有无预期奖励对幼儿工具需要和情感痛苦帮助行为的影响
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- 英文论文题名：The Effect Of Expected Reward Or Not On Instrumental And Empathic Helping Behavior In Children
- 论文作者：徐晓林 ; 张向葵 ; 赵悦彤 ; 张金凤
- 英文论文作者：XU Xiao-lin ; ZHANG Xiang-kui ; ZHAO Yue-tong ; ZHANG Jin-feng ; Department of Psychology ; Northeast Normal University ; Center of Children’s Development Research ; Northeast Normal University
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：东北师范大学教育学部心理学院;东北师范大学教育学部儿童发展研究中心;
- 论文关键词：预期奖励 ; 非预期奖励 ; 工具需要帮助 ; 情感痛苦帮助 ; 幼儿
- 英文论文关键词：expected reward ; unexpected reward ; Instrumental helping ; empathic helping ; children
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
- 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
- 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：B844.12
- 学会代码：ZGXG
- 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
- 会议地点：中国天津
- 主办单位：中国心理学会
- 学会名称：中国心理学会
- 页数：3
- 文件大小：781k
- 原文格式：D
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
达里尔.贝姆在社会知觉理论中提出了过度合理化效应(overjustification effect),即给人们报酬让他们做自己喜欢的事会让他们将其行为归因于报酬,这样就会削弱它们的自我知觉——我是因为兴趣而做。当个体很明显觉得受别人控制而事先知道将得到报酬时,就会发生过度合理化效应。为了验证过度合理化效应,Leeper等人提出了预期奖励这个变量。预期奖励是指事先告知个体事后会给予奖励。非预期奖励指未事先言明,但事后仍然得到同样的奖励。Lepper,Greene和Nisbett(1973,1974)研究发现3‐5岁幼儿结果发现,在自由活动阶段,预期奖励组对画画活动的兴趣显著减少,但非预期奖励组和无奖励组两个阶段变化不显著。帮助(helping)是一种典型的亲社会行为,在幼儿阶段帮助行为得到快速发展,在本研究中工具需要帮助可以定义为个体通过努力为他人解决一个具体问题的行为,如拿到够不着的某东西,这种行为在12‐14个月就可以出现。随年龄增长,年幼儿童的社会反应可以基于简单对他人心理状态的推理,出现了情感帮助。情感痛苦帮助是儿童通过推断他人内在状态,帮助并减轻他人的负面情绪的行为(如对他人的痛苦表现出关心和安慰行为)。因此,本研究想探讨一下预期奖励对幼儿帮助行为的影响,以及这种影响是否会随困难情景的不同而有所变化。本研究随机选取160名小小班的幼儿为被试进行1对1的实验,实验分为三个阶段,前测阶段是所有被试在没有任何奖励条件下的帮助行为;处理阶段是所有被试接受不同的实验处理;后测阶段是撤消奖励后幼儿的帮助行为。实验的自变量:奖励预期(预期奖励vs非预期奖励)和奖励方式(物质奖励vs口头奖励)。实验的因变量:实验中三阶段(前测阶段——处理阶段——后测阶段)幼儿帮助行为得分。本研究共进行两个实验。以下分析主要从两个方面开展,预期奖励对幼儿工具需要帮助行为的影响;预期奖励对幼儿情感痛苦帮助行为的影响。结果发现:1.对于工具需要帮助行为,非预期奖励会起到积极地促进作用,预期奖励会降低幼儿随后的帮助行为。2.对于情感痛苦帮助行为,预期奖励会降低幼儿随后的帮助行为,同时,口头奖励也会减少幼儿的帮助行为。3.幼儿工具需要帮助行为发展好于情感痛苦帮助行为。
Daryln Bem in 1972 proposed overjustification effect in social perception theory,To pay people money make them do what they like will lead them owe to them-self behaviors to money, this will weaken their self-perception——While what I do because of interest.When individuals feel controlled by other people and know in advance will be paid obviously,then,the overjustification effect will be occurs. In order to prove the overjustification effect, Leeper etal. put forward to the expected reward this variable. Expected reward refers to inform in advance after the individual will be rewarded. An unexpected reward refers to is not clear in advance, but still get the same reward. Lepper and Greene and Nisbett, 1973,1974 found that 3 to 5 years old in free phase, expected reward group's interest in painting activities significantly reduced, but unexpected reward group and no reward group in two phase change was not significant. Helping is a kind of typical pro-social behavior, helping behavior in preschool period quickly development, Instrumental helping in this study can be defined as the individual through hard for others to solve a specific problem behaviors, such as get something out of the reach, this kind of behavior can occur in 12-14 months. Along with the age growth, the social responses to young children can be based on simple psychological state of reasoning to others, Empathic helping is to help children by inferring others inner state, help others reduce the negative emotions of others behavior. Therefore, the study would like to discuss the influence of expected reward to the children's helping behavior, and this effect will vary with the difficult situation. This study randomly selected 160 children from small class for the experiment of subjects for 1 to 1, the experiment was divided into three stages, a pretest phase is for all participants under the condition of no rewards with the helping behavior;Treating stages are all subjects to accept different experimental treatment; Measurement Phase will be cancel the reward after helping behavior of young children.Experimental independent variables: reward expecting(expected reward versus the unexpected reward) and conditions(material rewards versus verbal reward). Experiment of the dependent variable: three phases(a pretest phase- treating phase- post-est phase) children's helping behavior score. the study conducted two experiments. Mainly from two aspects to carry out the following analysis, The effect of expected reward or not on instrumental helping behavior in children; the effect of expected reward or not on empathic helping behavior in children. The results showed that: 1. instrumental helping for unexpected rewards will play a positive role, expected reward will reduce the children's helping behavior. 2. expected reward can reduce children's empathic helping behavior, at the same time, verbal reward will reduce the help of the children. 3. The development of children's instrumental helping behavior is better than the empathic helping behavior.
Daryln Bem in 1972 proposed overjustification effect in social perception theory,To pay people money make them do what they like will lead them owe to them-self behaviors to money, this will weaken their self-perception——While what I do because of interest.When individuals feel controlled by other people and know in advance will be paid obviously,then,the overjustification effect will be occurs. In order to prove the overjustification effect, Leeper etal. put forward to the expected reward this variable. Expected reward refers to inform in advance after the individual will be rewarded. An unexpected reward refers to is not clear in advance, but still get the same reward. Lepper and Greene and Nisbett, 1973,1974 found that 3 to 5 years old in free phase, expected reward group's interest in painting activities significantly reduced, but unexpected reward group and no reward group in two phase change was not significant. Helping is a kind of typical pro-social behavior, helping behavior in preschool period quickly development, Instrumental helping in this study can be defined as the individual through hard for others to solve a specific problem behaviors, such as get something out of the reach, this kind of behavior can occur in 12-14 months. Along with the age growth, the social responses to young children can be based on simple psychological state of reasoning to others, Empathic helping is to help children by inferring others inner state, help others reduce the negative emotions of others behavior. Therefore, the study would like to discuss the influence of expected reward to the children's helping behavior, and this effect will vary with the difficult situation. This study randomly selected 160 children from small class for the experiment of subjects for 1 to 1, the experiment was divided into three stages, a pretest phase is for all participants under the condition of no rewards with the helping behavior;Treating stages are all subjects to accept different experimental treatment; Measurement Phase will be cancel the reward after helping behavior of young children.Experimental independent variables: reward expecting(expected reward versus the unexpected reward) and conditions(material rewards versus verbal reward). Experiment of the dependent variable: three phases(a pretest phase- treating phase- post-est phase) children's helping behavior score. the study conducted two experiments. Mainly from two aspects to carry out the following analysis, The effect of expected reward or not on instrumental helping behavior in children; the effect of expected reward or not on empathic helping behavior in children. The results showed that: 1. instrumental helping for unexpected rewards will play a positive role, expected reward will reduce the children's helping behavior. 2. expected reward can reduce children's empathic helping behavior, at the same time, verbal reward will reduce the help of the children. 3. The development of children's instrumental helping behavior is better than the empathic helping behavior.
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