The effects of electrochemical oxidation on in-vivo fluorescence and toxin content in Microcystis aeruginosa culture
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摘要
The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies is a serious threat to the environment. Efficient in-lake treatment methods for the control of cyanobacteria proliferation are needed, their in-vivo detection to obtain a real-time response to their presence, as well as the information about their physiological state after the applied treatment. In-vivo fluorescence measurements of photosynthetic pigments have proved to be effective for quantitative and qualitative detection of phytoplankton in a water environment. In the experiment, chlorophyll and phycocyanin fluorescence sensors were used concurrently to detect stress caused by electrochemical oxidation applying an electrolytic cell equipped with borondoped diamond electrodes on a laboratory culture of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. The inflicted injuries were reflected in a clear transient increase in the phycocyanin fluorescence signal(for 104 %? 43%) 24 h after the treatment, which was not the case for the chlorophyll fluorescence signal. In the next 72 h of observation, the fluorescence signals decreased(on 40% of the starting signal) indicating a reduction of cell number, which was confirmed by cell count(24% reduction of the starting concentration) and analysis of extracted chlorophyll and phycocyanin pigment. These results demonstrate the viability of the combined application of two sensors as a useful tool for in-vivo detection of induced stress, providing real-time information needed for the evaluation of the efficiency of the in-lake treatment and decision upon the necessity of its repetition. The electrochemical treatment also resulted in a lower free microcystins concentration compared to control.
The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies is a serious threat to the environment. Efficient in-lake treatment methods for the control of cyanobacteria proliferation are needed, their in-vivo detection to obtain a real-time response to their presence, as well as the information about their physiological state after the applied treatment. In-vivo fluorescence measurements of photosynthetic pigments have proved to be effective for quantitative and qualitative detection of phytoplankton in a water environment. In the experiment, chlorophyll and phycocyanin fluorescence sensors were used concurrently to detect stress caused by electrochemical oxidation applying an electrolytic cell equipped with borondoped diamond electrodes on a laboratory culture of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. The inflicted injuries were reflected in a clear transient increase in the phycocyanin fluorescence signal(for 104 %? 43%) 24 h after the treatment, which was not the case for the chlorophyll fluorescence signal. In the next 72 h of observation, the fluorescence signals decreased(on 40% of the starting signal) indicating a reduction of cell number, which was confirmed by cell count(24% reduction of the starting concentration) and analysis of extracted chlorophyll and phycocyanin pigment. These results demonstrate the viability of the combined application of two sensors as a useful tool for in-vivo detection of induced stress, providing real-time information needed for the evaluation of the efficiency of the in-lake treatment and decision upon the necessity of its repetition. The electrochemical treatment also resulted in a lower free microcystins concentration compared to control.
The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies is a serious threat to the environment. Efficient in-lake treatment methods for the control of cyanobacteria proliferation are needed, their in-vivo detection to obtain a real-time response to their presence, as well as the information about their physiological state after the applied treatment. In-vivo fluorescence measurements of photosynthetic pigments have proved to be effective for quantitative and qualitative detection of phytoplankton in a water environment. In the experiment, chlorophyll and phycocyanin fluorescence sensors were used concurrently to detect stress caused by electrochemical oxidation applying an electrolytic cell equipped with borondoped diamond electrodes on a laboratory culture of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. The inflicted injuries were reflected in a clear transient increase in the phycocyanin fluorescence signal(for 104 %? 43%) 24 h after the treatment, which was not the case for the chlorophyll fluorescence signal. In the next 72 h of observation, the fluorescence signals decreased(on 40% of the starting signal) indicating a reduction of cell number, which was confirmed by cell count(24% reduction of the starting concentration) and analysis of extracted chlorophyll and phycocyanin pigment. These results demonstrate the viability of the combined application of two sensors as a useful tool for in-vivo detection of induced stress, providing real-time information needed for the evaluation of the efficiency of the in-lake treatment and decision upon the necessity of its repetition. The electrochemical treatment also resulted in a lower free microcystins concentration compared to control.
引文
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Barrington D J,Reichwaldt E S,Ghadouani A.2013.The use of hydrogen peroxide to remove cyanobacteria and microcystins from waste stabilization ponds and hypereutrophic systems.Ecological Engineering,50:86-94,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.024.
Bastien C,Cardin R,Veilleuxé,Deblois C,Warren A,Laurion L.2011.Performance evaluation of phycocyanin probes for the monitoring of cyanobacteria.Journal of Environment Monitoring,13(1):110-118,https://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00366b.
Beutler M,Wiltshire K H,Meyer B,Moldaenke C,Lüring C,Meyerhofer M,Hansen U P,Dau H.2002.A fluorometric method for the differentiation of algal populations in-vivo and in situ.Photosynthesis Research,72(1):39-53,https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016026607048.
Boopathi T,Ki J S.2014.Impact of environmental factors on the regulation of cyanotoxin production.Toxins,6(7):1 951-1 978,https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6071951.
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Chang D W,Hobson P,Burch M,Lin T F.2012.Measurement of cyanobacteria using in-vivo fluoroscopy-effect of cyanobacterial species,pigments,and colonies.Water Research,46(16):5 037-5 048,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.050.
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da Silva L M,Santana M H P,Boodts J F C.2003.Electrochemistry and green chemical processes:electrochemical ozone production.Química Nova,26(6):880-888,https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422003000600017.
Daghrir R,Drogui P,Tshibangu J.2014.Efficient treatment of domestic wastewater by electrochemical oxidation process using bored doped diamond anode.Separation and Purification Technology,131:79-83,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.048.
Ding Y,Gan N Q,Li J,Sedmak B,Song L R.2012.Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptotic-like cell death in Microcystis aeruginosa(Chroococcales,Cyanobacteria)in a dosedependent manner.Phycologia,51:567-575,https://doi.org/10.2216/11-107.1.
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DrábkováM,Admiraal W,Marsalek B.2007.Combined exposure to hydrogen peroxide and light-selective effects on cyanobacteria,green algae,and diatoms.Environmental Science&Technology,41(1):309-314,https://doi.org/10.1021/es060746i.
Falconer I R.1989.Effects on human health of some toxic cyanobacteria(blue-green algae)in reservoirs,lakes,and rivers.Toxicity Assessment,4(2):175-184,https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.2540040206.
Frontistis Z,Brebou C,Venieri D,Mantzavinos D,Katsaounis A.2011.BDD anodic oxidation as tertiary wastewater treatment for the removal of emerging micro-pollutants,pathogens and organic matter.Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,86(10):1 233-1 236,https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2669.
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Gregor J,Marsalek B,Sipkova H.2007.Detection and estimation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in raw water at the drinking water treatment plant by in vivo fluorescence method.Water Research,41(1):228-234,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.011.
Gregor J,Marsalek B.2004.Freshwater phytoplankton quantification by chlorophyll a:A comparative study of in vitro,in vivo and in situ methods.Water Research,38(3):517-522,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.033.
Haaken D,Dittmar T,Schmalz V,Worch E.2012.Influence of operating conditions and wastewater-specific parameters on the electrochemical bulk disinfection of biologically treated sewage at boron-doped diamond(BDD)electrodes.Desalination and Water Treatment,46(1-3):160-167,https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.677523.
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Lacasa E,Tsolaki E,Sbokou Z,Rodrigo M A,Mantzavinos D,Diamadopoulos E.2013.Electrochemical disinfection of simulated ballast water on conductive diamond electrodes.Chemical Engineering Journal,223:516-523,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.003.
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Carmichael W W.1992.Cyanobacteria secondary metabolitesthe cyanotoxins.Journal of Applied Bacteriology,72(6):445-459,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01858.x.
Chang D W,Hobson P,Burch M,Lin T F.2012.Measurement of cyanobacteria using in-vivo fluoroscopy-effect of cyanobacterial species,pigments,and colonies.Water Research,46(16):5 037-5 048,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.050.
Chen G H.2004.Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment.Separation and Purification Technology,38(1):11-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2003.10.006.
Chorus I,Bartram J.1999.Toxic Cyanobacteria in water:a guide to their public health consequences,monitoring and management.E&FN Spon,London.
Cornish B J P A,Lawton L A,Robertson P K J.2000.Hydrogen peroxide enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR using titanium dioxide.Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,25(1):59-67,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00121-6.
da Silva L M,Santana M H P,Boodts J F C.2003.Electrochemistry and green chemical processes:electrochemical ozone production.Química Nova,26(6):880-888,https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422003000600017.
Daghrir R,Drogui P,Tshibangu J.2014.Efficient treatment of domestic wastewater by electrochemical oxidation process using bored doped diamond anode.Separation and Purification Technology,131:79-83,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.048.
Ding Y,Gan N Q,Li J,Sedmak B,Song L R.2012.Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptotic-like cell death in Microcystis aeruginosa(Chroococcales,Cyanobacteria)in a dosedependent manner.Phycologia,51:567-575,https://doi.org/10.2216/11-107.1.
Ding Y,Song L R,Sedmak B.2013.UVB radiation as a potential selective factor favoring microcystin producing bloom forming cyanobacteria.PLoS One,8(9):e73919,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073919.
DrábkováM,Admiraal W,Marsalek B.2007.Combined exposure to hydrogen peroxide and light-selective effects on cyanobacteria,green algae,and diatoms.Environmental Science&Technology,41(1):309-314,https://doi.org/10.1021/es060746i.
Falconer I R.1989.Effects on human health of some toxic cyanobacteria(blue-green algae)in reservoirs,lakes,and rivers.Toxicity Assessment,4(2):175-184,https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.2540040206.
Frontistis Z,Brebou C,Venieri D,Mantzavinos D,Katsaounis A.2011.BDD anodic oxidation as tertiary wastewater treatment for the removal of emerging micro-pollutants,pathogens and organic matter.Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,86(10):1 233-1 236,https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2669.
Fujita Y.1979.Qualitative and quantitative methods of photosynthetic pigments.In:Nishizawa K,Chihara Meds.Methods in Phycological Studies(Japanese).Kyouritsu Shuppan,Tokyo.p.474-507.
Gantt E,Lipschultz CA,Grabowski J,Zimmerman B K.1979.Phycobilisomes from blue-green and red algae.Plant Physiology,63(4):615-620.
García-Montoya M F,Gutiérrez-Granados S,Alatorre-Ordaz A,Galindo R,Ornelas R,Peralta-Hernández J M.2015.Application of electrochemical/BDD process for the treatment wastewater effluents containing pharmaceutical compounds.Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,31:238-243,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.06.030.
Gregor J,Marsalek B,Sipkova H.2007.Detection and estimation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in raw water at the drinking water treatment plant by in vivo fluorescence method.Water Research,41(1):228-234,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.011.
Gregor J,Marsalek B.2004.Freshwater phytoplankton quantification by chlorophyll a:A comparative study of in vitro,in vivo and in situ methods.Water Research,38(3):517-522,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.033.
Haaken D,Dittmar T,Schmalz V,Worch E.2012.Influence of operating conditions and wastewater-specific parameters on the electrochemical bulk disinfection of biologically treated sewage at boron-doped diamond(BDD)electrodes.Desalination and Water Treatment,46(1-3):160-167,https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.677523.
Harada K I,Tsuji K.1998.Persistence and decomposition of hepatotoxic microcystins produced by cyanobacteria in natural environment.Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews,17(3):385-403,https://doi.org/10.3109/15569549809040400.
Hilton J,Rigg E,Jaworski G.1989.Algal identification using in-vivo fluorescence spectra.Journal of Plankton Research,11(1):65-74.
ISO.1992.Water quality-measurement of biochemical parameters-spectrometric determination of the chlorophyll-a concentration:ISO 10260:1992.Geneva,Switzerland:International Organization for Standardization.
Jancula D,Marsalek B.2011.Critical review of actually available chemical compounds for prevention and management of cyanobacterial blooms.Chemosphere,85(9):1 415-1 422,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.036.
Jones G J,Orr P T.1994.Release and degradation of microcystin following algicide treatment of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a recreational lake,as determined by HPLC and protein phosphatase inhibition assay.Water Research,28(4):871-876,https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90093-0.
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