,X.L.,Xu,X.F.,Zhao,X.J.,2011.Long-term visibility trends and characteristics in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China.Atmos.Res.101,711-718.
Zheng,S.,Cao,C.X.,Singh,R.P.,2014.Comparison of ground based indices(API and AQI)with satellite based aerosol products.Sci.Total.Environ.488,398-412.